Role Of Partners Research Articles

Exploring Partners’ Parts in Shaping the Home Food Environment During the Transition to Fatherhood

Objective: To investigate primiparous women’s partners for knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the physical home food environment (PHFE), and to assess if the first pregnancy provides a teachable opportunity to enhance the PHFE of first-time pregnant couples. Design: This was a two-phase longitudinal in-depth qualitative study involving questionnaires and individual interviews during and after pregnancy. Participants: Fifteen male partners of primigravida women. Main outcome measures: Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors concerning PHFE; lifestyle and dietary habits; and interest in guidance regarding healthy PHFE during the first pregnancy and the transition to parenthood. Analysis involved descriptive statistics and thematic analysis for qualitative data. Results: Key findings include the importance of mutual prenatal PHFE decisions; increased motivation for a healthier PHFE during pregnancy; a desire to provide a healthier environment than their own parents offered, acknowledgement of their wives as ‘nutrition experts’; challenges in accessibility of health foods in the home; and ‘the child eats what we eat’. The first pregnancy was recognized as a critical period for establishing a healthy PHFE. Conclusions and Implications: Expectant fathers have a crucial role in nestrition (nutritional nesting) in first pregnancies. Their engagement is essential in establishing a more supportive nutritional environment in the home and influencing the family nutrition in the long term. There is a need to promote partner involvement, investigate the broader roles of expectant fathers and non-male partners, and develop effective PHFE education for couples in the first pregnancy.

The Evolving Roles of Public and Private Higher Education Partnerships in Shaping Minds and Societies

The Evolving Roles of Public and Private Higher Education Partnerships in Shaping Minds and Societies

Optimizing food transportation processes for grocery stores across the US

In the rapidly evolving landscape of food logistics, optimizing transportation processes for grocery stores across the United States has become paramount to enhancing operational efficiency and ensuring the delivery of high-quality, perishable goods. This article examines the multifaceted challenges inherent in food transportation, including logistical complexities, environmental concerns, and rising operational costs. It highlights the importance of data-driven strategies, such as route optimization and machine learning algorithms, to improve delivery times and reduce waste. Additionally, the integration of advanced technologies, such as Internet of Things (IoT) sensors for temperature monitoring and automation in warehouse management, is explored to enhance the cold chain and ensure food safety. Moreover, the article emphasizes the critical role of strategic partnerships with third-party logistics providers and suppliers in streamlining operations and enhancing overall performance. Through in-depth case studies of successful grocery chains, it illustrates effective practices that have led to significant improvements in food transportation processes. The regulatory landscape surrounding food transportation is also analysed, underscoring compliance with safety standards and sustainability initiatives. Finally, the article looks ahead to future trends, including the potential impact of autonomous vehicles, blockchain technology, and sustainable practices on the food supply chain. By providing a comprehensive overview of best practices and innovative solutions, this article aims to equip grocery store operators and stakeholders with actionable insights to optimize their food transportation processes, ultimately leading to improved customer satisfaction and reduced environmental impact.

Pregnancy resulting from sexual violence committed by the intimate partner: characterization of the crime and abortion provided for by law

Introduction: intimate partner violence is highly prevalent in Brazil. Among the serious consequences for women’s health, pregnancy resulting from this circumstance stands out. Objective: To compare pregnancy and abortion characteristics among women with sexual violence committed by an intimate partner and an unknown aggressor. Methods: cross-sectional study with women aged ≥14 years with pregnancies resulting from sexual violence and legal abortion request attended at the Pérola Byington Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil, between 1994 and 2018. They compared 1,881 cases in which the sexual offender was a stranger with 192 cases committed by the intimate partner. The variables considered sociodemographic data of the pregnant woman, sexual violence, legal procedures and abortion, analyzed in SPSS 20.0 software. Study approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the São Francisco de Barreiras University Center, No. 3,668,297. Results: pregnant women who were assaulted by an intimate partner had a higher mean age (27.4±6.8 years), reported less work (p=0.032) and were not in a union (p=0.010). Cases involving an intimate partner had a higher frequency of physical violence (p<0.001) in the private space (p<0.001), with less search for the pregnant woman by the police (p=0.013) and medico-legal examination (p=0.034). Abortion was similar in both groups, but dropout from the procedure was higher in cases with an intimate partner (p=0.001). Conclusion: when pregnant with sexual violence perpetrated by an intimate partner, women have different trajectories from those raped by strangers to resort to legal abortion. The lesser disclosure to the police of the crime and the greater withdrawal of legal abortion may suggest an intimidating role of the aggressor intimate partner.

Commentary: Navigating the complexity, bridging the gap: the role of school-university partnership in sustaining school improvement during the post-pandemic era

Commentary: Navigating the complexity, bridging the gap: the role of school-university partnership in sustaining school improvement during the post-pandemic era

Bidirectional and Unidirectional Intimate Partner Violence: A Comprehensive Review

The debate over whether intimate partner violence (IPV) is primarily unidirectional by men (male-perpetrated violence against women) or bidirectional (both partners engaging in violence) remains significant. A 2012 systematic review determined the prevalence of bidirectional and unidirectional IPV in various population samples (Langhinrichsen-Rohling et al., 2012). The current comprehensive review updates the 2012 review, analyzing 64 empirical studies directly related to the bidirectionality of physical violence between 2012 and 2022. First, we examined bidirectional and unidirectional violence by the nature of the sample (i.e., large population, community, university or college students, adolescent or middle/high school students, and clinical or treatment-seeking) and other study characteristics including the type of measurements (e.g., the Conflict Tactics Scales versus other measures). Our review indicates that bidirectional violence remains prevalent among all sample types. The average amount of reported IPV that was bidirectional in nature was 52.8% (ranging from 44.8% among middle or high school students to almost 60% among clinical and university student samples). Our findings demonstrate substantial consistency with the 2012 review, which found 57.5% (ranging from 49.2% among female-oriented nonmilitary treatment-seeking samples to 69.7% among male-oriented military legal/justice samples). This validates the importance of considering IPV as a complex and nuanced phenomenon likely to occur with both partners engaged in violence—initiatively or reactively—during relationships. A second finding was that the ratio of unidirectional female-to-male IPV compared to male-to-female IPV differed significantly among all five samples. In all samples, the rates of female-perpetrated unidirectional violence were higher than the rates of male-perpetrated unidirectional violence (31.4% and 16.9%, respectively). This finding is consistent with the results of the 2012 study. Third, we explored the concordance of reporting bidirectional and unidirectional violence by male and female partners. Our findings indicate remarkable levels of agreement on reporting patterns of both bidirectional and unidirectional violence by men and woman suggesting that the results are likely valid and reliable. Moreover, the reporting consistency between males and females did not differ significantly depending on study characteristics, including sample type, measurement time frame, measurement instrument, and study location. Overall, it is essential to conduct more research on the nature and types of bidirectional violence, including the roles of both partners involved. The findings from such studies could have significant implications for researchers, clinicians, and practitioners in terms of screening, treating, and preventing various forms of violent dynamics.

HARMONIZING TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES FOR INTRA-AFRICA TRADE: A DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION PERSPECTIVE.

In today's interconnected world, the framework of ICT infrastructure acts as the bedrock for enabling economic growth, allowing innovation, and furthering sustainable development. This paper undertakes a deep dive into critical components constituting appropriate technology infrastructure and its central role in the digital transformation journey. The paper relates how changing fortunes of digital transformation are bringing efficiency across industries and revolutionizing many sectors, by examining its multi-dimensional impact. A major concern of this research is related to digital transformation implications on intra-African trade. The paper looks into the myriads of challenges faced by the African nations in harmonizing their technological resources, which include gaps in ICT development, regulatory challenges, and the digital divide. Despite these challenges, the paper also highlights some of the opportunities that digital transformation presents for improving trade within the continent. Such opportunities include better supply chain management, improved market access, and the possibility of creating new business models with the use of digital platforms.The paper also identifies strategic approaches that can easily help to realize such barriers in seamless trade within Africa. It discusses regional cooperation and policy harmonization for the realization of an enabling environment to achieve that growth of ICT. The role of public-private partnership to drive infrastructural development and innovation is further assessed, outlining successful case studies and best practices within and outside the continent. This paper heightens the call for concerted effort in harnessing the full potentials of ICT infrastructure in Africa. The digital transformation, with the challenges and opportunities it presents, needs to be harnessed into a factor for extraordinary intracontinental trade growth that engenders broad-based economic growth and sustainable development of African economies. The ideas in this paper shall help give critical insight to policymakers, industry players, and researchers on steps leading to an integrated and economically buoyant Africa.

Study on the Implementation of Capstone Projects in Various Countries

This study examines the implementation of capstone projects at ten leading universities from various countries, namely the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), University of Cambridge, University of Tokyo, University of Sydney, University of Cape Town (UCT), University of Toronto, ÉcoleNormaleSupérieure (ENS) Paris, Peking University, University of Melbourne, and Cairo University. The study explores how each institution designs and executes its capstone projects, along with the challenges and opportunities they encounter. The key findings indicate that all universities integrate cutting-edge technology and emphasize practical testing, although there are variations in project focus that reflect local contexts. Common challenges include technology integration and change management, while opportunities for improvement encompass enhanced infrastructure, additional training, and industry partnerships. The study provides recommendations for educational institutions and policymakers on how to improve the execution of capstone projects and strengthen graduate relevance. Suggestions for future research include exploring the long-term impacts of capstone projects and the role of industry partnerships in enhancing project outcomes. This study offers insights into best practices and strategies to enhance the quality and effectiveness of capstone projects globally.

Envisioning roles for patient partners in primary health care systems of the future: A structured priority setting exercise

Envisioning roles for patient partners in primary health care systems of the future: A structured priority setting exercise

Influence of mortality threats on anthropomorphized brand attitude: role of control and connectedness motives

Purpose This study aims to provide a new perspective on the impact of mortality threats on consumer behavior through the lens of brand anthropomorphism. It examines the mediating effects of control and connectedness motives and the moderating effects of brand roles on the relationship between mediators and brand attitudes. Design/methodology/approach A preliminary study explored the relationship between pandemic-induced mortality threats and attitudes toward anthropomorphized brands. Study 1 investigated the underlying mechanism, and Study 2 examined the moderating effects of servant or partner roles. Study 3 confirmed the mortality threat effect on anthropomorphic brand attitudes in the absence of the pandemic. Findings The study revealed that mortality threats enhanced the desire for control and connectedness, which strengthened attitudes toward anthropomorphized brands. The results also indicated matching effects between the motivations for anthropomorphism and brand roles. Originality/value This research offers novel insights into the effects of pandemic-induced mortality threats and mortality threats in non-pandemic contexts on anthropomorphic motives. It highlights the influence of these psychological needs on consumer responses to brand roles and provides insights for brand management during a crisis.

Effect of Male Partner-Targeted Breastfeeding Education and Support Interventions on Optimal Breastfeeding Practices in Central Ethiopia: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.

A male partner or husband is the most influential person in the family, especially in Ethiopia. The role of a male partner or husband in promoting and supporting breastfeeding has hardly been investigated in low- and middle-income countries, including Ethiopia. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of breastfeeding education and support interventions that focus on male partners, with the goal of promoting optimal breastfeeding practices in central Ethiopia. A two-arm parallel design cluster randomized controlled trial was carried out among couples in a community setting in the Hadiya Zone, Central Ethiopia. Fathers and mothers in the intervention group received breastfeeding education and support via social events, home visits and using printed materials, while those in the control group received existing routine care. A total of 408 couples from 16 clusters were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (n = 204) or the control group (n = 204). A Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the interventions. At the end of the interventions, the proportion of optimal breastfeeding practice increased by 19.5% in the intervention group and by 2% in the control group. The differences-in-difference in optimal breastfeeding practice between the intervention and control groups was 17.5% [95% CI: 13.8%-21.2%; p = 0.001]. In the GEE model, babies born to mothers in the mother-father pair group had a 38% higher likelihood [RR = 1.38, 95% CI (1.106, 1.723)] of being optimally breastfed at the sixth month compared with babies born to mothers who received standard care. Breastfeeding education and support interventions targeting male partners in low-resource settings improve optimal breastfeeding practices, highlighting the need to give due emphasis to integrating breastfeeding promotion and counselling for male partners into existing maternal and child health services. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT05173454, First registered on 30/12/2021.

The Promise of Remote Patient Monitoring.

The promise of remote patient monitoring (RPM) lies in its ability to revolutionize health care delivery by enabling continuous, real-time tracking of patient health outside traditional clinical settings. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of RPM, particularly in underserved and rural populations, highlighting both its potential and the persistent barriers that limit its widespread use. This paper explores the critical role of technological advancements-such as wearables, artificial intelligence (AI), and broadband expansion-in sustaining and optimizing RPM in the postpandemic era. We examine Michigan as a microcosm of national health care challenges, focusing on its diverse population and geographic barriers, and propose condition-specific RPM protocols to address these inequities. Key facilitators and barriers to RPM implementation are discussed, with a focus on AI integration, community engagement, and digital infrastructure. We also explore the role of policy reform and public-private partnerships in supporting RPM's scalability and long-term sustainability. Our findings suggest that while RPM offers a powerful tool for improving health care access and outcomes, especially for chronic conditions and rural maternal health, sustained investment in technology and infrastructure is critical. By addressing these challenges, RPM can become a cornerstone of modern health care, reducing disparities and improving care delivery for underserved populations.

The evolution of SNAP-Ed: policy, systems and environment (PSE) interventions to enhance nutrition security and health equity in the United States

Purpose This study uses a comprehensive literature review and analysis of recent research, policy documents and program evaluations related to Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP-Ed) and policy, systems and environmental (PSE) strategies. Key sources include peer-reviewed articles, the 2025 SNAP-Ed Plan Guidance and case studies of successful PSE interventions. The Social-Ecological Model serves as a framework to organize and analyze the multilevel impacts of PSE interventions. The method involves identifying relevant information, synthesizing key themes and patterns and critically examining the potential impact of PSE strategies on nutrition security and health equity. Design/methodology/approach This paper examines the evolution of the SNAP-Ed from direct nutrition education to a comprehensive approach integrating PSE change strategies. It aims to analyze the rationale, implementation and potential impact of PSE approaches in SNAP-Ed on nutrition security and health equity in the USA. The study explores how these strategies address social determinants of health, promote sustainable population-level changes in nutrition environments, and their capacity to reduce health disparities in low-income communities. It seeks to identify challenges, opportunities and future research directions in implementing PSE strategies within SNAP-Ed. Findings The review reveals that PSE strategies in SNAP-Ed show promise in creating sustainable, population-level changes in nutrition environments and health outcomes. Successful examples, such as healthy corner store initiatives and workplace wellness programs, demonstrate the potential of PSE approaches to improve access to healthy food options and physical activity opportunities. The integration of PSE strategies has enhanced SNAP-Ed’s capacity to address social determinants of health and promote health equity. However, challenges including resource constraints, political opposition and the need for cross-sector collaboration persist. The effectiveness of PSE interventions relies heavily on community engagement, partnerships and supportive policies. Practical implications The findings underscore the importance of adopting comprehensive, multilevel approaches in nutrition education and obesity prevention programs. For SNAP-Ed implementers, this implies a need to develop expertise in PSE strategies, foster cross-sector partnerships and engage communities in intervention design and implementation. Policymakers should consider increasing support and resources for PSE approaches within SNAP-Ed and similar programs. Public health practitioners can use these insights to design more effective, equitable interventions that address root causes of nutrition insecurity. The study also highlights the need for improved evaluation methods to assess the long-term impact of PSE strategies on population health outcomes. Social implications This study highlights the importance of addressing social determinants of health, such as poverty and access to healthy food options, to promote equitable health outcomes. It underscores the potential of community-driven, multilevel interventions in building a more just and equitable food system accessible to all. Originality/value This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the shift toward PSE strategies in SNAP-Ed, offering valuable insights into the program’s evolution and its potential to address complex public health challenges. By examining both successes and challenges, it contributes to the growing body of evidence on the effectiveness of multilevel interventions in promoting nutrition security and health equity. The study’s emphasis on the role of community engagement and partnerships in PSE implementation offers practical guidance for program planners and policymakers.

The Role of Educators in the Formation of Students' Leadership Character in the Leadership Material of Khulafaur Rasyidin

This study aims to find out the role of educators in implementing leadership characters in the subject of Islamic Cultural History in grade VII MTsN 7 Agam in the material of Khulafaur Rasyidin Leadership. This type of research is qualitative research with the subject of this research being Islamic Cultural History educators and students of grade VII MTsN 7 Agam. The data collection techniques used are observation, interviews and documentation. Then this study uses data analysis through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawn. The results of this study show that the role of educators is as partners, resource persons, and companions. Educators play the role of partners, namely cooperation between educators and other educators, parents or other parties who are tasked with paying attention to the development of students. Educators act as resource persons tasked with providing information to students about many things related to learning and so on. Meanwhile, educators as companions are in charge of providing direction and advice related to the field or discussion being pursued.

Navigating university-OPMs

This panel focuses on the second theme of the conference, that is TEL Pedagogies: What can we learn from examples of success and failure in designing with and implementing old and new pedagogies enabled by technology? It explores Online Program Management companies' (OPMs) role in higher education partnerships to design and deliver spaces for online learning. Utilizing key theoretical frameworks such as Resource-Based View (Barney,1991; Kero & Bogale, 2023; Prahalad & Hamel, 1990; Wernerfelt, 1984) and Holon IQ’s Higher Education Digital Capability Framework (2020), the panel empowers universities to identify strengths, gaps, and strategic opportunities for collaboration. Barney (1991) suggests that by posing inquiries related to value, rarity, imitability, and organisation (VRIO), insights regarding competitive advantages, sustainability, and capability gaps can emerge, facilitating strategic decision?making. In the context of OPMs and university clients, VRIO offers a framework to comprehend the competitive advantage and sustainability of educational partnerships. Through discussion and debate the panel aims to challenge sociocultural norms, address challenges in transitioning to online formats, and propose effective partnership strategies.

PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION OF PARTNERSHIP RELATIONS BETWEEN BUSINESS AND GOVERNMENT IN THE FIELD OF ENERGY SECURITY OF UKRAINE

The article is dedicated to the study of the principles of organizing partnership relations between the business and state in the field of energy security in Ukraine. The aim of this research is to develop a system of principles for effective partnership between business and government in the sphere of Ukraine’s energy security, based on the methodologies of developed countries. It has been determined that organizing partnership relations between the state and business requires a comprehensive approach based on joint responsibility, transparency, mutually beneficial cooperation, and innovative development. The application of a systemic approach allowed of the consideration of energy security as a multifactorial process encompassing political, economic, technical, and environmental aspects. This approach facilitated the identification of key elements of energy security and the interaction between business and government that affect the development of the energy sector. Systemic analysis enabled the consideration of energy security in Ukraine as a component of national security, as well as an assessment of the role of partnership between the state and business in this process. In particular, an analysis of energy threats, possible scenarios for the development of Ukraine’s energy sector, and potential ways to overcome them through collaboration between the state and the private sector was conducted. It has been substantiated that the main principles of interaction between the state and business in the field of energy security are as follows: the principle of transparency and openness; the principle of joint responsibility; the principle of mutually beneficial cooperation; the principle of sustainable development; the principle of legal regulation; the principle of innovation; the principle of cybersecurity; and the principle of adaptability. The implementation of these principles will ensure the resilience of the country’s energy system, promote investment in the renewable energy sector, and enhance national security as a whole. It has been revealed that each country has developed its own approaches to organizing partnerships between business and government in the field of security of energy, with its unique features in managing the energy sector depending on political, economic, and geographical factors. The success with which firms can unite efforts with the state and civil society organizations in forming an active social development strategy will depend on both their competitiveness and the effectiveness of the business itself. Some states are gradually losing the ability to independently shape their internal socio-economic policies, yielding to transnational corporations. The methodology of the research is based on a comprehensive approach that encompasses both theoretical and practical aspects of the interaction between business and government in the field of energy security in Ukraine. To achieve the research goals, a range of methods was employed that allow for the examination of partnership relations between the public and private sectors at various levels, as well as the exploration of their impact on the country’s energy security.

Navigating the Challenges and Seizing Opportunities in Implementing Closed-Loop Supply Chains

Closed-Loop Supply Chains (CLSCs) present a transformative solution for industries seeking sustainability by reintegrating returned products through recycling, refurbishment, and remanufacturing, reducing waste and dependency on added resources. While offering substantial benefits, CLSC adoption faces challenges, including high infrastructure costs, complex reverse coordination, and inconsistent regulatory support, which hinder widespread application. Through a mixed-method approach using surveys and case studies, this study reveals barriers such as financial constraints and operational restructuring needs, while highlighting enablers like digital tools (e.g., blockchain, IoT) that enhance efficiency and transparency. Furthermore, it emphasizes the critical role of regulatory incentives (subsidies, tax breaks, and extended producer responsibility mandates) and strategic partnerships that pool resources and share risks, essential for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) aiming to implement CLSCs effectively. By proposing a practical CLSC framework, informed by empirical data, this research provides actionable insights for businesses to embrace circular economy principles, aligning environmental responsibility with corporate resilience, profitability, and consumer expectations. CLSCs, therefore, are not only an environmental solution but also a strategic opportunity that addresses sustainability imperatives while meeting regulatory requirements and advancing competitive advantage.

Implementation of Committee Partnerships on AI-Based School Policies at Public Junior High School

In the increasingly sophisticated digital era, artificial intelligence (AI) technology has significantly changed various fields, including education. In Indonesia, secondary schools have begun implementing AI technology to improve the quality of teaching and school management. Implementing this technology includes using AI-based systems for personalized learning, student data analysis, and more efficient school administration management. Implementing AI-based policies requires a strong partnership between the school committee and the school. This includes monitoring technology implementation, providing teacher training, and involving parents in the technology-based learning process. This study aims to identify and analyze the role of partnerships between school committees and schools in implementing AI-based policies at SMP Negeri 3 Tanjungsari. To ensure effective policy implementation, various stakeholders, including school committees, must support advancing AI technology in education. This study employs a qualitative approach, incorporating a case study method. It obtained the collected data through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis. The study results indicate that strong partnerships between school committees and schools play a significant role in supporting the implementation of AI policies. However, some challenges are still faced, such as the committee's lack of understanding of AI technology. This study also offers strategies to improve the effectiveness of these partnerships, including training and enhancing communication between the committee and the school. These findings significantly contribute to developing educational policies that are more adaptive to technological advances.

The role of external partners in shaping the organizational capacity of collegiate sport clubs: a Delphi study

ABSTRACT Research question Collegiate sport clubs (CSCs) are prominent sport outlets for college students yet struggle to achieve their goals due to unique challenges in the collegiate context (e.g. membership restrictions, university regulation). Little is known about how the university, recreational sport department and sport governing bodies (SGBs) impact CSC capacity. This study examines how the university (i.e. external partner) influences the management of CSCs and how external partners (e.g. university, SGB) support and/or constrain clubs’ organizational capacity. Research methods A 3-iteration Delphi study was conducted with 17 expert panelists in CSC management across the USA. Results and findings The panel disagreed on the organizational practices influencing clubs’ capacity at the departmental level, yet agreed at the university level, emphasizing mitigating university liability. The panel lacked consensus on the constraints limiting clubs’ capacity, suggesting these were institution specific. When describing ideal organizational management practices that support club capacity, panelists agreed staffing, communication and collaboration across external partners are critical. Implications Theoretical implications address the influence of the external environment on organizational capacity in the context of CSCs. Recommendations for practice include reciprocal representation across external partners, collaborative decision-making, and negotiation of constraining regulative policies to promote club autonomy and support.

Female Offenders in Human Trafficking: Analyzing Roles in a Spanish Sample

Offenders convicted of trafficking human beings for sexual exploitation involve a high percentage of women compared to other similar offenses. Previous studies have searched for explanations for the dynamics of the illegal sex market and the coercion experienced by victims during the process of exploitation and exit. This article analyses the content of 58 judicial decisions involving a sample of 148 women convicted in Spain of trafficking in human beings between 2017 and 2024. Two main dimensions are explored: the criminal organizations performing the sexual exploitation phase in Spain and the characteristics, positions, and roles of women traffickers within the criminal organizations. Half of the sample occupies leadership roles, while the other half consists of supporters, especially in larger trafficking networks. Regarding the positions and roles of women offenders, supporters and partners in crime are at higher risk of being coerced due to the nature of their roles or partnerships.