Role In Employment Creation Research Articles

Effect of Entrepreneurial Development on Employment Creation in Japan

Entrepreneurship development plays a considerable role in all modern economies. High cases of unemployment all over the world have necessitated entrepreneurial development. Thus, the study examined the effect of entrepreneurial development on employment creation in Japan. The study adopted the descriptive research design. The target population was 297 entrepreneurs based in Tokyo. The collection of the data was done using questionnaires. The study purposively picked the respondents. The analysis of the data was done using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study findings showed that entrepreneurial development is positively and significantly related to employment creation (β=0.875, p=0.002). The study concluded that when entrepreneurial development increases by one unit, employment creation will increase by 0.875 units while holding other factors that influence employment creation constant. The entrepreneurial development efforts play an important role in employment creation. Entrepreneurship activities in Japan have created employment in areas. The growth of entrepreneurship brings about the creation of supplementary businesses that provide raw materials like power and other industrial services like product packaging, marketing, insurance, micro-finance institutions and banks, logistics and communication. Entrepreneurship brings about income empowerment in a country. The study recommended that the government try to raise the number of entrepreneurial development training centers in Japan to enroll many jobless young people. Financial policies should suit small and medium-scale investments in entrepreneurship activities with potential. Entrepreneurship education ought to be given top priority beginning with primary to the tertiary level curriculum. It is also recommended that there is a need for sustained initiatives by government and non-government institutions towards creating entrepreneurship programs to come with proper activities, achieve comprehensive development, and create employment opportunities. Keywords: Entrepreneurial Development, Employment Creation, Tokyo, Japan

Small and Medium Enterprises Government-aided Financing in Zimbabwe: A Theoretical Perspective

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role globally in economic development. Thus, its financing becomes key as SMEs play an important role in employment creation, contribution to Gross Domestic Product, export competitiveness and also uplifting the standards of living of people. The paper builds on data collected through a review of various sources and provides in-depth analysis in the context of Zimbabwe as part of an ongoing study on government-aided institutions financing of the SMEs in general and in Zimbabwe in particular – giving new dimensions and perspectives. The study has established that financing models lack situational inclusivity and flexibility to adapt to the new needs of an emerging SMEs sector as key to the success of the SMEs sector in Zimbabwe. The paper further shows that the SMEs financing on the overall is negligible yet SMEs play a major role in contributing to the economy and the extent of Government support is missing the opportunity to accelerate growth of the sector. In the review, the empirical evidence from literature also shows that the efficacy of government-aided institutions in SMEs financing SMEs is undermined by regulatory and policy environment in the financing process of the SMEs. Thus, this paper recommends inclusivity and flexibility in SMEs financing through a review and elimination of funding gridlocks and conditionalities that are attendant, including collateral and administrative charges that are applied by the institutions. The materiality of this flexibility and review is to stimulate growth of the sector to contribute meaningfully to broad-based socio-economic development.

The Role of Institutions in Women’s Entrepreneurial Performance

Women entrepreneurs play a crucial role in employment creation and societal and economic development. However, in developing economies like Pakistan, women entrepreneurs' contribution lags behind that in developed ones. Thus, the current study aims to explore the institution's impact on women's entrepreneurial performance in Pakistan by targeting institutional theory. The quantitative-based study focused on women entrepreneurs working in Peshawar, Mardan, and Abbottabad divisions. The simple random sampling technique collects primary data through an adopted 7-point Likert scale research questionnaire. The collected data is empirically tested through the path analysis technique of structural equation modeling (SEM) through SmartPLS 3. The study results indicated that formal and informal institutions positively affect women's entrepreneurial performance. The study suggests that government and concerned departments should pay dire attention to determinants like financial constraints, corruption, and social constraints to boost women's entrepreneurial performance. The presented novel work of this study paved foundations in the theoretical literature that acquired researchers’ dire attention to deeply dig-out institutional determinants, i.e., financial constraints, corruption, and social constraints, to boost women's entrepreneurial performance.

IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON PRIVATE PLANT NURSERY BUSINESS: A CASE STUDY OF SYLHET DISTRICT, BANGLADESH

The Plant nursery industry is an integrated section of the afforestation program in Bangladesh. Around 18000 plant nurseries are playing a vital role in employment creation and income generation. But due to Covid-19 shutdown, this industry faced a lot of difficulties. Considering the importance, this research was performed in Sylhet district to trace out the pandemic impact on private plant nursery business. Randomly 31 nurseries were selected to fulfill the objective and data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires through direct interviews. In the questionnaire, 5 points Likert scale was used to collect responses of nursery traders. The study analyzed the socio-economic attributes of nursery traders. The conducted survey found out nursery input, transport, and selling tasks were affected most owing to the pandemic and it forced them to adopt several strategies to manage the loss. The study also revealed important suggestions and recommendations for the betterment of the nursery industry which are expected to help students, researchers, policymakers, and entrepreneurs. KEYWORDS: Covid-19, Impact, Nursery, Case study, Sylhet, Bangladesh.

Effect of utilization of social media platforms on youth participation in agriculture in Njoro sub-county, Kenya

Most of rural people, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. In Kenya, rural households who are mainly smallholder farmers rely on agriculture for most of their income. The agriculture sector plays an important role in employment creation. However, the sector is reportedly dominated by the elderly people while youths tend to shy away. These youths are actively involved on social media platforms hence social media have been used to promote their participation in agriculture. However, how utilization of such social media platforms affected their participation in agriculture was not yet known in Njoro Sub-county. This study focused on the effect of utilization of social media platforms on youth participation in agriculture in Njoro Sub-county. A descriptive survey research design was used with a target population of 3,925 and accessible population of 1,597 youth involved in agriculture in Njoro, Kihingo, and Lare wards. A random sampling technique was used to select 150 respondents. A questionnaire was used to collect data. SPSS version 22 and STATA version 12 was used to analyze data. The results revealed Facebook, Google search engine, and WhatsApp as the top three highly used social media platforms amongst the youth in agriculture in Njoro Sub-county. Besides, Facebook had highest 22 % respondents using it very often, 18% often, 14.7% sometimes and 6.7% rarely. Moreover, the results showed that the level of utilization of social media platforms had a significant effect (p=0.001) on youth participation in agriculture at a 5% level. WhatsApp had a positive effect (p=0.039) on youth participation in agriculture at a 5 % level. The study recommended that government and other potential stakeholders should invest in digital extension services to promote youth participation in agriculture. More youth participation would significantly reduce unemployment.

Employment growth constraints of informal enterprises in Diepsloot, Johannesburg

Orientation: Informal enterprises in South Africa’s townships play an important role in employment creation and social protection. While some informal enterprises in inner cities grow, those in townships experience stagnant growth. Research purpose: The aim was to identify and analyse the internal and external growth constraints, regarding employment growth, of informal enterprises in Diepsloot, Soweto. Motivation for the study: Knowledge of internal and external growth constraints can inform policymakers on aspects that needs attention in assisting informal enterprises to realise their growth potential. Research design, approach and method: A quantitative research approach was followed. Primary data were collected from 300 informal enterprises using a convenience sampling technique and structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, a matrix analysis and logistic regression models were used to analyse the data Main findings: The statistically significant growth constraints faced by informal enterprises in Diepsloot are external constraints over which the owner or manager has no control. Local authorities have an important role to play in the growth of informal enterprises. Practical/managerial implications: Managers need skills and training to manage the external growth constraints. Local authorities should also provide proper infrastructure, public services and increased security. An alternative source of funding, with the ease of access of micro-lender financing but at the rates of commercial bank lending, should be investigated. Contribution/value-add: This study focuses on the growth constraints of informal enterprises in a township offering a wide range of goods and services. The increase in the number of employees is used as the measure for the enterprises’ growth.

Credit Rationing in Small and Micro Enterprises: A Theoretical Analysis

One of the features of credit markets is that borrowers are sometimes rationed in the amount that they can borrow, which differentiates them from other markets. Small and micro enterprises (SMEs) are more likely to be eliminated than large and medium-sized enterprises under credit rationing. However, SMEs play a significant role in employment creation and growth of gross domestic products in developing countries. So, it is of great significance to study the reasons why SMEs are more vulnerable to credit constraints. By considering the differences in characteristics between SMEs and large and medium-sized enterprises, we established a theoretical model with endogenous enterprise size, and by considering banks’ screening principles before and after the loan approval, we have analyzed the micro-mechanism in which there are significant differences in credit availability between SMEs and large and medium-sized enterprises. Our conclusion indicates that credit rationing in SMEs is the result of the rational choice by banks for the purpose of profit maximization.

Islamic financing options for SMEs- role of Islamic banks

Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have significant role in employment creation and growth of gross domestic products of developing country. In developing countries, they represent the majority of employment. SMEs constitute the overwhelming majority of firms. Globally, SMEs make up over 95% of all firms, account for approximately 50% of GDP and 60%–70% of total employment. However, in order to grow and contribute more significantly to the economy, SMEs face some constraints. One of the main constraints faced by SMEs is the lack of finance. Islamic bank financing products may help to solve this problem. The Islamic participatory schemes, such as mudarabah and musyarakah, integrate assets of lender and borrowers; therefore, they allow Islamic banks to lend on a longer-term basis to projects with higher risk-return profiles and, thus, to support economic growth.However, as Islamic banks try to avoid uncertainties, the mentioned schemes are not widely used. Therefore, support from government and academia needed to create innovation in the participatory financing scheme so that all related parties can share mutual benefits. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the main challenges to Islamic finance for SMEs. This paper will help to deepen understanding of the concepts of Islamic finance as well as SMEs. In addition to evaluate how Islamic financial institutions can support SMEs.
 Keywords: Islamic Finance,Islamic Banks, Small and Medium Enterprises

Nature‐based rural tourism and its economic benefits: a case study of Kinabalu National Park

PurposeIt has been acknowledged that tourism can play a role in employment creation and in raising the rural community's standard of living. This paper aims to examine the economic benefits emanating from tourism development for a local community in the area of Kinabalu National Park, Sabah.Design/methodology/approachQualitative data was used to provide an in‐depth analysis of the findings on willingness of residents to participate in tourism activities.FindingsThe local community of Kinabalu National Park perceive the tourism sector to have greatly contributed to their economic growth. However, the community has raised other issues in ensuring the sustainability of the park, especially in terms of the provision of facilities.Practical implicationsThe relevant stakeholders need to carefully plan appropriate policies and regulations to ensure maximum economic benefit is gained by local community participation in tourism development within the limited carrying capacity of Kinabalu National Park.Originality/valueThis study provides an understanding of the economic impact of tourism on the local community in Kinabalu National Park. It calls for government action to look into the carrying capacity of the Kinabalu National Park in the near future.

Effects of process and product‐oriented innovations on employee downsizing

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the role played by different types of firm innovation on employee downsizing. Drawing on economic and management views, the authors aims to assess the potential positive or negative effect of different types of processes (i.e. new technology via the introduction of new equipment as well as new methods of organizing the workforce) and product (i.e. number of innovations) innovations on employee downsizing.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical setting is a sample of Spanish manufacturing firms over the period 1994‐2006. The authors employ probit models for panel data as an empirical tool.FindingsThe results show a negative and significant effect of process innovations associated with acquiring and deploying new production equipment and product‐oriented innovations on the probability of carrying out important reductions in workforce. However, a positive and significant effect is found when process innovations are linked to the adoption of new methods of organizing the workforce.Practical implicationsManagers might play a significant role in employment creation, especially when they carry out process innovations related to the acquisition of complementary production assets (i.e. new equipment) and market highly innovative products. Policy makers might contribute to diminish the potential number of employees affected by firms’ downsizing strategies by designing, for example, public subsidies systems that deliberately prompt both types of innovations.Originality/valueThe authors make an effort to provide alternative explanations about why firms downsize, as they analyze different types of process and product innovations whose effects on employment (and, thus, downsizing) do not seem to be clear. Moreover, the paper furthers one's understanding of the effect of firm innovation by focusing on the potential effect of one type of process innovation which has not been examined until now: the adoption and implementation of new methods of organizing the workforce owing to new technology.

The Development of Islamic Financing Scheme for SMEs in a Developing Country: The Indonesian Case

Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have significant role in employment creation and growth of gross domestic products of developing country. In the case of Indonesia, SMEs account for more than 90 percents of all company and in employment [1]. However, in order to grow and contribute more significantly to the economy, SMEs face some constraints. One of the main constraints faced by SMEs is the lack of finance. Islamic bank financing products may help to solve this problem. The Islamic participatory schemes, such as mudarabah and musyarakah, integrate assets of lender and borrowers; therefore, they allow Islamic banks to lend on a longer-term basis to projects with higher risk-return profiles and, thus, to support economic growth. However, as Islamic banks try to avoid uncertainties, the mentioned schemes are not widely used. Therefore, support from government and academia needed to create innovation in the participatory financing scheme so that all related parties can share mutual benefits. Using Indonesia data, the paper analyzes data from Indonesia's National Agency of Statistics and Central Bank of Indonesia and reviews key literature and secondary data on Indonesian SMEs and Islamic banks. In the end, the paper offers a framework in which Islamic financing scheme could be used to solve financing problem faced by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the context of developing country.

Development of small and medium enterprises in a developing country

PurposeThe Indonesian Government has taken many measures to support the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which are expected to play a crucial role in employment creation, gross domestic product growth, and non‐oil and gas export development. The purpose of this paper is to examine recent developments of SMEs in Indonesia. More specifically, it aims to address the following research questions: How important are SMEs in Indonesia? What are their main constraints? What is the impact of women entrepreneurs on SME development? and Can Indonesian SMEs be sources of innovation?Design/methodology/approachThe paper analyzes data from Indonesia's National Agency of Statistics and reviews key literature and secondary data on Indonesian SMEs.FindingsFirst, SMEs have been the main player in domestic economic activities as they account for more than 99.9 percent of all firms and employ 96.2 percent of the workforce. Second, key SME constraints include lack of finance and marketing difficulties. Third, representation of women entrepreneurs is still relatively low and can be attributed to low level of education and cultural/religious constraints. Finally, SME innovation capability is low for several key reasons.Originality/valueThe paper considers the involvement of women in SMEs in a Muslim‐majority country and contributes to the literature on the innovation capability of SMEs.

Defining the artistic workforce: The Australian experience

The recent growth of interest in the cultural industries and their role in employment creation has focussed attention on the nature of the artistic labour force. This paper considers the definition and identification of cultural workers in the economy, with particular reference to the types of data needed for empirical research on artists. I begin by showing how the definition of the cultural industries affects the categorisation of artistic workers, and I distinguish between creative artists (or arts workers) and non-cultural workers in these industries. In the process of specifying who is an artist, the issue of professionalism is considered to be critical. The paper discusses data sources, emphasising problems of coordination between aggregate labour force statistics and special purpose data collections such as sample surveys. The issues raised in the paper are illustrated with reference to Australian experience in carrying out research on artistic populations.