Role Of Biosensors Research Articles

The Role of Biosensors in Detection of SARS-CoV-2: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects

Abstract: The world is fighting a pandemic so grave that perhaps it has never been witnessed before; COVID-19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV- 2). As of August 31st, 2022, the WHO declared the total number of confirmed cases was 599,825,400, with 6,469,458 confirmed deaths from 223 countries under the scourge of this deadly virus. The SARS-CoV-2 is a β-coronavirus, which is an enveloped non-segmented positive- sense RNA virus. It is a close relative of the SARS and MERS viruses and has probably entered humans through bats. Human-to-human transmission is very rapid. People in contact with the patient or even the carriers became infected, leading to a widespread chain of contamination. We are presenting a mini-review on the role of biosensors in detecting SARS-CoV-2. Biosensors have been used for a very long time for viral detection and can be utilized for the prompt detection of the novel coronavirus. This article aims to provide a mini-review on the application of biosensors for the detection of the novel coronavirus with a focus on costeffective paper-based sensors, nanobiosensors, Field effect transistors (FETs), and lab-on-chip integrated platforms. Background: Biosensors have played a crucial role in viral detection for a long time. Objective: To present a comprehensive review of the biosensor application in SARS-Cov-2. Method: We have presented state-of-the-art work in the biosensors field for SARS-Cov-2 detection. Results: The biosensors presented here provide an innovative approach to detecting SARS-Cov- 2 infections early. Conclusion: Biosensors have tremendous potential in accurately detecting viral infections in pandemics requiring rapid screening.

Structural Color Colloidal Photonic Crystals for Biomedical Applications.

Photonic crystals are a new class of optical microstructure materials characterized by a dielectric constant that varies periodically with space and features a photonic bandgap. Inspired by natural photonic crystals such as butterfly scales, a series of artificial photonic crystals are developed for use in integrated photonic platforms, biosensing, communication, and other fields. Among them, colloidal photonic crystals (CPCs) have gained widespread attention due to their excellent optical properties and advantages, such as ease of preparation and functionalization. This work reviews the classification and self-assembly principles of CPCs, details some of the latest biomedical applications of large-area, high-quality CPCs prepared using advanced self-assembly methods, summarizes the existing challenges in CPC construction and application, and anticipates future development directions and optimization strategy. With further advancements, CPCs are expected to play a more critical role in biosensors, drug delivery, cell research, and other fields, bringing significant benefits to biomedical research and clinical practice.

Sulfur incorporation into nucleic acids accelerates enzymatic activity

DNAzymes play a crucial role in biosensors for signal detection, but specific structures are required for diagnostic applications, complicating their design. This study reports a novel approach to the development of DNAzymes by incorporating sulfur atoms into nucleic acids via phosphorothioate (PS) bonds. Unlike traditional DNAzymes that rely on specific structures such as G-quadruplexes, this approach leads to high enzymatic activity without structural constraints. Computational analysis reveals that the change in the electron density of the nucleobases due to PS modification enhances interactions within the DNAzyme-H2O2-hemin complex, accelerating the rate-determining step and improving enzymatic activity. Systematic guidelines for the development of non-sequence constrained DNAzymes are provided by investigating the effect of the number of PS modifications, the length of the DNA, and various nucleobase combinations. α-thio-dNTP, a monomer containing PS, exhibits no observable enzymatic activity, but enzymatic activity is recorded for single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) containing PS. However, when the ssDNA is transformed into double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), the bases that react with hemin are blocked by hydrogen bonding, reducing enzymatic activity. An enzymogenic signaling system that differentiates between ssDNA and dsDNA is subsequently developed for sequence-specific colorimetric detection, demonstrating significant promise for overcoming the limitations of conventional DNAzymes in molecular diagnosis.

Role of biosensors and nanomaterials in the detection of adulterants (melamine and urea) in milk and milk products

PurposeMilk is often referred to as the ultimate food because it meets the nutritional needs of infants, children and adults alike. It is a rich source of protein, fat, sweetness, vitamins and minerals. Because of its widespread usage as a healthy dairy product, the issue of milk adulteration is of global significance. The increasing frequency of fraudulent methods in the dairy business raises concerns about its purity and quality.Design/methodology/approachA study was conducted and reviewed that looked at several approaches for detecting milk adulteration during the past 15 years. This study examines the current state of research and analyzes recent advances in development.FindingsThere are ways and technology available that can effectively put an end to the abhorrent practice of milk adulteration.Originality/valueThis research takes a unique approach, focusing on the application of milk adulteration. It provides an overview of milk adulteration detection and investigates the effectiveness of biosensors in identifying common milk adulterants.

Detection of metallic pollutants in waste water using bio sensors and its remediation

AbstractWater pollution has emerged as the biggest threat to the sustenance of human civilization and the environment. With the increase in rapid industrialization and urbanization, there is a considerable increase in the influx of complex and diverse pollutants in water bodies. Hence continuous and efficient monitoring is required to detect the pollutants in the aquatic environment. Either preventing or detecting and subsequent elimination of these pollutants is of utmost importance for the health of the aquatic ecosystem. Biosensors have proved to be efficient in detecting these pollutants in a better way as compared to other conventional methods. Sensors are devices that have the ability to detect changes in the physical, chemical, or biological domains and produce a signal that can be measured. The distinguisher element in it minimizes noise caused by other components in the analyte mixture by being able to detect a specific analyte or set of analytes. This current review is focused on the role of biosensors in detecting metallic pollutants in water bodies. It also discusses the process of remediation of metallic pollutants in the aquatic environment.

A Nanotechnology-Based Approach to Biosensor Application in Current Diabetes Management Practices

Diabetes mellitus is linked to both short-term and long-term health problems. Therefore, its detection at a very basic stage is of utmost importance. Research institutes and medical organizations are increasingly using cost-effective biosensors to monitor human biological processes and provide precise health diagnoses. Biosensors aid in accurate diabetes diagnosis and monitoring for efficient treatment and management. Recent attention to nanotechnology in the fast-evolving area of biosensing has facilitated the advancement of new sensors and sensing processes and improved the performance and sensitivity of current biosensors. Nanotechnology biosensors detect disease and track therapy response. Clinically efficient biosensors are user-friendly, efficient, cheap, and scalable in nanomaterial-based production processes and thus can transform diabetes outcomes. This article is more focused on biosensors and their substantial medical applications. The highlights of the article consist of the different types of biosensing units, the role of biosensors in diabetes, the evolution of glucose sensors, and printed biosensors and biosensing systems. Later on, we were engrossed in the glucose sensors based on biofluids, employing minimally invasive, invasive, and noninvasive technologies to find out the impact of nanotechnology on the biosensors to produce a novel device as a nano-biosensor. In this approach, this article documents major advances in nanotechnology-based biosensors for medical applications, as well as the hurdles they must overcome in clinical practice.

Portable immuno nano biosensor for multiple disease detection using 3D printed SPR technologies

The role of biosensors as point-of-care devices is well explored in recent years and their usage in the current market has been highly increased after the outbreak of the COVID pandemic. The point-of-care devices generally use sensing principles of electrochemical, immune fluorescence, microbial and electromagnetic. The sensor we developed uses the phenomenon of Surface Plasmon resonance with optic fiber technology which is a novel design to implement in point-of-care devices. With the latest innovations and improvements in 3D printing technologies the development and prototyping of these POC devices have been accelerated to the greatest potential. Here the entire device was prototyped using Creality Upgraded Ender 3 2021 model 3D printer where the 3D files were sliced in Ultimaker Cura software and printed with PLA filament by fused filament deposition modeling (FFDM). The device has a USB light and camera source on either side of the sensing chamber and a cassette with optic fiber coated with respective antibodies as a sensing platform. The device is connected to respective USB ports and introduced with the sample over a cassette and placed in the reaction chamber. The reaction occurs spontaneously which is captured by the webcam and recorded by the software. We tested the bare sensor with increased concentrations of glycerol after coating it with a silver mirror by a standard reproducible method of Tollens silver mirror. The sensor showed the best sensitivity with increasing concentrations of glycerol. The sensor also immobilized with target antibodies of pLDH parasite lactate dehydrogenase by non-specific binders just by adding target bio-analyte and receptor over silver mirror functionalized surface and tested with positive control antigen of malaria parasite antigen. The sensor showed the highest sensitivity at 50X concentration of antigen and least at 10x concentration stating maximum and minimum values for a limit of detection. This device using this principle could has wide functionalities to detect multiple biological samples by changing the antibodies to our respective analyte over the reaction chip for multiple times with low cost.

Assessment of diabetes biomarker monitoring via novel biosensor activity

Diabetes mellitus is associated with both acute and chronic complications. Control of blood sugar along with control of associated cardiovascular risk factors if any reduce the chance of the development of various complications. Biosensors help in the diagnosis and proper monitoring of diabetes so that it can be managed effectively. Clinically efficient, user-friendly, affordable biosensors can bring a remarkable change in the outcome of people with diabetes. In this short review, we are briefly describing various kinds of biosensing units (on the basis of transducers), the working of biosensing units, and the role of biosensors in diabetes by using non-enzymatic, label-free, enzymatic, non-invasive, biomarkers, and green synthesis approach for accurate, reliable, specific, convenient and rapid detection of diabetes in humans.

Electrospinning-Based Biosensors for Health Monitoring.

In recent years, many different biosensors are being used to monitor physical health. Electrospun nanofiber materials have the advantages of high specific surface area, large porosity and simple operation. These properties play a vital role in biosensors. However, the mechanical properties of electrospun nanofibers are poor relative to other techniques of nanofiber production. At the same time, the organic solvents used in electrospinning are generally toxic and expensive. Meanwhile, the excellent performance of electrospun nanofibers brings about higher levels of sensitivity and detection range of biosensors. This paper summarizes the principle and application of electrospinning technology in biosensors and its comparison with other technologies.

A Molecular Dynamics Model for Biomedical Sensor Evaluation: Nanoscale Numerical Simulation of an Aluminum-Based Biosensor.

Metallic nanostructured-based biosensors provide label-free, multiplexed, and real-time detections of chemical and biological targets. Aluminum-based biosensors are favored in this category, due to their enhanced stability and profitability. Despite the recent advances in nanotechnology and the significant improvement in development of these biosensors, some deficiencies restrict their utilization. Hence a detailed insight into their behavior in different conditions would be crucial, which can be achieved with nanoscale numerical simulation. With this aim, an Aluminum-based biosensor is chosen to be analyzed with the help of all-atom molecular dynamics model (AA-MD), using large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator (LAMMPS). The surface properties and adsorption process through different flow conditions and various concentration of the target, are investigated in this study. In the future work, the results of this study will be used for developing a predictive model for surface properties of the biosensor. Clinical Relevance- The role of biosensors in clinical applications and early diagnosis is evident. This work provides a model for predicting the binding behavior of the target molecules on the biosensor surface in different conditions. Results demonstrate an increase in the adsorption of ethanol on the biosensor surface of 7% up to 80% with changing the velocity from 0.001 m/s to 1 m/s Although for cases with higher concentration this trend becomes complicated necessitating the implementation of machine learning models in the future works.

Freshwater organisms potentially useful as biosensors and power-generation mediators in biohybrid robotics

Facing the threat of rapidly worsening water quality, there is an urgent need to develop novel approaches of monitoring its global supplies and early detection of environmental fluctuations. Global warming, urban growth and other factors have threatened not only the freshwater supply but also the well-being of many species inhabiting it. Traditionally, laboratory-based studies can be both time and money consuming and so, the development of a real-time, continuous monitoring method has proven necessary. The use of autonomous, self-actualizing entities became an efficient way of monitoring the environment. The Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) will be investigated as an alternative energy source to allow for these entities to self-actualize. This concept has been improved with the use of various lifeforms in the role of biosensors in a structure called ”biohybrid” which we aim to develop further within the framework of project Robocoenosis relying on animal-robot interaction. We introduce a novel concept of a fully autonomous biohybrid agent with various lifeforms in the role of biosensors. Herein, we identify most promising organisms in the context of underwater robotics, among others Dreissena polymorpha, Anodonta cygnaea, Daphnia sp. and various algae. Special focus is placed on the ”ecosystem hacking” based on their interaction with the electronic parts. This project uses Austrian lakes of various trophic levels (Millstättersee, Hallstättersee and Neusiedlersee) as case studies and as a ”proof of concept”.

The role of biosensors and biological weapons in national defence and security operations

The knowledge of biotechnology plays an important role in the development of biological weapons. Biological weapons are considered an attractive factor in war for several reasons: ease of manufacture, low cost, confirmed injury, increased number of victims, large losses incurred by other countries. Biological weapons detection methods are among the most important means of military defense. Biological sensors are used in early detection of weapons. Biotechnology is of paramount importance in all fields of medicine, engineering, agriculture, industry, as well as military life. The key applications of biotechnology in the military are in the areas of sensor systems and systems for protection from espionage. Among the most important countries that have applied knowledge of bioweapons technology into their security system are the USA and China. Despite the enormous advantages of biotechnology, it has negative effects in biological weapon production. Therefore, the near future will witness a tremendous boom in biotechnology. DNA profiling also plays an important role in detection of crime. The overall aim of the review is to emphasize the importance of biotechnology towards solving bioterrorism and other forms of security challenges in an environment.

Market Perspectives and Future Fields of Application of Odor Detection Biosensors within the Biological Transformation-A Systematic Analysis.

The technological advantages that biosensors have over conventional technical sensors for odor detection and the role they play in the biological transformation have not yet been comprehensively analyzed. However, this is necessary for assessing their suitability for specific fields of application as well as their improvement and development goals. An overview of biological basics of olfactory systems is given and different odor sensor technologies are described and classified in this paper. Specific market potentials of biosensors for odor detection are identified by applying a tailored methodology that enables the derivation and systematic comparison of both the performance profiles of biosensors as well as the requirement profiles for various application fields. Therefore, the fulfillment of defined requirements is evaluated for biosensors by means of 16 selected technical criteria in order to determine a specific performance profile. Further, a selection of application fields, namely healthcare, food industry, agriculture, cosmetics, safety applications, environmental monitoring for odor detection sensors is derived to compare the importance of the criteria for each of the fields, leading to market-specific requirement profiles. The analysis reveals that the requirement criteria considered to be the most important ones across all application fields are high specificity, high selectivity, high repeat accuracy, high resolution, high accuracy, and high sensitivity. All these criteria, except for the repeat accuracy, can potentially be better met by biosensors than by technical sensors, according to the results obtained. Therefore, biosensor technology in general has a high application potential for all the areas of application under consideration. Health and safety applications especially are considered to have high potential for biosensors due to their correspondence between requirement and performance profiles. Special attention is paid to new areas of application that require multi-sensing capability. Application scenarios for multi-sensing biosensors are therefore derived. Moreover, the role of biosensors within the biological transformation is discussed.

Role of Biosensor in the Field Cardiovascular Disorder

Cardiovascular illnesses (CVDs) and stroke are at the top causing demise around the world. World Health Organization (WHO), rough demise of 17.7 million individuals because of CVDs in 2015 which addressed 31% of every worldwide passing. Among these passing’s, around 7.4 million were because of coronary illness, and 6.7 million were because of stroke. Early and speedy conclusion is critical for fruitful visualization of CVD and stroke. In such manner, numerous cardiovascular explicit biomarkers like myoglobin, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), heart troponin I (cTnI), C-Receptive Protein (CRP), and interleukins, interferons are distinguished which are recognized utilizing optical (colorimetric, fluorescence, radiance, Surface Plasma Reverberation (SPR) and fiber optics/bio-optrode), acoustic (CMOS Si chips), electrochemical (potentiometric, amperometric and impedimetric transducers), and attractive based biosensors. Albeit critical advances in biosensors ages have been accomplished, these face some genuine limits.

A computational simulation platform for designing real-time monitoring systems with application to COVID-19

With the aim of contributing to the fight against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), numerous strategies have been proposed. While developing an effective vaccine can take months up to years, detection of infected patients seems like one of the best ideas for controlling the situation. The role of biosensors in containing highly pathogenic viruses, saving lives and economy is evident. A new competitive numerical platform specifically for designing microfluidic-integrated biosensors is developed and presented in this work. Properties of the biosensor, sample, buffer fluid and even the microfluidic channel can be modified in this model. This feature provides the scientific community with the ability to design a specific biosensor for requested point-of-care (POC) applications. First, the validation of the presented numerical platform against experimental data and then results and discussion, highlighting the important role of the design parameters on the performance of the biosensor is presented. For the latter, the baseline case has been set on the previous studies on the biosensors suitable for SARS-CoV, which has the highest similarity to the 2019 nCoV. Subsequently, the effects of concentration of the targeted molecules in the sample, installation position and properties of the biosensor on its performance were investigated in 11 case studies. The presented numerical framework provides an insight into understanding of the virus reaction in the design process of the biosensor and enhances our preparation for any future outbreaks. Furthermore, the integration of biosensors with different devices for accelerating the process of defeating the pandemic is proposed.

Current Trends in the Biosensors for Biological Warfare Agents Assay.

Biosensors are analytical devices combining a physical sensor with a part of biological origin providing sensitivity and selectivity toward analyte. Biological warfare agents are infectious microorganisms or toxins with the capability to harm or kill humans. They can be produced and spread by a military or misused by a terrorist group. For example, Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, Brucella sp., Yersinia pestis, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, botulinum toxin and orthopoxviruses are typical biological warfare agents. Biosensors for biological warfare agents serve as simple but reliable analytical tools for the both field and laboratory assay. There are examples of commercially available biosensors, but research and development of new types continue and their application in praxis can be expected in the future. This review summarizes the facts and role of biosensors in the biological warfare agents’ assay, and shows current commercially available devices and trends in research of the news. Survey of actual literature is provided.

Engineering electrochemical interface for biomolecular sensing

Abstract Sensing interfaces where molecular recognition processes occur plays a central role in biosensors, which directly affect the biosensing sensitivity, specificity, stability, and response dynamics. However, the target accessibility of conventional sensing interfaces is limited, resulting in low molecular recognition efficiency. Engineering the sensing interfaces of biosensors provides an effective strategy to improve the performance of the biosensors. In this review, we summarize recent advances during the past two years in the development of biosensing interface engineering for enhanced electrochemical sensing. Three types of emerging engineering approaches, including constructing nanostructured sensing interfaces, molecule-mediated interfacial regulation, and functionalizing the interfaces with self-assembled DNA nanostructures, especially framework nucleic acid, are discussed. Also, the remaining challenges and opportunities are outlined for the important research area.

Design of hierarchical comb hydrophilic polymer brush (HCHPB) surfaces inspired by fish mucus for anti-biofouling.

Anti-biofouling surfaces are of high importance owing to their crucial roles in biosensors and biomedical devices, especially in the marine industry. However, traditional anti-biofouling surfaces based on either the release of biocidal compounds or surface peeling will contaminate the environment. The outstanding performances of natural anti-biofouling surfaces motivate the development of new bioinspired antifouling surfaces. Herein, a universal strategy inspired by the special performance of fish skin mucus is proposed for rationally designing anti-biofouling surfaces using grafted hierarchical comb hydrophilic polymer brushes (HCHPBs) on plastics and elastomers. The results show that the plastic substrate surface grafted PAA (polyacrylic acid)-g-PEG (polyethylene glycol) (MW 2000, 6000, and 11 000 Da) exhibits excellent hydrophilic and underwater oleophobic properties, and also shows good performance in terms of lubricity and drag reduction in water, which can be attributed to the HCHPB and the nanostructure on plastic surfaces. In addition, the modified substrate shows superior and long-lasting anti-biofouling properties to resist the adhesion of algae compared to the initial substrate. This comprehensive investigation is of great importance to understand the physicochemical properties of hierarchical comb hydrophilic polymer brushes and the mechanism against the adhesion of marine microorganisms.

From Protein Features to Sensing Surfaces.

Proteins play a major role in biosensors in which they provide catalytic activity and specificity in molecular recognition. However, the immobilization process is far from straightforward as it often affects the protein functionality. Extensive interaction of the protein with the surface or significant surface crowding can lead to changes in the mobility and conformation of the protein structure. This review will provide insights as to how an analysis of the physico-chemical features of the protein surface before the immobilization process can help to identify the optimal immobilization approach. Such an analysis can help to preserve the functionality of the protein when on a biosensor surface.

Biosensors: Classifications, medical applications, and future prospective.

Biosensors are devices that combine a biological material with a suitable platform for detection of pathogenic organisms, carcinogenic, mutagenic, and/or toxic chemicals or for reporting a biological effect. In recent years, an enormous number of different types of biosensors have been constructed and developed for several medical applications. The reason for that was primarily due to the numerous advantages and applications that can be offered by biosensors. This review article has been started with demonstrating the power of biosensor technologies versus analytical and conventional techniques. Subsequently, more emphasis has been added on the classification and the role of biosensors in several medical applications such as detection and monitoring of carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals, reporting of endocrine disrupting compounds, and detection of pathogenic organisms. The most common reporter genes used in biosensors engineering and construction have also been summarized. Prospective strategies and recommendations for the future construction of biosensors have been highlighted.