Role In Aetiopathogenesis Research Articles

Circulating TWEAK levels in patients with acne vulgaris: Effect of oral isotretinoin therapy

AbstractBackgroundUpdates on the aetiopathogenesis of acne vulgaris, particularly the inflammatory process, are becoming more and more clear. The TNF superfamily includes tumor necrosis factor (TNF) related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK). It plays a significant part in a variety of inflammatory skin conditions, including psoriasis, alopecia areata and many others. However, its role in acne vulgaris remains questionable.ObjectivesWe aim in this research to evaluate the circulating levels of TWEAK in various severities of acne vulgaris patients and their blood levels before and after oral treatment with isotretinoin.MethodsThis study includes 100 acne vulgaris patients and 100 healthy controls in a case‐control design. All cases, ranging in severity, were treated for 3 months with oral isotretinoin. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay technique was used to measure serum TWEAK before and after 3 months of isotretinoin treatment.ResultsThe serum TWEAK levels were significantly higher in patients than the healthy volunteers (p < 0.001). There were significantly higher serum TWEAK levels with increasing acne vulgaris severity. Additionally, a significant decrease in serum TWEAK level after treatment by oral isotretinoin of AV patients (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTWEAK may play an important role in aetiopathogenesis and the severity of acne vulgaris. Also, oral isotretinoin may target TWEAK in the treatment and alleviate the acne vulgaris.

Comparative Study of Clinical Efficacy of Antaparimarjan Chikista (Ghan Vati) and Bahiparimarjan Chikista (Udhavartana) in Atisthaulya W.S.R to Mustadi Yog in Obesity

Sthoulya (Obesity) is the major and basic cause of lifestyle disorders like Diabetes mellitus (T2DM), Coronary heart disease (CHD), Hypertension. Sthoulya (Obesity) is increasing at an alarming rate in developed industrialized countries which are undergoing rapid nutrition and lifestyle transition. Obesity is one of the most effective diseases which affect someone’s social, physical and mental status. In Ayurveda, Sthoulya (Obesity) is regarded as Medoroga, a disorder of Meda Dhatu, which includes fat tissue and fat metabolism. According to Ayurveda; Sthoulya begins with an imbalance of Doshas (Vata, Pitta and Kapha), Agni (digestive fire), Malas (waste products) or an imbalance of Srotas (microcirculatory channels). This collection of imbalances then interferes with the formation of tissues or Dhatus and leads to a tissue imbalance that we experience as excess weight. So in this study, tikta rasapradhan drugs in compound formulation of Mustadi Ghan vati as Antaparimarjan chikitsa (60 patients were selecte) and Mustadi churna Udhavartana as Bahiparimarjan chikitsa (60 patients were selected) has been selected. The result of study showed that excessive intake of oily and fatty food, sedentary lifestyle, and psychological factor along with genetically predisposition play a major role in aetiopathogenesis of sthaulya (obesity). Furthermore it was also found that Mustadi Ghan vati effectively helps in reducing Wt. & BMI ratio. The effect of study shows that Mustadi ghan vati provided better relief comparative to Mustadi churna Udhavartana in the management of Sthaulya.

Number of decidual natural killer cells & macrophages in pre-eclampsia.

Background & objectives:The process of human placentation is complex and still not well understood. This study was aimed to examine the relationship between clinical features of pre-eclampsia and degree of trophoblastic invasion after its immunohistochemical visualization in the context of possible alterations in the number of natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages in the decidua.Methods:This prospective study included a study group comprising 30 pregnant women with pre-eclampsia delivered by caesarean section and a control group comprising 20 healthy pregnant women also delivered by caesarean section. Samples of placental bed obtained during caesarean section were analyzed after immunohistochemical labelling CD56+ NK cells, CD68+ macrophages and cytokeratin 7 trophoblastic cells.Results:In pre-eclampsia, there was a significantly lower number of CD56+ NK cells in the decidua (P<0.001) and a higher number of CD68+ macrophages (P<0.001) compared to control group. In the subgroup of pre-eclampsia with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), a significantly greater number of NK cells (P<0.05) was recorded, as well as an increased number of macrophages, but not significantly compared to pre-eclampsia without IUGR. There was no significant difference in the distribution of these cells in the decidua in relation to the severity of pre-eclampsia. CD56+ NK cells were significantly less (P<0.05) and macrophages were more (P<0.05) in the group with poor trophoblastic invasion.Interpretation & conclusions:Alterations in the number of immune cells in relation to the degree of trophoblastic invasion indicated their role in aetiopathogenesis of pre-eclampsia, while the direct association between their number and severity of pre-eclampsia was not confirmed.

A study to assess the knowledge of III year GNM students regarding management of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension in selected college of Belgaum Karnataka

Hypertension is a universal problem and it complicates at least 10% of all the pregnancies. Preeclampsia is defined as the triad of hypertension, proteinuria and edema occurring after 20 weeks gestation in previously normotensive women. It is specific to human pregnancy. It is transient but potentially dangerous complication of pregnancy. Preeclampsia is still one of the leading causes of maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality. It is well known fact that electrolytes play an important role in aetiopathogenesis of hypertension. So need to improve the knowledge of sample regarding the management of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension, since they are only health care personnel who work with pregnant mother at grass root level.

Dysregulation of the suppressor of cytokine signalling 3-signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 pathway in the aetiopathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome.

The suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) negatively regulates the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3)/interleukin (IL)-17 pathway. The proinflammatory cytokine IL-17 is over-expressed in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and is a key factor in its pathogenesis. We hypothesized that IL-17 over-expression in SS results from ineffective regulation by SOCS3. The expression of SOCS3 was analysed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from SS cases, sicca controls (SC) and healthy controls (HC) and tissue samples from SS, SC and healthy salivary glands (HSG). PBMC and salivary gland tissue from SS and controls were dual-immunostained for SOCS3 and IL-17. IL-6-stimulated PBMC from SS and controls were evaluated for time-dependent STAT-3 activation and SOCS3 induction, and for IL-17 expression. Immunoblotting revealed greater levels of SOCS3 in PBMC from SS than SC (P = 0·017) or HC (P < 0·001). Similarly, the proportion of salivary-gland tissue cells staining for SOCS3 was significantly higher in SS than SC (P = 0·029) or HSG (P = 0·021). The cells in PBMC/salivary gland samples from controls predominantly expressed either SOCS3 or IL-17. However, there was a high frequency of SOCS3/IL-17 co-expression within cells of SS samples. IL-6-stimulation of PBMC from SS cases revealed prolonged activation of STAT-3 with reduced negative regulation by SOCS3, and enhanced expression of IL-17. This study showed that SOCS3 expression is up-regulated in SS. However, the absence in SS of the normal inverse relationship between SOCS3 and pSTAT-3/IL-17 indicates a functional disturbance in this signalling cascade. Consequently, a reduction in function, rather than a reduction in expression of SOCS3 accounts for the unregulated expression of IL-17 in SS, and may play a crucial role in aetiopathogenesis.

Molecular Typing by Polymerase Chain Reaction Sequence Specific Primers (PCR- SSP) of Human Leukocyte Class I and Class II Alleles in a Sample of Iraqi Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between HLA alleles and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in a sample of Iraqi patients. Methods: A total of 30 patients were studied, in addition to 20 age, gender and ethnicity matched controls. All subjects were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) method. Results: Â For HLA-class I region (A and B loci), only HLA-A*19 allele showed a significant (P = 0.031) decreased frequency in VL patients as compared with controls (13.3 vs. 45.0%), and such deviation was associated with OR and PF values of 0.19 and 0.37, respectively. At HLA-class II region, HLA-DRB1*03 and HLA-DQB1*02 alleles were significantly (P = 0.020 and 0.013, respectively) increased in VL patients (56.6 vs. 20% and 46.6 vs. 10%, respectively) as compared with controls. The OR of such two positive associations was 5.23 and 7.88, respectively, and the EF value was 0.46 and 0.41, respectively. In contrast, HLA-DRB1*02 (13.3 vs. 45.0%) and HLA-DQB1*03 (33.3 vs. 70.0%) were significantly (P = 0.031 and 0.023, respectively) decreased in patients. However, none of these differences remained significant after correcting the P value for the number of alleles tested at each locus. Conclusion: these preliminary data suggest that HLA alleles may have some role in aetiopathogenesis of VL, and this role can be in favour of susceptibility and/or protection.

Oesophageal bacterial biofilm changes in gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease, Barrett's and oesophageal carcinoma: association or causality?

Barrett's oesophagus (BO) and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are precursors of oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC). There is an oesophageal biofilm, which changes in disease, but its role in aetiopathogenesis remains unclear. To define the oesophageal microbiota of patients with GERD, BO and OAC compared with controls and to investigate mucosal responses related to the microbiota. Cultural analysis identified the dominant bacterial species from a subset of each disease group. Based on this, molecular techniques were used to define the cohort. Host responses were analysed in tissues and co-culture experiments. A total of 111 species belonging to 26 genera were isolated. There was a significant decrease in bacterial counts in the GERD and BO groups for all genera except Campylobacter, which colonised GERD and Barrett's patients in increasing numbers. Campylobacter concisus was the dominant species. This relationship was not seen in the cancer group. Significant increases in IL-18 were seen in GERD and BO colonised by Campylobacter. This study defines differences in the oesophageal biofilm in disease states, revealing the emergence of C. concisus as the dominant new colonist in the refluxed oesophagus. We also associate the presence of these bacteria with increased expression of cytokines related to carcinogenesis.

Tissue and blood superoxide dismutase activities and malondialdehyde levels in different clinical severities of acne vulgaris

Acne vulgaris is one of the commonest dermatological diseases and its pathogenesis is multifactorial. To determine the role of oxidative stress in acne vulgaris and to determine a possible link with the clinical severity. Twenty-three patients with different grades of acne vulgaris and 23 age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured spectrophotometrically at tissue and blood levels. There were no significant differences in SOD activities and MDA levels between patients and controls. However, significant differences were found in patients with severe acne in comparison with those with mild and moderate acne. Moreover, comparison between different patient subgroups and controls revealed statistically significantly higher SOD activities in patients with mild acne in comparison with patients with moderate and severe acne, and with controls. Furthermore, severe acne showed statistically significantly lower SOD activities and higher MDA levels when compared with other patient subgroups and controls. Oxidative stress exists in patients with acne vulgaris and may play a role in aetiopathogenesis and/or progression of the disease. The addition of drugs with antioxidative effects seems to be valuable in the treatment of acne vulgaris.

The role of heat shock protein 60, vascular endothelial growth factor and antiphospholipid antibodies in Behçet disease

Behçet disease is a systemic inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology. T cells in this disease proliferate vigorously in response to a specific peptide of heat shock protein (HSP) 60 in an antigen-specific fashion. Vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) is a cytokine participating in the inflammatory process. One of the prominent features of Behçet disease is vasculitis as a result of endothelial dysfunction. Antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) may play a role in the development of thrombosis by inhibiting production of prostacyclin by endothelial cells. To investigate the role of HSP60, VEGF and APA in Behçet disease and their relation to clinical manifestations and disease activity. Thirty patients with Behçet disease were included; 17 were in the active stage and 13 were in the inactive. Fifteen age- and sex-matched healthy subjects served as controls. Complete clinical examination and Doppler examination were done. Serum levels of HSP60, VEGF and APA were performed. Serum levels of HSP60, VEGF and APA were significantly higher in patients than in controls; however, their level did not correlate with disease activity. The serum level of VEGF correlated significantly with the presence of vascular manifestations and ocular involvement. The serum level of APA was greater in patients with thrombosis. HSP60 has an important role in aetiopathogenesis of Behçet disease, which sheds new light on its autoimmune nature. An elevated serum level of VEGF may be a risk factor for the development of ocular disease contributing to poor visual outcome.