Role In Automobiles Research Articles

Deep transfer learning architecture for suspension system fault diagnosis using spectrogram image and CNN

The suspension system plays a critical role in automobiles, ensuring the safety and comfort of vehicle occupants. However, extended usage, varying road conditions, external forces, and heavy loads can result in damage and faults within the internal components of the suspension system. To mitigate the occurrence of suspension system failures, the development of an effective fault diagnosis system for suspension components becomes imperative. Traditional fault diagnosis techniques often heavily rely on human expertise, which comes with certain limitations. In response, researchers have embraced intelligent fault diagnosis techniques, with transfer learning-based fault diagnosis emerging as a highly effective approach. By leveraging transfer learning, it becomes possible to extract and select fault-specific features for classification purposes. Deep learning-based methods, with their capacity to extract significant features and essential information from raw data, offer notable advantages. Despite these advantages, the implementation of deep learning-based fault diagnosis in suspension systems remains relatively unexplored and limited. In this article, a deep transfer learning architecture specifically designed for fault diagnosis in suspension systems is proposed. The approach involves employing 12 pre-trained networks and tuning them to identify the optimal model for fault diagnosis. Time domain vibration signals obtained from suspension systems under seven fault conditions and one good condition are transformed into spectrogram images. These images are then pre-processed and used as input for the pre-trained networks in fault classification. The results demonstrate that among the 12 pre-trained networks, AlexNet outperforms the others in terms of classification accuracy while requiring the least amount of training time. Therefore, AlexNet network in conjunction with the spectrogram images of time domain vibration signals for applications in suspension system fault diagnosis is highly recommend.

Numerical simulation and correlation research of multi-track overlapping laser quenching process for 40Cr steel

Laser quenching has a short process cycle and high production efficiency, and it plays an important role in automobile, ship, machinery manufacturing, and other fields. The surface hardness of 40Cr steel laser quenching parts is uneven by unreasonable set on the quenching overlap zone. This will affect the microstructure of the quenched layer, resulting in cracking, corrosion during service, and other hazards that ultimately reduce reliability. Numerical simulations provide an effective way to quantitatively reveal the transient evolution of the multi-field coupling between temperature field, stress field, and phase transition field in quenching, which directly determines the extent of the overlap zone and quenching properties. The quenched phase transition layer profile is predicted to effectively determine the extent of the secondary tempering softening zone and solve the bottleneck problem of uneven surface hardness in quenching. The innovation of this paper is to establish a multi-field coupled numerical model of the 40Cr steel multi-track laser quenching process. The transient quenching temperature, phase transition hardening, and stress distribution were numerically calculated, and the size of the tempering zone under different overlapping rates was evaluated, revealing the internal coupling mechanism and correlation between multi-fields during the laser quenching. The quenching temperature, microstructure, and hardness distribution of 40Cr steel were tested by an infrared thermometer, Axio Vert A1 Zeiss microscope, Thermo ScientificTM Apreo scanning electron microscope, and Q10M microhardness tester, which verified the effectiveness of numerical simulation. The research can provide an important theoretical basis for optimizing quenching process parameters in production.

Mechanical characterization of E-glass fiber/aluminium powder filled with and without coconut fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composite

In recent years, hybrid composites have played an important role in automobiles and aircraft applications. Coconut and peanut are the most used natural fillers due to their advantages such as easy availability, low density, low production costs, and good mechanical properties. Composites are prepared using epoxy resin, high-quality aluminium micro particle, E-glass fiber and coconut coir. Aluminium powder and epoxy resin at constant load 4.0 wt% and 82.0 wt%, which is in added with E-glass fiber: 8.0 wt% and coconut coir: 6.0 wt% (EAECC). Another composite compromising of 4.0 wt% Al, E-glass 14.0 wt% (EAE) was also fabricated and their properties are compared. Experimental research demonstrated the epoxy hybrid polymer composite without coconut coir inclusion remarkably has superior the mechanical properties more than 20% as compared with EAECC composite. Without the addition of coconut coir, considerable improvements in impact, flexural, compressive and tensile characteristics were made (97.2 J/m2, 144 MPa, 101 MPa and 94 MPa). There is a marginal difference in hardness with and without coconut inclusion in hybrid composite.

Design and Implement a Semi-Automatic Clutch System for Automobiles Using DCV and the Link Mechanism to Reduce Human Effort While Increasing Process Reliability and Accuracy

Abstract: The pure sense of automation is to reducing the human effort and increasing the reliability and accuracy of the process. The objective of the project is to design and implement a semi-automatic clutch system for automobiles, which provides a simplistic remedy for physically challenged. Applying clutch manually at every instant, while changing gear is comfortless. In synchronizing switch with clutch pedal differently-abled people realize more difficulty inCBA pedal system. During the rush hour of traffic, the driver should be able to shift the legs simultaneously to change the gears, but it is practically a hectic work for the driver to do so. Automationcan be achieved through computer, hydraulics, pneumatics, robotics, etc., of these sources’pneumatics form an attractive medium for low-cost automation. Automation plays an important role in automobile. Technical success of this project relies upon the work expected from the different sectionsof this project. The actuation of the clutch pedal depends upon the signal from the DCV and the link mechanism is used for engaging and disengaging the clutch. Hence this project can be used in either automatic mode or in the manual mode in which the link mechanism can be removed out when not necessary in the hill stations where to remain the vehicles in Half-clutch. The entire process is controlled by using the directional controlvalve in which the retraction speed of the systemis controlled by throttling valve or needlevalve

Experimental Investigation and Comparative Analysis of Aluminium Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites Reinforced with Silicon Nitride, Eggshell and Magnesium.

In today’s scenario, composite materials play a vital role in automobile, aerospace, and defence sectors because of their higher strength, light weight and other mechanical properties. Aluminium alloy Al6082 is a medium strength alloy with good corrosion resistance properties; hence, it is used for high-stress applications, bridges, cranes, etc. The present work focuses on comparing the mechanical properties of Al6082 and Al6082 with the addition of silicon nitride, magnesium, and bio waste of eggshells. Samples of Al6082 reinforced with 2% of silicon nitride (Si3N4), 5% of eggshell, and 1% magnesium reinforcements were prepared using the crucible casting process. Mechanical properties were evaluated through hardness test, tensile test and compressive tests, which varied with the additives of reinforcement materials. The results showed that the reinforced materials could increase mechanical properties. Further, it will be analysed by the machining parameters involved through the CNC turning process. Analysis of variance from optimisation technique shows a noteworthy increment of material removal rate (MRR) and significant decrement in surface roughness (Ra) and machining time compared to standard aluminium. Additionally, the analysis of mechanical testing has been predicted with the outcomes of stresses and displacements using the ANSYS platform.

Microstructural Characterization, Mechanical And Wear Behaviour Of Al2024-B4C Composites For Aerospace Applications

<p>Metal matrix composite plays an important role in automobile and aerospace applications. Among all the metals, aluminium is considered as the lighter metal. In present investigation aluminium-2024 is considered as the base alloy and reinforced with boron carbide to increase its hardness. Aluminium metal matrix composite is obtained by combining different percentage of boron carbide particulates in the volume fraction 2.5 wt.% and 5 wt.%. Synthesis is done by stir casting technique and the characterization is carried out using scanning electron microscope. The properties of Al2024 reinforced with boron carbide is evaluated by using tensometer, pin on disc wear testing machine and vickers hardness tester. With the increase in the reinforcement high hardness, tensile strength and higher wear resistance is achieved. These types of MMCs are widely used in automobile and aerospace applications due to their great mechanical behaviours, low density, low factor of thermal expansion; corrosion resistance is better and increased wear resistance as compared to conventional metals and alloys. Improved mechanical property of these composites makes them very useful for various applications in many areas from technological point of view.</p>

Modeling and Analysis of Active Full Vehicle Suspension Model Optimized Using the Advanced Fuzzy Logic Controller

The suspension system plays a major role in automobiles to improve passenger comfort, passenger safety and road handling. It isolates the body of a vehicle from road disturbances. The full vehicle would be subjected to disturbances from all four wheels or a full suspension model of the vehicle and, thus, a full-suspension model of the vehicle should be added to the idea of an enhanced control preview. The input data for the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is the velocity and acceleration of the front and rear wheels. Controller outputs are considered to be active forces that improve driver comfort, safety and road handling characteristics. The objective of this work is to model and analyse an active full vehicle suspension. The model is optimized using advanced FLC to improve driver comfort, safety and road handling. The mathematical model for the active full vehicle suspension model has been derived. The necessary background for the Simulink fuzzy logic and FLC has been presented. All the simulations are carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK, a high-performance numeric computation and visualization software package. The fuzzy logic-controlled active values have been compared with ordinary passive simulated values for road profiles. The result of the simulation show that the designed advanced FLC has improved ride comfort by effectively reducing the vehicle body displacement. There is also an appreciable reduction in velocity and acceleration with no increase in suspension travel.

Investigation of impact strength at different infill rates biodegradable PLA constituent through fused deposition modeling

Polylactic Acid (PLA) is a natural source of corn, cassava, and sugarcane which is an economically produced renewable, biodegradable, compostable, and bio plastic resource of this world. It plays an important role in automobile, aerospace, and consumer applications. Moreover, the PLA was in research and development with high expectations for the industrial consumer, moving towards the development of a sustainable vehicle and the goal is greatly contributed to environmental friendly applications such as in two-wheeler and four-wheeler vehicles. The present investigation consists of different infill rates (50%, 75% & 100%). PLA was performed for two-wheeler mudguard material for improving the property through additive manufacturing (AM) followed by fused deposition modeling (FDM). Based on the literature survey, it was found that FDM printed PLA’s impact strength was lower than that fabricated through the Injection molding (IM) process due to improper selection of printing process parameters. In order to overcome this drawback were taken into account and to make a good environmentally friendly and biodegradable material was chosen as PLA. Finally, it was observed that the FDM-based PLA deposition has higher impact strength than IM because of introducing the printed sample of On-edge orientation and 100% infill rate. The finite element analysis (FEA) was performed to assess the impact strength of PLA at different infill rates by using the ANSYS software 17.2. The simulation results were compared with the experimental results, it was found that almost close to each other.

Brake friction composite materials: A review on classifications and influences of friction materials in braking performance with characterizations

Brake friction materials play an important role in automobiles to reduce speed and to stop the vehicles. Advances in friction materials were updated to ensure effective performances in braking systems and to provide the maximum safety and comfort. Presently eco-friendly friction materials have been used as a replacement for conventional friction materials. Many synthetic and natural products were identified and claimed as better alternatives to banned toxic materials like asbestos and copper. Friction materials developed from natural products are eco-friendly and assure a great promise when applied in modern vehicles. To develop innovative formulations, basic knowledge of common ingredients and their effects in friction materials was needed. This review focuses mainly on providing detailed information about the common ingredients used, processing methods and the characteristics of brake friction materials.

Analysis of tribological behaviour of aluminum‐titanium carbide‐basalt metal matrix composite

AbstractIn the recent years, particulate reinforced aluminum based matrix composites are playing an important role in automobile and aerospace applications due to their enhanced properties. In this work, an attempt has been made to optimize the tribological behaviour of aluminum 7075 matrix reinforced with titanium carbide (3 percent weight) and basalt particles (2 percent weight) using Taguchi based grey relational analysis. Composites are fabricated according to american society for testing materials standard using stir casting method dry sliding wear tests were carried out using pin on disc apparatus as per Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array. Grey relational analysis was used to obtain the optimum process parameters for multiple quality characteristics such as wear rate and coefficient of friction. Then significant contribution of wear parameters was determined by analysis of variance. A confirmatory test was carried out to validate the test result. Finally, the micro structural investigation on the worn surfaces was performed by scanning electron microscope.

Low Power and Energy Efficient Street Light System Using IoT

In real world day to day routine the power consumption is very high to meet our real world and sophisticated life. With new technological development such as WSN (Wireless Sensor Network), IoT, SoC, Network Processor, Embedded systems design plays a vital role in automobile, industry 4.0, home automation, weather monitoring systems, light control, colleges, industries, etc., Presently we use manual design to control all the lighting systems in industries, street lights this leads to the huge energy consumption in all the real use cases. In this project we implementing, how WSN, SoC and IoT is deployed in this above cases. It is an important scheme to solve the power demand and also implementing lighting to all over the world. Out proposed design implements automatic ON/OFF control of lights and monitoring faulty bulbs through mobile application and WEB server.

Natural frequency and deformation analysis of drive shaft for an automobiles

Alternating structure made up of composite materials for traditional conventional structure has numerous points an interest, as superior stiffness, strength, fatigue life, damping properties etc. This effort manages alternative two member drive shaft with lone member composite drive shaft. The basic requirements considered here are the vibrations in the drive shaft. The model measurable factors obtained among the goal and limiting the heaviness of drive shaft made up of composite materials. The weight decline of the drive shaft be able to contain major role in automobiles, on the off chance that it be able to refined with no increase in price as well as staunch quality. It is plausible to accomplish plan of composite drive shaft among a lesser amount of weight to make characteristic recurrence and lessening obeisance anxieties. The Aluminium, tungsten and vanadium are the matrix and fiber respectively, used in the drive shaft. In this work the vibration Analysis (modal Analysis) is carried out on the MMC drive shaft to determine its natural frequency and mode shapes. From, the results it is concluded that the mass fractions of matrix and fibers, have significant effects on natural frequencies. Consequently, in this task work the whole drive shaft get together of a Toyota Qualis was picked and dissected by supplanting it with composite materials.

Mechanical Properties of E-Glass Fiber - Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite

Composite materials have significant role in automobile and aerospace applications because of their attractive mechanical properties compared. This fascinating properties attracted several industries especially automotive sectors. In contrast to metallic alloys, composite materials composed of individual constituent elements with distinguishable interfaces and chemical identities, however, when combined e-glass and basalt fiber, they will produce superior properties. The fundamental advantage of composite materials is their high specific strength and specific stiffness, which emphasis on its weight saving potential in the finished part. Two principal constituent elements of composites are matrix and reinforcement materials. In the present work, an attempt has been made to understand the advancements achieved in the combination of e-glass fiber and basalt fiber composites. Based on the comprehensive literature review, it is observed that broad work was done on the manufacturing techniques and characterization of the composites, however, limited works were carried out in analyzing the tensile, flexural and shear strength properties of differently oriented fibers in the laminated composites. In this paper, focus was given in fabricating and characterizing the glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite laminates with different fiber orientations, thereby, examining the mechanical properties of prepared laminates for tensile and bending strengths.

Design optimisation of vehicle suspension systems using artificial intelligent techniques

Suspension system plays important role in automobiles and to some extent it is treated as backbone of vehicles. Design of suspension systems present challenges because of different conflicting criteria's and hence, optimum design of its parameters is essential to get better ride comfort. Important design parameters involved in suspension systems are un-sprung mass, sprung mass, tire stiffness, spring stiffness, suspension damping coefficient, etc.; and obtaining optimum design combination of all these parameters is only possible with the use of appropriate optimisation techniques. This article presents the summary of various optimisation techniques used by previous researchers for design optimisation of suspension systems. It is observed that, despite having various evolutionary optimisation techniques, most of the earlier work was surrounded with traditional methods and genetic algorithm. Hence, a better performing algorithm compared to those, is demonstrated here to prove, uses of appropriate algorithm will help to improve the performance of suspension systems. A swarm based artificial bee colony algorithm is considered here to achieve optimum design and it is demonstrated with two examples having different road conditions. Results obtained shows considerable improvement in the design of suspension system thereby achieving a better ride comfort when compared with the results of previous researchers.

Static structural and thermal analysis of brake disc with different cut patterns

Power transmission plays an important role in automobiles. Since the concern regarding safety in automobiles has been considered as a top priority, it is very much important to have a complete control over vehicle to make it stop. Brakes are the power interruption devices which absorb the kinetic energy of vehicle and bring it to the rest condition. Once the brakes are actuated, heat is generated due to the friction between pads and rotating disc. This heat generated is responsible for high temperature of the disc. As brakes convert friction into heat, it must be dissipated through it in order to have limited temperature range of the entire system. Under this consideration drums brakes have been replaced by disc brakes as they are more efficient under steady and instantaneous braking conditions. In this paper, models were designed by using CATIA-V5 and then imported to ANSYS 16.2 for static structural and thermal analysis. The designing of discs was carried out considering its application for a two wheeler of 200-250 cc engine capacity. The aim of this paper is to study the heat distribution and the overall deformation of the discs having different cut patterns. Further an extension to this work, an attempt has been made to investigate different aspects like deformation and temperature distribution by varying the alloy materials for discs. This analysis has helped us a lot to understand the behavior of different materials under realistic conditions. The paper is then concluded with the best material and cut patterns in terms of strength, factor of safety and heat dissipation.

Investigations into surface integrity and cylindricity error during peck drilling of aerospace alloy using graphite, MOS2 and blasocut lubricant

Abstract Surface integrity of drilled hole plays a vital role in automobile, biomedical and aircraft industries. However, drilling of aluminium is always a challenging task in manufacturing industry. This is due to high chemical affinity nature of aluminium alloy causes build edge formation on the tool which increases an energy consumption and led to poor surface integrity as reported in literature. In view of this, an attempt has been made to focus on improving the surface integrity and hole geometry using blasocut, graphite and molybdenum disulphide lubricant and compared with dry conditions. A detailed experiment has been carried out at various spindle speeds of 400, 1200, 2000, 2300 rpm and feed rate of 50, 75, 100, 125 rev/sec. The effect of drilling parameters, blasocut and solid lubricant coating on surface finish, micro hardness and cylindricity error has been analyzed in depth. There is a substantial improvement in surface roughness, micro hardness for solid lubricant assisted peck drilling. Cylindricity error is high in dry and blasocut condition whereas graphite and molybdenum disulphide lubricant results in better hole geometry and thereby there is a reduction in cylindricity error. A better surface finish of 150 nm is observed in the hole geometry surface by using molybdenum disulphide coated drill tool for the combination of 2300 rpm cutting speed and feed rate of 50 rev/sec.

Static structural and thermal analysis of brake disc with different cut patterns

Power transmission plays an important role in automobiles. Since the concern regarding safety in automobiles has been considered as a top priority, it is very much important to have a complete control over vehicle to make it stop. Brakes are the power interruption devices which absorb the kinetic energy of vehicle and bring it to the rest condition. Once the brakes are actuated, heat is generated due to the friction between pads and rotating disc. This heat generated is responsible for high temperature of the disc. As brakes convert friction into heat, it must be dissipated through it in order to have limited temperature range of the entire system. Under this consideration drums brakes have been replaced by disc brakes as they are more efficient under steady and instantaneous braking conditions. In this paper, models were designed by using CATIA-V5 and then imported to ANSYS 16.2 for static structural and thermal analysis. The designing of discs was carried out considering its application for a two wheeler of 200-250 cc engine capacity. The aim of this paper is to study the heat distribution and the overall deformation of the discs having different cut patterns. Further an extension to this work, an attempt has been made to investigate different aspects like deformation and temperature distribution by varying the alloy materials for discs. This analysis has helped us a lot to understand the behavior of different materials under realistic conditions. The paper is then concluded with the best material and cut patterns in terms of strength, factor of safety and heat dissipation.

Characterization of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite Produced by Squeeze Casting Technique

Metal matrix composites play a important role in automobiles, aerospace, sports and marine sector. In the present investigation an attempt has been made to investigate the mechanical properties of Fly Ash particulates reinforced Al-4.5 % Cu alloy composites. Al-4.5 % Cu alloy was used as the base matrix. Fly ash particulates were used as reinforcements. The Al-4.5wt. % Cu alloy was reinforced with constant 3 wt. % of fly ash and 5 wt. % of fly ash The composites were produced by squeeze casting method with a pressure of 120 MPa. Microstructural study was done by using optical microscope to confirm the reinforcement particles in matrix alloy. Further, hardness and tensile properties were evaluated as per ASTM standard. The results showed that the hardness and tensile strength were higher in the case of Al-4.5% Cu-3 wt. % fly ash and 5 wt. % fly ash composites compared to the base alloy.

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Effect of nano/micro B4C particles on the mechanical properties of aluminium metal matrix composites fabricated by ultrasonic cavitation-assisted solidification process

Lightweight aluminium metal matrix nanocomposites play a major role in automobile, aerospace and other industries. This work aimed to investigate the effect of the addition of micro- and nano-boron carbide particles to aluminium on the mechanical properties of the composites. The micro- and nanocomposites containing different weight % of B4C particles were fabricated using stir- and ultrasonic cavitation-assisted casting processes. The fabricated micro and nano B4C particle-reinforced composites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an X-ray diffractometer. Tensile, hardness, impact and wear tests were carried out in order to evaluate the mechanical properties of the micro- and nanocomposites. The tensile test results showed that the properties of the samples containing up to 6% nano B4C-reinforced composites were better than the micro B4C-reinforced composites. The study also indicated that the ductility and impact energy of the nanocomposites were better than the micro B4C particle-reinforced composites. The wear resistance of the nanocomposite significantly increased when the B4C content was increased up to 8% of addition, and this increase was more pronounced than that resulting from micro B4C particle-reinforced composites.