Rod Of Iron Research Articles

Modeling and design of magnetostrictive vibration‐powered generator using finite element method

ABSTRACTThis work investigates the design of a vibration‐powered generator with one rod (unimorph) of iron–gallium (galfenol) and compares it with its two‐rod (bimorph) counterpart. Galfenol is a promising magnetostrictive material that combines high magnetic susceptibility and desirable mechanical properties and therefore very suitable for harvesting the vibration energy that involves bending stresses. In this study, an energy‐based magnetoelastic model, so‐called Armstrong model, is employed to predict the behavior of galfenol under multiaxial stresses. The Armstrong model of galfenol is implemented into a static 3D finite element model of the energy harvester by which the performances of the devices are predicted and experimentally observed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Behold the man: Jesus and Greco-Roman masculinity

1.Introduction: Jesus and Gender 2.How to Be a Man in the Greco-Roman World 3.Constructing the Lives of Divine Men: Divus Augustus, Philos Moses, and Philostratuss Apollonius 4.The Unmanned Christ and the Manly Christian in the Pauline Tradition 5.The Markan Jesus as Manly Martyr? 6.The Matthean Jesus: Mainstream and Marginal Masculinities 7.The Lukan Jesus and the Imperial Elite 8.He Must Increase: the Divine Masculinity of the Johannine Jesus 9.Ruling the Nations with a Rod of Iron: Masculinity and Violence in Revelation 10.Conclusion: The Multiple Masculinities of Jesus Index of Primary Texts List of Abbreviations Bibliography

Rejoicing against Judaism in Handel's Messiah

Scholars have too little investigated questions of religious meaning in Handel's Messiah, particularly the work's manifest theological anti-Judaism. Previously unknown historical sources for the work's libretto compiled and arranged by Charles Jennens (1700–73) reveal the text's implicit designs against Jewish religion. Handel's musical setting powerfully underscores these tendencies of Jennens's libretto and adds to them, reaching a euphoric climax in the Hallelujah chorus. Within its arrangement of juxtaposed Old Testament prophecies and their New Testament fulfillment and with its matching musical styles, Handel's Messiah could hardly have expressed more powerfully its rejoicing against Judaism than by having the ferocious tenor aria “THOU [Jesus] shalt break THEM [the Jews] with a rod of iron” answered by the chorus “Hallelujah! for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth.” The aria is a setting of Psalm 2:9, a passage that was generally and unquestioningly believed among Christians in Handel's day to have foretold the destruction of Jerusalem and its Temple in the year 70. This horrible event was construed as a divine punishment of Judaism for its failure to accept Jesus as God's promised messiah. The Hallelujah chorus apparently sees cause for rejoicing in such vengeance. Further, this chorus quotes the melodies of several hymns whose texts concern the depiction in Matthew 25 of acceptance by a bridegroom of five wise virgins and his rejection of five foolish virgins. This parable was taken to symbolize the welcoming of Ecclesia, Christianity and Jesus as the messiah, and the rejection of Synagoga and Judaism. In 18th-century England most Christians fervently believed that a choice between Judaism and Christianity was a choice between eternal damnation and eternal salvation. This would have represented motivation indeed for Messiah to project Christian theological contempt for its sibling religion.

Matrons return for rounds but without the rod of iron

Matrons return for rounds but without the rod of iron

Experimental and theoretical study of the nonlinear response of agiant magnetostrictive rod

In this paper, a magnetomechanical coupling constitutive relation of the giant magnetostrictive material was investigated experimentally and theoretically. A grain-oriented magnetostrictive rod of iron and rare earth was tested under a combined magnetomechanical loading. Two types of experimental curves were obtained, i.e., the magnetostrictive curve of the extensional strain vs the magnetic field, and the curve of the magnetic polarization intensity vs the pre-stress. A new theoretical constitutive model, based on the density of domain switching, is developed. Comparison of the theoretical predictions with the experimental results indicates that this model can capture the main characteristics of the magnetoelastic coupling deformation of a giant magnetostrictive rod.

The Royal College of Physicians and its Collections: an Illustrated History

Your reviewer found himself repeatedly turning to p. 127, which is robustly occupied by a three-quarter-length portrait of Theodore Turquet de Mayerne (1573-1655), Physician to James I and to Charles I. His hand wrote the dedication to James I in the Pharmacopoeia Londinensis when it was published in 1618. His pink and bearded face gazes out from the portrait with an expression of shrewdness tinged with apprehension, his right hand held in a gesture of ‘take me as I am’ and his left hand grasping a skull. In gold lettering across the top of the portrait are the words ‘Theodorus Mayerne Eques Auratus’. He seems to epitomize the gravitas, wisdom, authority and worldly success to which most Fellows of the College aspire. It was not an easy road down which the College travelled. Founded in 1518 when Thomas Linacre (1460?-1524) gave over the front portion of his house in Knightrider Street just south of St Paul's Cathedral to accommodate the first Fellows, the College moved premises four more times, to occupy the present site in Regent's Park in 1964. This latter building was designed by Sir Denis Lasdun, combining the architectural features of the adjacent Nash terraces and those of Le Corbusier. The interior, with its stately staircase which lends itself both to formal ceremony and to the interchange of chance encounters, is a striking feature of the building. Over the 480 years of the College's existence the Fellows were involved in several battles with institutions that they perceived to threaten their authority. The Apothecaries sought the right to treat patients as well as dispense for them, and when the College opened the first dispensary at the College in 1698 to provide medicines for the poor this was seen as a threat by the pharmacists. The Dispensary was so successful that others soon followed in St Martin's Lane and in Gracechurch Street. It seems astonishing today that the numbers of Fellows at any one time in the 18th century was below 100, whereas it is now over 10 000, and that it was not until 1835 that non-Oxbridge graduates were admitted to the Fellowship. The Licentiates of the College were sufficiently outraged by the Oxbridge stipulation that they besieged the College in Warwick Lane in 1767 and fought a battle with the Fellows, each side brandishing a motley range of weapons (etching on p. 35). Another agreeable illustration shows a painting by Thomas Rowlandson and Auguste Pugin (1808) of the examination of a candidate for Fellowship in the College premises in Trafalgar Square, at a time when the College was going through a period of placid self-satisfaction (p. 51). The College possesses many treasures of interest and beauty, among which are: a silver caduceus (not a rod of iron), the President's symbol of office; a silver-gilt mace; and a gold-headed cane. The cane was originally owned by Dr John Radcliffe (1652-1714) and was passed successively to five eminent Fellows before the widow of Dr Matthew Baillie presented it to the College in 1825. The cane was carried as an emblem of the status of a physician and possessed a solid handle, in distinction to the more customary canes carried by physicians which had perforated handles in which could be held aromatic herbs or Marseilles vinegar ‘of sovereign remedy against all pestilences’. By the year 1660 the College library possessed 1278 titles as listed by Dr Christopher Merrett, the first Harveian Librarian. Unfortunately the Great Fire of London in 1666 destroyed most of these books, some 100 being rescued by Dr Merrett and the Beadle. This calamity led to a bizarre dispute between Dr Merrett, who maintained he had done all that he reasonably could to discharge his duties as custodian, and the College, who maintained that to lose most of the library came under the heading of ‘serious reasons’ for dismissal. The aggrieved Dr Merrett thereupon refused to give up those books which he had saved and the College riposted by sacking him. Since that time many generous donations of books have been made, in particular that of the First Marquis of Dorchester, who bequeathed his whole library to replace the disastrous losses from the Great Fire. Geoffrey Davenport, who was Librarian to the College from 1970 until 1999, and his two co-authors are to be congratulated on producing such a splendid work, the product of intimate contact within the College supplemented by wide learning.

Artists and Daughters in Louisa May Alcott's Diana and Persis

The line of duty which dictated Louisa's life was rigid and unswerving, a rod of iron which she inherited from her stern father. In Amos Bronson Alcott's philosophy, the body must be subjected to the spirit, emotion to thought. The line of duty represents this subjection. The line of beauty, on the other hand, as Ticknor's vocabulary suggests, represents the body and its desires. It is soft, sinuous, and phallo-eccentric. If, according to Bronson Alcott, the spirit is transcendent and the body immanent, and thus the line of duty is perpendicular to the line of beauty, for Louisa and May this relation was reversed. In the pursuit of her chosen line, May figuratively rode on the back of her dutiful older sister. Louisa supported the entire family, and May in particular, through writing, sewing, and housework. The repression of her own desire for beauty and pleasure turned her into a beast of burden.

Rod of Iron: French counter-insurgency policy in Aragon during the Peninsular War.

Rod of Iron: French counter-insurgency policy in Aragon during the Peninsular War.

<sc>don w. alexander</sc>. <italic>Rod of Iron: French Countennsurgency Policy in Aragon dunng the Peninsular War</italic>. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources. 1985. Pp. xx, 260. $28.00

don w. alexander. Rod of Iron: French Countennsurgency Policy in Aragon dunng the Peninsular War. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources. 1985. Pp. xx, 260. $28.00 Get access Alexander Don W.. Rod of Iron: French Countennsurgency Policy in Aragon dunng the Peninsular War. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources. 1985. Pp. xx, 260. $28.00. Donald D. Horward Donald D. Horward Florida State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 91, Issue 1, February 1986, Pages 126–127, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/91.1.126-a Published: 01 February 1986

Rod of Iron: French Counterinsurgency Policy in Aragon during the Penisular War

Rod of Iron: French Counterinsurgency Policy in Aragon during the Penisular War

Unidirectional Solidification of Cast Iron

The segregation of sulfur in liquid cast iron was studied under conditions of microgravity on Spacelab 1. A rod of cast iron containing carbon, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus was unidirectionally solidified at four different rates. The influence of sulfur on the graphite structure and the stability of an aluminum oxide skin deposited on the surface of the specimen were investigated.

‘The Omnipresent Bania:’ Rural Moneylenders in Nineteenth-Century Sind

After revisiting Sind in 1876, Sir Richard Burton wrote, ‘The Hindu's reed-pen is a rod of iron and abjectly the unhappy Sindi trembles before it.’ By ‘Hindu,’ Burton meant the Hindu bania, the trader and moneylender, and by ‘Sindi’ he meant the Sindhi Muslim zamindar (landholder), the perennial debtor. The creditor tyrannized over the debtor, imposing ever harsher and more inequitable terms on him. What is interesting is that Burton scarcely appeared to recognize the Hindu banias as Sindhis at all; he wrote as if they were interlopers on the Sindhi scene. It was a colourful summary of the average British official's attitude towards debt. Twenty years later, Evan James, the Commissioner in Sind, quoted Burton's remark to lend support to his own argument that debt was an intolerable burden on Sindhi Muslims in general and the great zamindars in particular.

Black-White Equality

Can you bear the thought, Reverend Samuel Davies (Morgan, 1975: 3) exhorted his throng of fellow Virginians, that Slavery should clank her Chain in this [the] of Liberty? And well he might wonder. For the year was 1756 and the colony, facing an invasion force of French soldiers and Indians, teetered on the brink of extermination. The Reverend Davies having been defeated in previous military engagements, trembled in contemplating Indian savages and French Papists, infamous all the World over the Treachery and tyranny, should rule and Britons with a Rod of Iron. A quest for freedom in a Land of Liberty to avoid a rod of iron flowed from the 'lips of this White minister at a moment in time when two-fifths of all Virginians were encased in slavery under the ownership of Protestants and Britons! Merely twenty years later human liberties in Virginia once more appeared threatened-this time, however, by the very

John F. Dewey—Tectonics Editor

‘I want the journal to acquire a reputation for very rapid, fair, and accurate reviewing,’ asserted John F. Dewey, editor‐in‐chief of AGU's newest journal, Tectonics. Dewey said that he will rule the bimonthly, which will begin publication in February, ‘with a bit of a rod of iron’ to ensure that Tectonics is ‘where only original and important papers are published.’‘I'm going to be very strict with reviewers,’ Dewey explained in his quick British clip. ‘If the review does not come back to me within 10 days to 2 weeks, I'll review the paper myself. I'm also going to have a system whereby, if a paper needs major surgery after being refereed, it will be rejected. Papers will have to be in virtually publishable condition before they are first submitted,’ he said.

An electromagnetic method for measuring Young's modulus for iron, steel and nickel rods

If a rod of iron, steel or nickel is placed axially in a solenoid which is excited by direct current, and if the rod is caused to vibraste longitudinally with its natural frequency, the changes of mechanical stress will produce corresponding changes of flux in the rod, so that an e.m.f. of the same frequency will be induced in a search coil which embraces the masgnetized part of the rod. The frequency of this e.m.f. is measured by means of oscillograms, from which the value of Young's modulus is easily found.

The thermal and electrical conductivities of metals and alloys: part 1. Iron from 0 to 800 C

A longitudinal-flow method has been used to determine the thermal conductivity, at mean temperatures ranging from 30° to 800° C., of a nickel-plated rod of Armco iron containing approximately 99.92 per cent of iron. After allowance for the effect of the nickel plating, and extrapolation to 0° C., a value of 0.177 c.g.s. units is obtained for the thermal conductivity of the iron. This value is higher than that usually attributed to iron, but a chemically prepared iron of greater purity has been examined also and found to have a thermal conductivity of 0.194 c.g.s. units at 0° C., and it seems evident that the lower results obtained by earlier investigators were due to the relative impurity of their specimens. The conductivity of Armco iron decreases with increase in temperature, the value at 800° C. being 0.071 c.g.s. units. By the use of values of the electrical conductivity which were determined during the same experiment as the thermal conductivity, the Lorenz function of this sample of iron has been calculated. It is found to increase from a value of 0.62 × 10-8 at 0° C. to the unusually high value of 0.74 × 10-8 at 400° C. and to remain approximately constant over the temperature-range of 400° to 700° C.

Societies and Academies

LONDON Physical Society, June 15.—R. L. SMITH-ROSE and J. S. MCPETRIE: Measurement of the electrical constants of soil by a Lecher-wire method at a wavelength of 1-5 m. A parallel Lecher-wire system was set up and coupled to a source of oscillations of the desired frequency. The length of the stationary waves set up on the wires in air was measured and compared with the corresponding wave-length when the wires were immersed in the sample of soil under examination. The ratio of these wave-lengths gives directly a quantity involving both the conductivity and the dielectric constant of the soil. For conditions of normal moisture content the dielectric constant is 10 or 12, while the conductivity lies within the range 10-28 × 108 E.S.T.J. J. S. MCPETBIE:—A determination of the electrical constants of the earth's surface at wave-lengths of 1-5 and 0-46 m. The most sensitive condition for finding the electrical constants of a substance from a study of its reflecting properties for electromagnetic waves is obtained when the radiation is incident normally on the reflector. The experiments described show that in this case the reflection coefficient of copper gauze is practically unity at both wave-lengths. There appears to be little difference in the reflecting properties of ordinary soil and soil covered by grass, probably because the bulk of the reflection takes place at a small distance below the surface.—O. DABBYSHIBE: (1) A spectrometer determination of the metrical thickness and dispersive power of a thin film. By counting the numbers of EdserButler and Talbot bands produced within the same spectral range by a thin film of glass and a prism spectrometer, the metrical thickness of the film can be determined. The refractive index of the film for light of any standard wave-length can then be calculated from a count of the number of Talbot bands passing the position of the corresponding line in the spectrum as the Talbot echelon is rotated about the vertical edge of the film through an accurately measured angle. Two spectrometers are used in conjunction as a double-table spectrometer, and the other apparatus required is of the usual student-laboratory type. (2) Application of the theory of the transmitting echelon to the explanation of Talbot's and Powell's bands. On the basis of the theory of the transmitting echelon, the formation and the asymmetrical character of Talbot's bands, which are produced when a plate and aperture are placed in certain positions in the beam of a prism spectroscope, are explained analytically and represented diagrammatically. R. W. POWELL:—The thermal and electrical conductivity of metals and alloys: (1) Iron from 0° to 800° C. A longitudinal-flow method has been used to determine the thermal conductivity, at mean temperatures ranging from 30° to 800° C., of a nickel-plated rod of Armco iron containing approximately 99-92 per cent of iron. After allowance for the effect of the nickel plating, and extrapolation to 0° C., a value of 0-177 C.G.S. units is obtained for the thermal conductivity of the iron. This value is higher than that usually attributed to iron, but a chemically prepared iron of greater purity has been examined also and found to have a thermal conductivity of 0-194 C.G.S. units at 0° C.

Social and Economic Problems in Russia

THERE is nothing very mysterious or unnatural about present Russian conditions. These conditions are a perfectly natural reaction from an antiquated, undemocratic, repressive political regime. This regime had extended far too long into more liberal times. It might have been overthrown spontaneously while as a matter of fact the natural revulsion and revolutionary spirit of the Russian people was most cleverly organized and led by the most radical socialistic party of any prominence in world affairs. The general result has been much the same as in the case of the French Revolution. The Communist Party of Russia, an offshoot of this international Communist organization, is in the saddle. This party is ruling with a rod of iron and, whatever we may think of the social and economic policies which they are trying to establish throughout Russia and in too many other countries, we must give them credit for a great deal of excellent work in the restarting of the life of a great people upon rather new and untried principles. Leningrad and Moscow are not Russia, but one could scarcely visit these cities today without recognizing favorably the skill with which the introduction of new social ideas and policies has been

Note on a magnetic detector of electric waves, which can be employed as a receiver for space telegraphy

The present note bears upon the special manner in which a core or rod of iron or steel placed in a varying magnetic field is affected by high-frequency oscillations transmitted from considerable distances. The magnetisation and demagnetisation of steel needles by the effect of electrical oscillations has long been known, and has been noted especially by Professor J. Henry, Abria, Lord Rayleigh, and others. Mr. E. Rutherford also has described a magnetic detector of electric waves, based on the partial demagnetisation of a small core composed of fine steel needles, previously magnetised to saturation, and placed in a solenoid of fine copper wire connected to exposed plates.

IV. On the effects of pressure on the magnetisation of cobalt

It has long been known, from the classic researches of Dr. Joule, that a rod of iron free from stress increases in length when magnetised in a comparatively weak field. When, however, the strength of the field is continually raised, it has been found by Mr. Shelford Bidwell that the rod ceases to increase in length, and then shortens, so that in a sufficiently strong field the length becomes less than it was originally. It has also been found by Villari, Sir W. Thomson, and others that when a rod of iron is exposed to successive loadings and unloadings of a given weight in a magnetic field, there appears a corresponding cyclic change of magnetisation.