Role Of Probiotics In Prevention Research Articles

Study protocol for economic evaluation of probiotic intervention for prevention of neonatal sepsis in 0–2-month old low-birth weight infants in India: the ProSPoNS trial

IntroductionThe ProSPoNS trial is a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the role of probiotics in prevention of neonatal sepsis. The present protocol describes the data and methodology for the...

Role of probiotics in prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: A double-blind randomized controlled trial

Role of probiotics in prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: A double-blind randomized controlled trial

Impact of Probiotic (Saccharomyces Boulardii) Administration in Prevention and Management of Chronic Diarrhea

Background: Diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old, and is responsible for killing around 525 000 children every year. Though many treatment modalities exist, chronic diarrheal conditions demand a safer alternative modality (with lesser side effects) and thus, role of probiotics in prevention and management of chronic diarrhea merits exploration.
 Objective: To study the impact of probiotic (Saccharomyces Boulardii) in prevention and management of chronic diarrhea.
 Methodology: This experimental study comprised of a sample of 178 (chosen via non-probability, consecutive sampling) children aged 2 months to 12 years, presenting to the study setting with chronic diarrhea (from November 05, 2019, to May 04, 2020) to the Dept. of Pediatrics at Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad. After taking written consent, data was recorded onto a structured questionnaire containing inquiries about the socio-demographic details, diarrheal disease history, medication history and eventual treatment outcome. The study population was divided into 2 equal groups (S. Boulardii group & Control Group) of 89 each. The active treatment period was 5 days. All study participants were examined on day 0 (inclusion day) and followed up on day 3 and day 6 during active treatment phase and in the following month thereafter for observation. The data obtained was analyzed through SPSS version 20.
 Results: The mean age of the sample stood at 6.5 (SD ± 1.5) years. Baseline characteristics such as mean age and the average frequency of stools were comparable in S. boulardii and control group at the time of inclusion in the trial. By day 3 it reduced to 2.8 and 4.4 stools per day respectively and by day 6 it reduced to 1.4 (S. boulardii Group) and 3.7 (control group). The duration of diarrhea was 3.2 days in S. boulardii group whereas it was 5.2 day in control group (P = 0.001). In the following month, S. boulardii group had a significantly lower frequency of 0.46 episodes as compared to 1.28 episodes in control group.
 Conclusion: After careful consideration, it can be concluded that average frequency of stools is significantly reduced and brought down to normal in the S. boulardii group as compared to the control group The drug was well accepted and tolerated. There were no reports of the side effects during treatment period.

Role of probiotics in prevention and treatment of enteric infections: a comprehensive review.

Microorganisms that inhabits human digestive tract affect global health and enteric disorders. Previous studies have documented the effectiveness and mode of action of probiotics and classified as human-friendly biota and a competitor to enteric pathogens. Statistical studies reported more than 1.5 billion cases of gastrointestinal infections caused by enteric pathogens and their long-term exposure can lead to mental retardation, temporary or permanent physical weakness, and leaving the patient susceptible for opportunistic pathogens, which can cause fatality. We reviewed previous literature providing evidence about therapeutic approaches regarding probiotics to cure enteric infections efficiently by producing inhibitory substances, immune system modulation, improved barrier function. The therapeutic effects of probiotics have shown success against many foodborne pathogens and their therapeutic effectiveness has been exponentially increased using genetically engineered probiotics. The bioengineered probiotic strains are expected to provide a better and alternative approach than traditional antibiotic therapy against enteric pathogens, but the novelty of these strains also raise doubts about the possible untapped side effects, for which there is a need for further studies to eliminate the concerns relating to the use and safety of probiotics. Many such developments and optimization of the classical techniques will revolutionize the treatments for enteric infections.

A critical appraisal of the effects of probiotics on oral health

• Recent studies strongly suggest the role of probiotics in treating oral infections. • Probiotic bacteria seem to affect both oral microbiota and immune responses. • Probiotics have the ability to create a biofilm, that replaces biofilm-growing pathogens. • Good gut probiotic may not maintain oral health and vice-versa. • Research to unravel the mechanisms of probiotic action and long-term clinical trials are needed. Intense research in the field of probiotics persistently reveals novel benefits derived from these microorganisms. Probiotics have been consumed directly or indirectly through various food forms ascertaining to their wide gamut of healthy effects on humans. For the initial semi centennial, the primary role of probiotics was considered for maintaining gut health by preventing or treating infections, modulating host immune response and enhancing vitamin secretion etc. The potential benefits anticipated, arising out of the application of probiotics in the field of oral health has lately attracted the attention of researchers across the globe. Recent studies including clinical trials strongly suggest the active role of probiotics in prevention and treatment of oral infections, including dental caries and other periodontal disease. Probiotics have a unique ability to create a biofilm, which acts as protective lining and helps in replacing any biofilm-growing pathogen. This article summarizes the currently available data on the potential benefits of probiotics in maintaining oral health.

Role of probiotics in prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonates

Background: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the common emergencies in preterm neonates which are associated with high morbidity and mortality despite recent advances in neonatal care. Probiotics may be one of the most effective therapies for the prevention of NEC. Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the role of probiotics in reducing the incidence of NEC in preterm newborns. Methods: This was a prospective randomized control study conducted at tertiary care teaching hospital. A total of 140 preterm newborns of gestation ?34 weeks of age were enroled in the final analysis. The recruited newborns were randomized into intervention group and control group by simple random sampling method. The intervention group was fed probiotics mixed with expressed breast milk, and the control group was fed with milk alone. Result: The incidence of NEC in probiotics group was significantly lower than in the control group (2.86% vs. 11.43%), (p=0.04). Although there were no significant differences in the initial presentation of NEC between the two groups, those in the study group who developed NEC had less severe disease, based on Bell’s staging criteria. There was no significant difference in terms of age in diagnosis of NEC and in age at which birth weight is gained between the two groups. However, there was a statistically significant difference in duration of hospital stay (15.62±2.84 vs. 23.54±3.43 days; p<0.001) and time to reach full feed (15.82±3.15 vs. 20.22±2.14; p<0.001). There was no significant difference in incidence of overall mortality (p=0.209; relative risk [RR] 0.25, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.029–2.18) and sepsis rate (p=0.673; RR 1.15, 95% CI: 0.593–2.243) between the two groups. Conclusion: Probiotics supplementation reduced the incidence and severity of NEC in the preterm neonates. This resulted in shorter duration of hospital stay and faster achievement of full oral feeds.

The role of probiotics in prevention of oral diseases.

The dynamic development of knowledge in the field of probiotics was commenced at the beginning of the 20th century. Since then, many ways of their possible usage in medicine have been established. In accordance with the WHO, probiotics are live microorganisms, which if applied in adequate amounts may benefit the host. Among probiotics, fungi and bacteria are distinguished, and mechanisms of action of these organisms in the oral cavity and gut are parallel. Application in dentistry, in prophylaxis and treatment of oral diseases is still not well known. Most commonly, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium are applied. The aim of the study was to collect and systematize the latest information about probiotics and their role in pathomechanisms of dental caries, gingivitis and periodontitis, candidiasis, and malodour. Based on the analyzed literature, it can be concluded that mechanisms of cariogenic pathogen inhibition using probiotics are still not well understood. The new research trend is based on application of probiotics which can naturally displace cariogenic bacteria in the oral cavity and influence oral health in adults and children. The results of studies also confirmed the beneficial role of probiotics in reduction of the bacterial population in periodontitis and halitosis. Long-term observation and a properly designed study protocol will allow us to answer many questions concerning substitution of one strain of bacteria by another.

Effects of Probiotics against Candida Infections and Their Potential Use in Vulvovaginal Candidosis

Candida species are frequently found in the human microflora of the oral, intestinal and vaginal mucosa, where they usually live as commensals and interact with microbial communities and immune cells for the development and homeostasis of the immune response. However, many Candida spp. also act as opportunistic pathogens and are capable of causing a wide range of fungal diseases, among which vulvovaginal candidosis is very frequent. In recent years, probiotics have been investigated in several pathologic conditions as an approach to modulate the microbiota, and in this regard, they have also been proposed as an adjuvant therapy in prevention and treatment of vulvovaginal candidosis. In this review we focus on mechanisms of Candida tissue invasion and of host defense and discuss the role of probiotics in prevention and management of vulvovaginal candidosis. Anti-Candida potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus W22 and Lactococcus lactis W19, which are contained in a recently introduced multi-strain symbiotic, is discussed.

The role of probiotics in prevention and treatment for patients with allergic rhinitis: A systematic review.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a disease of respiratory allergy, and probiotics can provide a potential strategy for its management. The purpose of this study was to carry out a systematic review to investigate the role of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of AR. We searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of the use of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of AR in the major electronic databases up to March 2014. The quality of the included RCTs was evaluated, and the data were independently extracted by two assessors. Meta-analyses were performed. Continuous data were expressed as the mean difference (MD) or standardized MD with 95% confidence interval (CI). Dichotomous data were expressed as odds ratio with the 95% CI. A p value <0.05 was considered significant. A total of 11 RCTs were included in the analysis. Probiotic intake was associated with a significant overall improvement of the quality of life scores and nasal symptom scores of patients with AR (MD -2.97 [95% CI, -4.77 to -1.16)]; p = 0.001). No improvements with regard to prevention or immunologic parameters were noted in the patients with AR. The current evidence is not sufficiently strong to verify a preventive role of probiotics in AR, but probiotics may improve the overall quality of life and nasal symptom scores. Because the available data were generated from only a few trials with a high degree of heterogeneity, routine use of probiotics for prevention and treatment in patients with AR cannot be recommended.

The Lactobacillus plantarum Eno A1 Enolase Is Involved in Immunostimulation of Caco-2 Cells and in Biofilm Development.

The role of probiotics in prevention and treatment of a variety of diseases is now well assessed. The presence of adhesive molecules on the cell surface of probiotics has been related to the ability to confer health benefit to the host. We have previously shown that the enolase EnoA1 of Lactobacillus plantarum, one of the most predominant species in the gut microbiota of healthy individuals, is cell surface-expressed and is involved in binding with human fibronectin and plasminogen. By means of comparative analysis between L. plantarum LM3 (wild type) and its isogenic LM3-CC1 (ΔenoA1) mutant strain, here we show that EnoA1 affects the ability of this bacterium to modulate immune response as determined by analysis of expression of immune system molecules in Caco-2 cells. Indeed, we observed induction of TLR2 expression in cells exposed to L. plantarum LM3, while no induction was detectable in cells exposed to LM3-CC1. This difference was much less consistent when expression of TLR4 was determined in cells exposed to the two strains. Pro-inflammatory (IL-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β), and the antimicrobial peptide HBD-2 were induced in Caco-2 cells exposed to L. plantarum LM3, while lower levels of induction were detected in cells exposed to LM3-CC1. We also analyzed the ability to develop biofilm of the two strains, and observed a decrease of about 65 % in the development of mature biofilm in LM3-CC1 compared to the wild type.

Early supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 reduces eczema prevalence to 6 years: does it also reduce atopic sensitization?

The role of probiotics in prevention of allergic disease is still not clear; efficacy may depend on the timing, dose, duration, and specific probiotic used. Using a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial (Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12607000518460), we have shown that in a high-risk birth cohort, maternal supplementation from 35 weeks gestation until 6 months if breastfeeding and infant supplementation from birth until 2 years with Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 (HN001) (6 × 10(9) cfu/day) halved the cumulative prevalence of eczema at 2 and 4 years. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis HN019 (HN019) (9 × 10(9) cfu/day) had no significant effect. To determine whether differences in effects of HN001 and HN019 on eczema persist to age 6 years, and to investigate effects on sensitization. Standard procedures were used to assess eczema (The UK Working Party's Criteria), eczema severity (SCORAD), atopic sensitization [skin prick tests (SPT), total and specific IgE] and standard questions used for asthma, wheeze, and rhinoconjunctivitis. HN001 was associated with significantly lower cumulative prevalence of eczema (HR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.39-0.80), SCORAD ≥ 10 (HR = 0.69, 0.49-0.98) and SPT sensitization (HR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.48-0.99). The point prevalence of eczema (RR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.44-1.00), SCORAD ≥ 10 (RR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.38-1.01) and SPT sensitization (RR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.53-1.00) were also reduced among children taking HN001. HN019 had no significant effect on any outcome. This study provides evidence for the efficacy of the probiotic L. rhamnosus HN001 in preventing the development of eczema and possibly also atopic sensitization in high risk infants to age 6 years. The absence of a similar effect for HN019 indicates that benefits may be species specific.

Role of probiotics in prevention of Candida infection in critically ill children

Candidiasis accounts for 10-20% of bloodstream infections in paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) and a significant increase in morbidity, mortality, and length of hospital stay. Enteric colonisation by Candida species is one of the most important risk factor for invasive candidiasis. The local defence mechanisms may be altered in critically ill patients, thus facilitating Candida overgrowth and candidiasis. Systemic antifungals have been proven to be effective in reducing fungal colonisation and invasive fungal infections, but their use is not without harms. Early restoration or maintenance of intestinal microbial flora using probiotics could be one of the important tools for reducing Candida infection. A few studies have demonstrated that probiotics are able to prevent Candida growth and colonisation in neonates, whereas their role in preventing invasive candidiasis in such patients is still unclear. Moreover, there are no published data on role of probiotics supplementation in the prevention of candidiasis in critically ill children beyond neonatal period. There are gap in our knowledge regarding efficacy, cost effectiveness, risk-benefit potential, optimum dose, frequency and duration of treatment of probiotics in prevention of fungal infections in critically ill children. Studies exploring and evaluating the role of probiotics in prevention of Candida infection in critically ill children are needed.

The intestinal microbiota, gastrointestinal environment and colorectal cancer: a putative role for probiotics in prevention of colorectal cancer?

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United States, and, even though 5-15% of the total CRC cases can be attributed to individual genetic predisposition, environmental factors could be considered major factors in susceptibility to CRC. Lifestyle factors increasing the risks of CRC include elevated body mass index, obesity, and reduced physical activity. Additionally, a number of dietary elements have been associated with higher or lower incidence of CRC. In this context, it has been suggested that diets high in fruit and low in meat might have a protective effect, reducing the incidence of colorectal adenomas by modulating the composition of the normal nonpathogenic commensal microbiota. In addition, it has been demonstrated that changes in abundance of taxonomic groups have a profound impact on the gastrointestinal physiology, and an increasing number of studies are proposing that the microbiota mediates the generation of dietary factors triggering colon cancer. High-throughput sequencing and molecular taxonomic technologies are rapidly filling the knowledge gaps left by conventional microbiology techniques to obtain a comprehensive catalog of the human intestinal microbiota and their associated metabolic repertoire. The information provided by these studies will be essential to identify agents capable of modulating the massive amount of gut bacteria in safe noninvasive manners to prevent CRC. Probiotics, defined as "live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host" (219), are capable of transient modulation of the microbiota, and their beneficial effects include reinforcement of the natural defense mechanisms and protection against gastrointestinal disorders. Probiotics have been successfully used to manage infant diarrhea, food allergies, and inflammatory bowel disease; hence, the purpose of this review was to examine probiotic metabolic activities that may have an effect on the prevention of CRC by scavenging toxic compounds or preventing their generation in situ. Additionally, a brief consideration is given to safety evaluation and production methods in the context of probiotics efficacy.

A differential effect of 2 probiotics in the prevention of eczema and atopy: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial

The role of probiotics in prevention of allergic disease is still not clearly established, although early reports suggested Lactobacillus GG halved the risk of eczema at 2 years. To determine whether probiotic supplementation in early life could prevent development of eczema and atopy at 2 years. Double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial of infants at risk of allergic disease. Pregnant women were randomized to take Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 (L rhamnosus), Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis strain HN019 or placebo daily from 35 weeks gestation until 6 months if breast-feeding, and their infants were randomized to receive the same treatment from birth to 2 years (n = 474). The infant's cumulative prevalence of eczema and point prevalence of atopy, using skin prick tests to common allergens, was assessed at 2 years. Infants receiving L rhamnosus had a significantly (P = .01) reduced risk of eczema (hazard ratio [HR], 0.51; 95% CI, 0.30-0.85) compared with placebo, but this was not the case for B animalis subsp lactis (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.58-1.41). There was no significant effect of L rhamnosus (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.46-1.18) or B animalis subsp lactis (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.52-1.28) on atopy. L rhamnosus (71.5%) was more likely than B animalis subsp lactis (22.6%) to be present in the feces at 3 months, although detection rates were similar by 24 months. We found that supplementation with L rhamnosus, but not B animalis subsp lactis, substantially reduced the cumulative prevalence of eczema, but not atopy, by 2 years. Understanding how Lactobacilli act to prevent eczema requires further investigation.