Rod Diameter Research Articles

Analysis of the Spanwise Effect behind a Cylindrical Body

The study of the flow around the cylinder is still a focus of research in various aspects. In this case, the flow around an electrically heated cylinder with a diameter Ød=10 mm is investigated at low velocities (mainly in the laminar range). In the literature, the wall temperature Tw is used in many places to characterize such flows. This is usually considered constant, because experimental tests are mainly performed with electrically heated rods of small diameter (max ~2 mm). Since in our case the rod diameter is a multiple of this, the question arises whether the two-dimensional nature of the flow behind the cylinder is preserved. The spanwise effect behind a transversely placed heated cylinder was investigated. The results obtained provide a good basis for designing further measurement options.

Factors associated with rod fracture following surgery for adult spinal deformity: a single-center retrospective study.

Adult spinal deformity (ASD) has a significant impact on trunk balance and quality of life in the elderly. Postoperative rod fractures pose significant challenges, but the mechanisms of their occurrence are underexplored compared to other complications such as proximal junctional kyphosis. This study investigated factors associated with rod fracture in patients with ASD. A retrospective single-center study analyzed 110 adult patients who underwent spinal deformity correction between 2012 and 2020. Comparative analysis and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were employed to identify factors associated with rod fracture. In this study, rod fracture occurred in 14.5% of patients. The rod fracture group exhibited a larger change in lumbar lordosis (LL), a higher proportion of patients with pre-operatively existing (pre-existing) vertebral fractures, and a greater percentage of patients with a rod diameter of 6mm or less compared to the non-rod fracture group. Univariate Cox regression analysis revealed that rod fracture was associated with pre-existing vertebral fracture, LL change, preoperative sagittal vertical axis, and preoperative pelvic tilt. Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified pre-existing vertebral fractures and the amount of LL change as independent factors associated with rod fractures. Pre-existing vertebral fractures and the magnitude of lumbar lordosis correction are independent risk factors for rod fracture following ASD surgery. Surgeons should consider these factors during preoperative planning to reduce the risk of postoperative rod fracture. IV.

Omnidirectional control of the wake of a circular cylinder with spinning rods subject to a turbulent flow

We numerically investigate the attribute of omnidirectionality of the flow-control system comprised of a large circular cylinder equipped with eight spinning rods of smaller diameter, subject to an incoming flow that adopts different angles of attack. Detached-eddy simulations are employed to compute hydrodynamic loads and to provide flow topology at a Reynolds number of 1000. Two cases are assessed regarding the rods angular velocities. In case 0, all rods spun with the same angular velocity. In case 1, velocities were inspired by potential-flow theory. The two systems have the same input kinetic energy in common. To assess the system response, the velocities were increased proportionally. Both cases succeeded in reducing the mean drag. However, while case 1 proved to become ever “more omnidirectional” with increasing angular velocities, case 0 demonstrated to be prone to the angle of attack as it was unable to suppress vortex shedding for sufficiently large slopes of the incoming flow, and in such circumstances, unable to reduce hydrodynamic forces. We verify that the lift is mitigated in case 1, in contrast to case 0. Even for a vortex-free downstream flow resulting from configurations of high velocities and high angle of attack, the latter produces asymmetric recirculation regions downstream of the system that drive a pressure imbalance. The different outcomes of the two systems are also explored from the viewpoint of power consumption, and it is revealed that the omnidirectionality of case 1 is intrinsically related to the emphasis imposed on rotation rates of a subset of the eight rods.

Visible light photodetectors based on the Bi2S3 flower-like 3D microrods with Schottky emission

This work presents a holistic approach to the fabrication of bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) photodetectors, with a particular emphasis on material structure and morphology. Bi2S3 particles were synthesized using a microwave-assisted method, employing bismuth nitrate and L-cysteine as the sulfur source. Polyvinylpyrrolidone with two different molecular weights was used as a viscosity modifier to control the size and morphology of the particles. The as-synthesized powders were drop-casted onto interdigitated gold electrodes from an ethanol suspension and evaluated using different light sources. The results demonstrate that submicrometric material with a slightly higher aspect ratio generated a higher photocurrent under the same conditions, attributed to enhanced carrier transport due to the reduced rod diameter, photogating effects, and Schottky emission. Bi2S3 lamellar microrods exhibited responsivity of 0.93, 0.21, and 0.40 mA/W for red (628 nm), green (517 nm), and blue (468 nm) light, respectively. This resulted in detectivity in the range of 1.17–5.32 × 10¹⁰ Jones for the visible light spectrum.

Low-velocity impact response and damage mechanism of cosine function cell-based lattice core sandwich panels

This study aims to investigate the impact response and damage mechanism of cosine-function cell-based (CFCB) lattice core sandwich panels. Several low-velocity impact tests were conducted to explore their advantages in impact resistance by comparing them with traditional body-centered cubic (BCC) lattice-core sandwich panels. The impact response and deformation patterns of CFCB lattice core sandwich panels with two different faceplate materials (aluminum alloy and carbon fiber reinforced plastic composite) were experimentally investigated. The CFCB lattice core sandwich panels exhibited higher impact resistance and energy absorption capacity than their BCC lattice core counterparts. Furthermore, sandwich panels with aluminum alloy faceplates provided better impact resistance capacity than those with CFRP faceplates. Subsequently, several numerical models were developed to explore the deformation mechanisms and energy absorption characteristics of CFCB lattice core sandwich panels. In addition, the effects of the core structural parameters on mechanical performance were numerically investigated. Results indicated that increasing the cell rod diameter and/or reducing the cosine period length could decrease the indentation depth and enhance crush force efficiency. Finally, based on the principle of minimum potential energy, a theoretical model was developed to predict the initial peak load of CFCB lattice core sandwich panels with isotropic faceplates. This study aimed to explore the impact response and provide design guidance for CFCB lattice core sandwich panels.

Comparative analysis of filler metals on microstructure and mechanical performance of TIG-welded AISI 201 austenitic stainless steel joints

In this study, 4-mm thick AISI 201 austenitic stainless steel butt joints were fabricated using the tungsten inert gas (TIG) process with ER309L, ER316L and ER2209 filler rods. TIG welding was performed using a current of 100 A, voltage of 14 V, with pure argon as the shielding gas at a flow rate of 10 L/min, and filler rod diameters of 2.4 mm. The microstructural and mechanical properties were analysed. ER2209 and ER316L promote an austenitic structure in the fusion zone. ER316L filler produced the finest grain structure (9.39 μm) and the lowest δ-ferrite content (25.85%) in the weld zone. Welds made of ER316L exhibited the highest hardness (314 HV), ultimate tensile strength (857 MPa) and yield strength (448 MPa). ER316L welds also demonstrated superior strain-hardening capacity (0.91) and impact toughness (19.8 GPa). Fracture analysis revealed finer dimples in the ER316L welds, indicating improved ductility and strength compared to other welded joints.

Magnetic field simulation and analysis of superconducting magnetic separator with different magnetic matrices

Superconducting magnetic separation technology leverages strong magnetic fields to separate magnetic from non-magnetic materials, vital for industries like mining, recycling, and water treatment. This study aims to elucidate the impact of various magnetic gathering media on the magnetic field distribution within superconducting magnetic separators through detailed modeling and simulation. Using Infolytica MagNet software, we simulate the magnetic field distribution of a JS-6-102 pilot-scale superconducting magnetic separator, both without media and with different magnetic matrices, such as mesh and rod media. Our results reveal that the presence of magnetic matrices significantly alters the magnetic field distribution, enhancing magnetic induction intensity and affecting field uniformity. We demonstrate that smaller mesh sizes yield more uniform magnetic fields, while larger rod diameters increase magnetic field distortion. These findings contribute to optimizing the design and efficiency of superconducting magnetic separation systems.

Quantitative SPECT imaging of 155Tb and 161Tb for preclinical theranostic radiopharmaceutical development.

Element-equivalent matched theranostic pairs facilitate quantitative in vivo imaging to establish pharmacokinetics and dosimetry estimates in the development of preclinical radiopharmaceuticals. Terbium radionuclides have significant potential as matched theranostic pairs for multipurpose applications in nuclear medicine. In particular, 155Tb (t1/2 = 5.32 d) and 161Tb (t1/2 = 6.89 d) have been proposed as a theranostic pair for their respective applications in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging and targeted beta therapy. Our study assessed the performance of preclinical quantitative SPECT imaging with 155Tb and 161Tb. A hot rod resolution phantom with rod diameters ranging between 0.85 and 1.70mm was filled with either 155Tb (21.8 ± 1.7 MBq/mL) or 161Tb (23.6 ± 1.9 MBq/mL) and scanned with the VECTor preclinical SPECT/CT scanner. Image performance was evaluated with two collimators: a high energy ultra high resolution (HEUHR) collimator and an extra ultra high sensitivity (UHS) collimator. SPECT images were reconstructed from photopeaks at 43.0keV, 86.6keV, and 105.3keV for 155Tb and 48.9keV and 74.6keV for 161Tb. Quantitative SPECT images of the resolution phantoms were analyzed to report inter-rod contrast, recovery coefficients, and contrast-to-noise metrics. Quantitative SPECT images of the resolution phantom established that the HEUHR collimator resolved all rods for 155Tb and 161Tb, and the UHS collimator resolved rods ≥ 1.10mm for 161Tb and ≥ 1.30mm for 155Tb. The HEUHR collimator maintained better quantitative accuracy than the UHS collimator with recovery coefficients up to 92%. Contrast-to-noise metrics were also superior with the HEUHR collimator. Both 155Tb and 161Tb demonstrated potential for applications in preclinical quantitative SPECT imaging. The high-resolution collimator achieves < 0.85mm resolution and maintains quantitative accuracy in small volumes which is advantageous for assessing sub organ activity distributions in small animals. This imaging method can provide critical quantitative information for assessing and optimizing preclinical Tb-radiopharmaceuticals.

Plasma PVD by small spiral Ta hollow cathodes

Spiral hollow cathodes represent interesting options for local PVD applications. Radio frequency powered small diameter spiral hollow cathodes made from 0.45 mm diameter Ta wire rolled around 0.5 mm diameter rod were tested in PVD regimes on silicon substrates at the gas pressure of 400 Pa (3 Torr). The PVD of Ta and reactive PVD of Ta-N resulted in deposition rates of about 130 nm/min with maximum thickness in the center of the coating spots. However, part of the coating spots can be heavily eroded. At higher RF powers droplets from the melted Ta tip of the spiral can damage the coating and melt the Si substrate. The PVD rates of Ta in argon were similar as those for TaN. However, lower number of droplets of the melted Ta were formed in argon. The heating of the spiral outlet and its effect on the coating was also more intense in nitrogen than in argon. The temperature of the Si substrate table reached about 500 °C in 20 min in the nitrogen plasma and up to 400 °C in argon. This heating was higher on electrically grounded substrates than on the floating substrates. The effect of sharp outlet on possible eroding of the sample was confirmed by a sharp ended 1 mm diameter stainless steel medical needle used as a hollow cathode.

PETcoil: first results from a second-generation RF-penetrable TOF-PET brain insert for simultaneous PET/MRI

Simultaneous positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging provides concurrent information about anatomic, functional, and molecular changes in disease. We are developing a second generation MR-compatible RF-penetrable TOF-PET insert. The insert has a smaller scintillation crystal size and ring diameter compared to clinical whole-body PET scanners, resulting in higher spatial resolution and sensitivity. This paper reports the initial system performance of this full-ring PET insert. The global photopeak energy resolution and global coincidence time resolution, 11.74 ± 0.03 % FWHM and 238.1 ± 0.5 ps FWHM, respectively, are preserved as we scaled up the system to a full ring comprising 12, 288 LYSO-SiPM channels (crystal size: 3.2 × 3.2 × 20 mm3). Throughout a ten-hour experiment, the system performance remained stable, exhibiting a less than 1% change in all measured parameters. In a resolution phantom study, the system successfully resolved all 2.8 mm diameter rods, achieving an average VPR of 0.28 ± 0.08 without TOF and 0.24 ± 0.07 with TOF applied. Moreover, the implementation of TOF in the Hoffman phantom study also enhanced image quality. Initial MR compatibility studies of the full PET ring were performed with it unpowered as a milestone to focus on looking for material and geometry-related artifacts. During all MR studies, the MR body coil functioned as both the transmit and receive coil, and no observable artifacts were detected. As expected, using the body coil also as the RF receiver, MR image signal-to-noise ratio exhibited degradation (∼30%), so we are developing a high quality receive-only coil that resides inside the PET ring.

Biomechanical analysis of partial mandibular implants with various lattice designs of different material properties: In vitro study and finite element analysis

For patients with mandibular bone defects, although reconstruction plates can be used for repair, achieving both occlusal function and facial aesthetics is challenging. In the present study, in vitro experiments and finite element analysis (FEA) were conducted to determine the biomechanical characteristics of multiple porous lattice structures of varying shapes and diameters that were used for mandibular implants. Additionally, an abutment designed to carry occlusal forces was added to the top of the implants. The stress distribution of four lattice designs (tetrahedron, quad-diametral-cross, hex-star, and hex-vase) of three sizes (2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 mm) in cubic porous models were analyzed by FEA. Subsequently, two optimal designs for 3D-printed titanium alloy were selected. These designs, featuring different lattice diameters (0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 mm), were tested to determine their elastic modulus, which was used in another FEA of a mandibular implant designed for a patient with a malignant tumor in the right mandible. This model, which included an abutment design, was subjected to a vertical force of 100 N and muscle forces generated by biting. This analysis was conducted to determine the elastic modulus of the implant and the values of stress and strain on the implant and surrounding bone. The lattice designs of quad-diametral-cross and hex-vase exhibited smaller high-stress regions than those of tetrahedron and hex-star. In vitro tests revealed that the elastic modulus of the lattices increased with the rod diameter. When these values were applied to mandibular implants, Young&amp;rsquo;s modulus decreased, which in turn increased the frictional stress observed at the interface between the abutment and the implant. However, the implant&amp;rsquo;s maximum stress remained below its yield strength (910 MPa), and the strain on the surrounding bone varied between 1500 and 3000 &amp;mu;strain. As indicated by Frost&amp;rsquo;s theory, these implants are unlikely to damage the surrounding bone tissue and are likely to support bone growth. &amp;nbsp;

Numerical analysis of enhanced heat transfer and nanofluid flow mechanisms in fan groove and pyramid truss microchannels

A combined groove and truss structure is designed for rectangular microchannel heat sinks with 4 % Al2O3 nanofluid as the working fluid to address the heat dissipation requirements of high heat flux density electronic devices. The effects of fan shape, elliptical, waterdrop, rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular grooves on the heat transfer characteristics and mechanical properties of microchannels are investigated. The fan-shaped groove microchannels with the best overall heat transfer performance and excellent mechanical properties. The stress of the fan-shaped grooved truss microchannel is reduced by 76.41 % compared to the smooth microchannel. Three structural parameters were investigated, including the length of the truss in the spreading direction (Lx), the ratio of truss flow downstream length to upstream length (e) and truss rod diameter (d). The performance of the microchannels is reflected by the integrated heat transfer factor and the field coordination number. The individual structural parameters were analysed in a single-factor comparison. The microchannels exhibited the best hydrothermal performance in the Reynolds number range of 500 ∼ 1300 at Lx = 0.8 mm, e = 3, d = 0.2 mm. When the Reynolds number is 900, the microchannel with the optimal parameter combination exhibits a remarkable enhancement of 234 % in the Nusselt number and an 80 % increase in the integrated heat transfer factor compared to the rectangular microchannel.

Enhanced photoelectric properties of TiO2 nanorod arrays through modulation of precursor concentration

This study synthesized titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanorod arrays and investigated their morphology and defect to the photoelectric response by varying the titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) precursor concentration from 0 to 66 mM. The vertically aligned rutile TiO2 nanorods exhibited film thicknesses ranging from 1 to 4.5 μm when the TTIP concentration equaled or exceeded 33 mM. Their rod length and diameter displayed a linear increase with the TTIP concentration. TiO2 arrays synthesized with a TTIP concentration of 33 mM exhibited the highest photoelectric response, measuring 52 μA/cm2 under xenon-lamp irradiation at a bias voltage of 0.8 V (vs. the Ag/AgCl reference). Notably, photoactivity was observed in the visible-light region as well. Photoluminescence spectra indicated a substantial reduction in electron-hole recombination compared to TiO2 arrays prepared from higher TTIP concentrations. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance analyses confirmed the presence of oxygen vacancies. Time-resolved photoluminescence spectra corroborated an extended electron lifetime, suggesting that surface oxygen vacancies facilitated the separation of photoexcited charge carriers. The presence of oxygen vacancies, combined with the unique array morphology, resulted in enhanced photocurrent density.

Statistical analysis of adhesive rod-tube joints under tensile stress for structural applications

Adhesive bonding has been replacing traditional joining methods such as welding, bolting, and riveting in the design of mechanical structures in the automotive, aerospace and aeronautic industries. This joining method has several advantages over traditional methods such as ease of manufacture, lower costs, ease of joining different materials, higher fatigue resistance, and high corrosion resistance. Although tubular adhesive joints have varying applications, such as in truss structures and vehicles, machine axles, and piping, different joint configurations exist, such as rod-tube joints (RTJ), which are not conveniently addressed in the literature. This work compares the tensile performance of adhesively bonded RTJ between aluminium alloy components (AW6082-T651), considering the variation of the main geometric parameters: overlap length (LO), tube thickness (tS), rod diameter (d), adhesive fillet angle (f), and type of adhesive. The Taguchi’s method was employed in the elaboration of the applied design of experiments (DoE). To compare the RTJ behaviour, a numerical analysis was carried out through finite element analysis (FEA) and cohesive zone modelling (CZM). Peel (σy) and shear (τxy) stresses in the adhesive layer were initially obtained by applying purely elastic models. CZM modelling made possible to obtain the damage evolution in the adhesive layer, the maximum load (Pm) and dissipated energy (U) at Pm of the adhesive joints. As a result of applying the Taguchi method, the adhesive joint that showed the best overall performance used the adhesive Araldite® AV138, LO = 40 mm, d = 20, and tS = 3 mm.

Characterization of Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture and Mechanical Properties Using Bone Surface Curvature Distributions.

Understanding bone surface curvatures is crucial for the advancement of bone material design, as these curvatures play a significant role in the mechanical behavior and functionality of bone structures. Previous studies have demonstrated that bone surface curvature distributions could be used to characterize bone geometry and have been proposed as key parameters for biomimetic microstructure design and optimization. However, understanding of how bone surface curvature distributions correlate with bone microstructure and mechanical properties remains limited. This study hypothesized that bone surface curvature distributions could be used to predict the microstructure as well as mechanical properties of trabecular bone. To test the hypothesis, a convolutional neural network (CNN) model was trained and validated to predict the histomorphometric parameters (e.g., BV/TV, BS, Tb.Th, DA, Conn.D, and SMI), geometric parameters (e.g., plate area PA, plate thickness PT, rod length RL, rod diameter RD, plate-to-plate nearest neighbor distance NNDPP, rod-to-rod nearest neighbor distance NNDRR, plate number PN, and rod number RN), as well as the apparent stiffness tensor of trabecular bone using various bone surface curvature distributions, including maximum principal curvature distribution, minimum principal curvature distribution, Gaussian curvature distribution, and mean curvature distribution. The results showed that the surface curvature distribution-based deep learning model achieved high fidelity in predicting the major histomorphometric parameters and geometric parameters as well as the stiffness tenor of trabecular bone, thus supporting the hypothesis of this study. The findings of this study underscore the importance of incorporating bone surface curvature analysis in the design of synthetic bone materials and implants.

Prediction of noise generated by rod-airfoil configuration: An investigation based on experiments and machine learning

This study investigated the effects of various parameters on the SPL (Sound Pressure Level) levels of rod-airfoil configurations. An experimental study was performed to investigate the effects of the rod parameters, such as the configuration of the rod, the distance between the rod and the airfoil, the diameter effect of the rod, and the geometry of the rod, on the performance of the rod-airfoil configuration. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was then developed and applied to accurately predict the SPL of rod-airfoil configurations. The results of the study revealed that the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm with 2 hidden neurons produced the best performance in predicting the SPL level, with a training R-squared value of 0.9998 and a testing R-squared value of 0.998715. The findings also indicated that increasing rod diameter increases sound pressure level while reducing gap width increases SPL levels and decreases frequency values. This method offers a more precise and effective technique to forecast the SPL levels of rod-airfoil designs, allowing designers to enhance their creations and lower noise levels. The findings of this study can also be utilized to direct future research in this area and offer important information for a better understanding of the mechanism of rod-airfoil noise creation. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to look into rod-airfoil design predictions made using machine learning approaches.

Simultaneous Measurement of Conductivity and Diameter of an Infinite Length Metallic Rod Using the Phase Signature of Induced Eddy Current

Simultaneous Measurement of Conductivity and Diameter of an Infinite Length Metallic Rod Using the Phase Signature of Induced Eddy Current

Design Evaluation Of Hydraulic Pumping Unit At Well Alf-04 Kawengan Field

The methods of lifting fluid from the well to the surface consists of natural wells method and artificial lift method. One type of artificial lifting is Hydraulic Pumping Unit (HPU) method. In this case, well ALF-04 as the HPU well in Kawengan field which faces lower actual production compare to its theoritic production calculation then decided need to be redesigned. The objectives of redesigned is to reach optimum flow rate of the well. Recently actual flow rate of this well is 309.2 bfpd, and then the result of IPR calculation by Vogel shows the Q max is 957.25 bfpd, it means this well production is still feasible to be optimized till approximately 765.8 bfpd. After redesign calculation , obtained pump setting depth 755 m, plunger size of 2.5 ", 120" stroke length, and speed of 6 spm, pump displacement 568.425 bpd. For the rod diameter was changing from 0.75 inch to 0.875 inch with total length 2395m , it greatly affects the maximum stress value of 22,774.03 psi, and also has an influence to the increasing of PPRL value of 8243.26 lb, and the MPRL value of 3000 lb.

Unraveling the nanostructures and self-assembly behavior of perfluorosulfonic acid in water/ethanol solvent: Effect of EW and side-chain chemistry

The perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomers are key materials for proton exchange membranes (PEMs) and catalyst layers (CLs). Their morphology is profoundly influenced by the chain assembly behavior of PFSA in dispersions. Hence, we combine the characterization techniques of dynamic light scattering (DLS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) to study the nanostructures of PFSA dispersions, and provide a structure model for diverse PFSA ionomers in water/ethanol solvent. It is seen that PFSA ionomers self-assembly into a rod-like particle in dilute dispersion. As the concentration increases, the primary rod aggregates gradually assemble into a swollen- or Gaussian-network structure. Beyond this feature, we see that different PFSA ionomers show different nanostructures in dispersion. For the long-side-chain (LSC) PFSA ionomers, the 800-LSC PFSA tends to form monodisperse rod-like aggregates that is in a highly ordered arrangement with a rod diameter of 3.16 nm and a length of 28.72 nm. As the equivalent weight (EW) increases to 960, the poor solubility of the main chains in water/ethanol solvents leads to the “end-to-end” assemblies of the primary rod particles and dendritic secondary aggregates. The short-side-chain (SSC) PFSA ionomer that shares the same backbone with 960-LSC PFSA exhibit remarkable mono-dispersity and ordered arrangement of rod-like aggregates in water/ethanol solvents due to the strong electrostatic repulsion.

Investigations on the Performance of a Downhole Electric Heater with Different Parameters Used in Oil Shale In Situ Conversion.

In situ conversion is the most potential technology for efficient and clean development of oil shale, and a downhole electric heater is key equipment for clean, efficient, and low-carbon in situ conversion. Three electric heating rods with different diameters are used to explore their influence on heater performances. The simulation results indicate that increasing the diameter of the heating rod helps to increase the minimum and maximum velocity of shell-side air, and the maximum velocity of H110-24 is 16.34 m/s, which is 1.25 and 1.13 times those of H110-16 and H110-20, respectively. In addition, the location of the local high temperature zone coincides with the area with low air flow velocity, and increasing the diameter of the heating rod can effectively reduce the heating rod surface temperature during high-power heating. Moreover, at the same heat flux, the heat transfer coefficients of H110-24 and H110-20 are 44.82-48.49% and 87.52-95.48% higher than those of H110-16, respectively. With the same heating power, the heat transfer coefficients of heaters have the same trend, indicating that the heat transfer coefficient of the heating rod can be effectively improved by increasing the diameter of the heating rod. Finally, the newly defined comprehensive performance is used to evaluate the heaters with different heating parameters. Increasing the heating power can improve the comprehensive performance of the heater, but the most effective way is to increase the diameter of the heating rod. With the same heating power, the new comprehensive performance of H110-24 and H110-20 is 48.38-52.34% and 87.29-95.19% higher than that of H110-16, respectively, and the electric heating rod with the diameter of 20 mm has the best performance.