Role In Data Communication Research Articles

An Effective Mechanism to Mitigate Packet Dropping Attack from MANETs using Chaotic Map based Authentication Technique

Background: MANET is a self-organized wireless network with no infrastructure. Especially data transfer from one system to another system needs to be done in a secure way. In order to provide data integrity, authentication plays an important role in data communication. RSA and ECC are widely used algorithms in the real world, but authentication using these algorithms is time-consuming. Towards this, various algorithms came into existence with different security primitives. However, it is important to design an effective key agreement process with reduced computational cost among these security mechanisms. We have designed an effective mechanism to mitigate packet dropping attacks to secure end-to-end communication in MANET. Objective: The proposed light weight authentication method is based on chaotic maps that uses Chebyshev polynomials as primitive operation. Methods: The methodology includes semi group property of Chebyshev polynomials and also the discrete logarithmic problem based chaotic maps that takes less time than these existing algorithms and evaluates with respect to attack Resilience, packet deliverya fraction, delay, throughput, and overhead. Results: Simulation produces the result of the proposed mechanism and give better performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, overhead and computational cost. Conclusion: Authentication based on developed mechanism consumes less time as shown in statistical analysis and mitigates packet dropping attacks effectively than that of traditional methods like RSA and ECC with respect to key generation mechanism.

Energy Efficient Localization Technique Using Multilateration for Reduction of Spatially and Temporally Correlated Data in RFID System

RFID plays a vital role in data communication in multidimensional WSNs as it collects vast amounts of redundant data. The physical phenomena constitute the correlated observations in the space domain and generate spatial correlation. Periodic observations of sensor nodes result in a temporal correlation in the data. Reducing these spatio-temporal correlations in RFID surveillance data is necessary for the smooth functioning of the network. This paper proposes a Voronoi diagram-based spatio-temporal data redundancy elimination approach for RFID systems having multiple readers so only one reader will read every RFID tag depending on the distance between the tag and the center of the Minimum Enclosing Circle of the Voronoi cell to which the reader belongs. This approach eliminates spatial redundancy in the gathered data. Reading the RFID tags at regular time intervals larger than a chosen threshold value minimized temporal redundancy. In contrast to existing methods, the proposed technique is free from any false positive and false negative errors, with no loss of data and every tag being read by only one reader. Simulation of the proposed approach also established its superiority to the existing techniques in terms of these performance parameters.

Energy‐aware redundancy‐aware clustering in wireless sensor networks using Spined Loach Searching Optimization

SummaryWireless sensor networks play dominant role in data communication in many engineering applications and faces lot of challenges in its implementation. Energy conservation is also significantly required in these systems as the sensor nodes are battery operated. Hence, the energy efficient‐based technique needs to be implemented in data transmission. The most widely used methods are clustering‐based data transmission and energy efficient routing detection. In clustering, the proper selection of cluster head (CH) node is important to ensure energy balancing. The CH node should have more residual energy as it does many transmissions in the network. Moreover, the location of CH node should be nearer to all member nodes in the cluster. The clustering process must also perform the job of avoiding unnecessary transmissions. By considering these factors, the CH node can be optimally selected using Spined Loach Searching Optimization algorithm. The food searching behavior and environmental suitability for spiny loach fish living are deliberated to develop this bio‐inspired algorithm. In addition, the redundant transmissions inside the clusters can be reduced by employing a new technique called Least Difference Threshold Based Similarity Grouping. This work improves energy efficiency comparing with the conventional low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy protocol, and it is evaluated by setting the network in simulation environment. The network lifetime is increased; energy consumption, delay of transmission and the message cost are reduced.

A Comparison of Various IoT Application Layer Protocol

Data communication over the internet is highly swayed by protocols. So, the protocols have a very crucial role in data communication. Similarly, for the Internet of things (IoT) enabled devices the protocols have also an important role. In the Application-layer of IoT-enabled devices, the protocols have a significant role in the transfer of data from server to IoT devices and vice versa. There are different protocols are there, some are taken from web based internet protocols like Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), etc. And some are exclusively developed for IoT devices like Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT), Constraint Application Protocol (CoAP), etc. IoT-enabled devices need a lightweight, secure and fast protocols for the transfer of data. When IoT enabled devices are developed there are limited number of protocols developed for communication of IoT devices. Various protocols are developed to fulfil the need of users but they have some advantages as well as disadvantages. In this paper, analysis of the performance and comparision of these protocols through different scenarios are given.

An Integrated Assessment Scheme of Network Infrastructure Following Security Standards and Specifications

In this intelligent era, with deeper research, faster development, and wider application of information technologies, the network infrastructure plays one more and more important role in data communication and processing that affects almost every field worldwide. Correspondingly, cyberspace security, especially the security of network infrastructure has become elementary for countries and companies. Then, various security standards and specifications have been proposed to guide network infrastructure’s design, development, and operation. Consequently, it is the key to assess whether a network infrastructure is compliant with the related standards and specifications. However, most of the existing security assessment schemes are manual, that is, testers should check all issues depending on their understanding of the network infrastructures and related documents. That results in the lack of accuracy, continuity as well as comprehensiveness. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an Al-based network infrastructure security assessment (ISA-CN) scheme, which concerns China’s current fundamental network infrastructure security assessment related standards and specifications and evaluates the object’s security states with multi-dimensional automatically monitored network traffic data continuously and comprehensively. The analytical and experimental results show that our ISA-CN scheme is suitable for the assessment of real-world network infrastructure systems.

DESIGNING A ROUTER REDUCTION SYSTEM USING HOT STANDBY ROUTER PROTOCOL METHOD FOR BACKUP LINK IN DITJEN PPKL

Computer networks play an important role in data communication at companies or government institutions to support them in terms of work. In this case, the authors conducted observational research and direct interviews with IT staff at the Ditjen PPKL Control about how the network operates in that place. Routers have a very important role in data communication and connecting different networks, so a router reduction system is needed as a solution to minimize failures on the network or these devices. The network topology in each office or government agency is different, which makes the problems in each government office or agency different. Based on the research that has been done, the network of the Ditjen PPKL often experiences a link down which causes disconnection of the internet connection and hinders the productivity of staff. So a router redundancy system is needed to maintain network availability, such as the Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) which has two lines, one as the mainline and the other as a backup if the mainline is down. That way network availability will always be maintained without having to wait for the IT staff to do troubleshooting if there is a network failure. The result of this research is to provide maintained network availability. Even if a link goes down, the network will automatically return to normal.

Visualization in environmental policy and planning: a systematic review and research agenda

ABSTRACT Visualizations are increasingly important for environmental policy and planning. They have great impact on how we perceive environmental problems, their solutions, and if we consider policies legitimate. The systematic review in this paper brings together 20 years of studies in visualization in environmental policy and planning. This review shows that over the last two decades, more and more studies have demonstrated that visualization plays a role in data-communication, influences decision making, public perception, public participation, and knowledge cocreation. Based on the systematic review, three research lines are developed that aim to better take into account the challenges of a global and active public that through internet and social media is formed around environmental and planning issues. We can do this by (1) moving beyond a knowledge deficit model (2) pay more attention to the material dimensions of visualizations and their role in opening up spaces for cocreation, and (3) include the study of found images as these contain information on public sentiment, and are a form of public accountability.

Hierarchical routing protocols for wireless sensor network: a compressive survey

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are one of the key enabling technologies for the internet of things (IoT). WSNs play a major role in data communications in applications such as home, health care, environmental monitoring, smart grids, and transportation. WSNs are used in IoT applications and should be secured and energy efficient in order to provide highly reliable data communications. Because of the constraints of energy, memory and computational power of the WSN nodes, clustering algorithms are considered as energy efficient approaches for resource-constrained WSNs. In this paper, we present a survey of the state-of-the-art routing techniques in WSNs. We first present the most relevant previous work in routing protocols surveys then highlight our contribution. Next, we outline the background, robustness criteria, and constraints of WSNs. This is followed by a survey of different WSN routing techniques. Routing techniques are generally classified as flat, hierarchical, and location-based routing. This survey focuses on the deep analysis of WSN hierarchical routing protocols. We further classify hierarchical protocols based on their routing techniques. We carefully choose the most relevant state-of-the-art protocols in order to compare and highlight the advantages, disadvantage and performance issues of each routing technique. Finally, we conclude this survey by presenting a comprehensive survey of the recent improvements of low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy routing protocols and a comparison of the different versions presented in the literature.

Mutual Authentication using improved Chaotic Maps to remove packet dropping attack from MANETs

Background: MANET is self-organized wireless network with no infrastructure. Especially data transfer from one system to another system needs to be done in a secure way. In order to provide data integrity, authentication plays an important role in data communication. RSA, ECC are widely used algorithms in real world but authentication using these algorithms is time consuming. Towards this, various algorithms came into existence with different security primitives. However, it is important to study the key agreement process among these security mechanisms. We have studied the patents related to secure end to end communication in MANET. Methods: Therefore our aim is to design chaos based mutual authentication algorithm that takes less time than these existing algorithms and evaluate with respect to attack resiliency, Packet delivery fraction, delay, throughput and overhead. Results:: Simulation results show the result of the proposed mechanism and gives better performance in terms of said parameters. Conclusion: Comparison of proposed system presents better results when compared to RSA, ECC in terms of key generation mechanism.

Path optimization of box-covering based routing to minimize average packet delay in software defined network

A routing algorithm plays a major role in Data communication across an inter-network. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a new era of computer networking that separates Data plane from Control plane which controls, changes and manages the network behavior dynamically via open interfaces with the help of SDN Controllers. In SDN, the networking devices route packets in the form of flows with the help of flow rules given by the controllers and the flow rules are stored in the corresponding flow tables of the networking devices. The Box-Covering (BC) algorithm is an existing algorithm used in SDN for achieving renormalization of networks by calculating the fractal dimension of networks and covering the network with the minimum possible number of boxes and Dijkstra’s algorithm is used for calculating shortest paths. The proposed work focuses on Path Optimization in the Box-Covering-Based Routing (BCR) algorithm, which is an existing algorithm used in large-scale SDN. In the proposed work, a Link-Weight system has been used for bounding the Link Utilization of the shortest path between the Source and the Destination to minimize the Average Packet Delay in the Network. The results show that the proposed work reduces the Average Packet Delay compared to the existing algorithms such as Dijkstra’s algorithm, Graph Compression algorithm and BCR algorithm and also improves the performance of the network.

Recent Development of Flexible and Stretchable Antennas for Bio-Integrated Electronics.

Wireless technology plays an important role in data communication and power transmission, which has greatly boosted the development of flexible and stretchable electronics for biomedical applications and beyond. As a key component in wireless technology, flexible and stretchable antennas need to be flexible and stretchable, enabled by the efforts with new materials or novel integration approaches with structural designs. Besides replacing the conventional rigid substrates with textile or elastomeric ones, flexible and stretchable conductive materials also need to be used for the radiation parts, including conductive textiles, liquid metals, elastomeric composites embedding conductive fillers, and stretchable structures from conventional metals. As the microwave performance of the antenna (e.g., resonance frequency, radiation pattern, and radiation efficiency) strongly depend on the mechanical deformations, the new materials and novel structures need to be carefully designed. Despite the rapid progress in the burgeoning field of flexible and stretchable antennas, plenty of challenges, as well as opportunities, still exist to achieve miniaturized antennas with a stable or tunable performance at a low cost for bio-integrated electronics.

A Novel Structure of Advance Encryption Standard with 3-Dimensional Dynamic S-box and Key Generation Matrix

The study of sending and receiving secret messages is called cryptography. Generally, senders and receivers are unaware about the process of encryption and decryption. Hence, encryption plays an important role in data communication and data security. The meaning of encryption is not only to keep data confidential from unwanted access but also ensuring the data integrity through available way. As the capacity of breaking the security is increasing rapidly, so, the process that hides information is one of the most concerned topics. Advanced Encryption Standard is a popular, widely used and efficient encryption algorithm, which has been used since it was invented. This paper focuses on the AES key generation process and Substitution box. It modifies the conventional key generation technique and builds the dynamic 3-Dimensional S-box of Advance Encryption Standard. The proposed approach suggests 3-Dimensioanl Key Generation Matrix and S-box. As per shown this novel technique increases the amount of time it needs during encryption and decryption. The experimental result shows that it also enhances the strength of AES algorithm. The proposed approach illustrates the theoretical analysis and corresponding experimented results.

Find the Weakest Link: Statistical Analysis on Wireless Sensor Network Link-Quality Metrics

Routing protocol plays an important role in data communication. A wireless sensor network (WSN) is usually deployed in scenarios where efficient and energy-aware routing protocols are desired. In wireless sensors, the radio-frequency (RF) modules consume most of the energy. Routing metrics are important in determining paths and maintaining the quality of service in routing protocols. The most efficient metrics need to send packets to maintain link-quality measurement using the RF module. In this article, two prominent link-quality metrics-received signal strength indication (RSSI) and link-quality indication (LQI)-are introduced; the symmetry of RSSI and LQI in two directions has been studied, and relations between the expected transmission count (ETX), RSSI, and LQI as link-quality metrics have been analyzed. The evaluation in this article is based on a series of WSN test beds in real scenarios. The collected data from the test beds show symmetry in the RSSI in both directions as well as a significant correlation between the RSSI and distance, making RSSI a suitable link-quality metric for use in routing protocols for devices that work in limited-resources scenarios.