Robust Video Watermarking Scheme Research Articles

Novel robust video watermarking scheme based on concentric ring subband and visual cryptography with piecewise linear chaotic mapping

Novel robust video watermarking scheme based on concentric ring subband and visual cryptography with piecewise linear chaotic mapping

Robust Video Watermarking Algorithm based on DCT-SVD approach and Encryption

Sharing of digital media content over the internet is increasing everyday .Digital watermarking is a technique used to protect the intellectual property rights of multimedia content owners. In this paper, we propose a robust video watermarking scheme that utilizes Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) for embedding a watermark into video frames. The proposed method uses encryption to make the watermark more robust against malicious attacks. The encryption key is used to modify the watermark before it is embedded in the video frames. The modified watermark is then embedded in the DCT and SVD coefficients of the video frames. The experimental results show that the proposed method provides better robustness against various attacks such as compression, noise addition, and filtering, while maintaining good perceptual quality of the watermarked video. The proposed method also shows better resistance against geometric attacks such as cropping, rotation, and scaling. Overall, the proposed method provides an effective solution for protecting the intellectual property rights of multimedia content owners in video distribution and transmission scenarios.

A Robust Video Watermarking Scheme with Squirrel Search Algorithm

Advancement in multimedia technology has resulted in protection against distortion, modification, and piracy. For implementing such protection, we have an existing technique called watermarking but obtaining desired distortion level with sufficient robustness is a challenging task for watermarking in multimedia applications. In the paper, we proposed a smart technique for video watermarking associating meta-heuristic algorithms along with an embedding method to gain an optimized efficiency. The main aim of the optimization algorithm is to obtain solutions with maximum robustness, and which should not exceed the set threshold of quality. To represent the accuracy of the proposed scheme, we employ a popular video watermarking technique (DCT domain) having frame selection and embedding method for watermarking. A squirrel search algorithm is chosen as a meta-heuristic algorithm that utilizes the stated fitness function. The results indicate that quality constraint is fulfilled, and the proposed technique gives improved robustness against different attacks with several quality thresholds. The proposed technique could be practically implemented in several multimedia applications such as the films industry, medical imagery, OOT platforms, etc.

MPEG and DA-AD Resilient DCT-Based Video Watermarking Using Adaptive Frame Selection

We present a robust video watermarking scheme and report the detailed robustness of the video watermarking assessed based on standard criteria obtained from Information Hiding and its Criteria (IHC) Committee. Using discrete cosine transform domain spread-spectrum watermarking, our system achieves robustness under various non-hostile video processing techniques, including MPEG compression and digital/analog–analog/digital (DA-AD) conversion. The proposed system ensures that a 16-bit embedded sequence can be extracted through adaptive frame selection in any 15-s interval, even with a long video clip. To evaluate the performance of the proposed watermarking scheme, we conducted robustness tests under a DA-AD conversion environment, based on the MPEG-4 part 10 (H.264) codec. The experiment results obtained indicate that, in addition to being robust against non-hostile video processes, the proposed method achieves invisibility. The assessment of the developed watermarking scheme also satisfies the third edition of the IHC video watermarking evaluation criteria.

Development of payload capacity enhanced robust video watermarking scheme based on symmetry of circle using lifting wavelet transform and SURF

Using simple image and video editing software it is relatively easy to pirate the digital contents at the cost of huge revenue loss to the content owner. Entertainment is the key industry that is overwhelmed by huge financial loss due to digital piracy. WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest and Twitter are some of the massive social media platforms that are used by millions of users. Many of the users share digital content without giving credit to the owner. Digital watermarking is an efficient technique to protect the digital rights and legal compensation of content owners. Due to the poor selection of watermarking locations, most of the state-of-art methods were fall short to preserve the relationships among the host data. Hence such methods were not efficient to provide safeguards against digital piracy. Therefore, this paper proposes a digital video watermarking technique that analyzes, extracts and processes the useful patterns or features of data based on the symmetry of the circle using 2D-Lifting Wavelet Transform (2D-LWT) and Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF). SURF method is used to obtain five invariant feature points on an approximation part of 2D-LWT utilizing the luminance component of each video frame. The invariant points serve as centers of the circles used to find the embed locations. The maximum intensity value point in all the points on the circumference of the 1/8 part of the circle is then calculated to serve as an embedding location. Three other points in different quadrants are simply obtained using the concept of symmetry of the circle. After applying temporal desynchronization, compression and insertion of noise attacks the video is assessed through subjective and objective evaluation metrics. The results reveal a high degree of correlation (close to one) and good visual transparency which proves that the proposed scheme is superior for practical applications.

A robust video watermarking scheme based on Laplacian pyramid, SVD, and DWT with improved robustness towards geometric attacks via SURF

In this paper, a new robust and secure video watermarking scheme based on discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), singular value decomposition (SVD), and Laplacian pyramid is proposed for copyright protection applications. The main contributions of this work are: 1) Increasing watermark robustness towards common signal processing attacks by separating the watermark image into a high-frequency image and a low-frequency image using laplacian pyramid. Then, the singular values of each of the low-frequency watermark image and the high-frequency watermark image are hidden in two different DWT subbands of the original video frame. Separating the watermark and hiding its two parts in two different subbands of the DWT of the video frame makes it robust towards noise, filtering, and compression attacks. 2) Improving the quality of the extracted watermarks via correcting the received watermarked videos using SURF points when those videos are geometrically attacked, mainly by rotation, scaling, and shear attacks. 3) Increasing security and avoiding false positive problems (FPP) associated with SVD by using perceptual image hashing in the proposed scheme. Through experimental results and comparisons to other techniques, the proposed scheme has shown very high imperceptibility for the tested watermarked videos in terms of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR). Also, the proposed scheme has demonstrated high watermark robustness towards various types of attacks, and an improvement in the quality of the extracted watermarks from 4 to 20 dB compared to other techniques.

Video Watermarking Scheme based on IDR frames using MPEG-2 Structure

A robust, imperceptible and blind video watermarking scheme based on MPEG-2 is presented. The proposed algorithm using the DC coefficients from 8 × 8 block of discrete coefficient transform generated by picking candidate IDR frames based on column transposition method in order to embed the scrambled binary watermark. The watermark can only be extracted by using the secret keys, enhances the security of watermark. The robustness is evaluated by testing against spatial synchronisation attacks, temporal synchronisation attacks and re-encoding attacks by evaluating two parameters as normalised correlation and bit error rate in order to find the degree of similarity and degree of dissimilarity respectively between the original and extracted watermark. The superiority of the proposed algorithm is that the excellent robustness achieved against temporal synchronisation attacks and compression attack by comparing it with previous work and also good perceptibility obtained without changing the motion vectors during the DPCM process of MPEG-2 encoding scheme.

Robust video watermarking using significant frame selection based on coefficient difference of lifting wavelet transform

This manuscript presents a significant frame selection (SFS) and quantization of coefficient difference based robust video watermarking scheme in the lifting wavelet transform domain (LWT). In this scheme, a new procedure based on the mathematical relationship between a number of original video frames, coefficient block size and embedding capacity for significant frame selection is proposed. Third level frequency sub-bands of selected frames are obtained using LWT and lower frequency sub-band (i.e. LH3 sub-band) is considered for watermark embedding. Watermark bits are embedded using the quantization of coefficient difference of two maximum frequency components of significant frame blocks. To improve the security against an external intruder, secret key based randomization of video frames, blocks of coefficients and watermark bits is incorporated. Various geometric and image processing operations are tested and the proposed scheme successfully proves its robustness without compromising the quality of watermarked image. Comparing with other existing schemes, a remarkable improvement in terms of robustness is observed however in some cases the imperceptibility is compromised.

Robust video watermarking scheme using high efficiency video coding attack

In order to make a balance between robustness and watermark payload data, an efficient video watermarking scheme is proposed. It is aimed to design and implementing a robust video watermarking scheme based on High Efficiency Video Coding as an attack tool. HEVC which is an emerging video compression standard that provides better compression performance as compared to its predecessor, i.e. H.264/AVC. An important level of security is added through a robust watermarking scheme which is used for hiding ownership profile inside the video. This security protects the copyright protection of the digital video contents. The embedding process selects either minimum values from sorted data or maximum value according to the length of the watermark (text and logo in this research). Test results show that for a high definition video quality (1 K, 2 K and 4 K), the proposed scheme has a high robustness when the watermark logo data is embedded in a low frequency data.

A robust video watermarking scheme using sparse principal component analysis and wavelet transform

The extension of internet facility profoundly eases the dissemination of all digital data such as audio, images and videos to the general public. This paper proposes a blind scheme for digital video watermarking. In this paper, a discrete wavelet domain watermarking is adopted for hiding a large amount of data with high security, good invisibility and no loss to the secret message. At first, dual tree complex wavelet transform (DTCWT) is applied on each frame decomposing it into a number of sub-bands. Then, holo entropy of each sub-band is calculated and the maximum entropy blocks are selected. The selected blocks are transformed using sparse principal component analysis (SPCA). The maximum coefficient of the SPCA blocks of each sub-band is quantised using quantisation index modulation (QIM). The proposed video watermarking scheme is analysed through various constraints such as the normalised correlation (NC) and the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR).

A robust video watermarking scheme using sparse principal component analysis and wavelet transform

The extension of internet facility profoundly eases the dissemination of all digital data such as audio, images and videos to the general public. This paper proposes a blind scheme for digital video watermarking. In this paper, a discrete wavelet domain watermarking is adopted for hiding a large amount of data with high security, good invisibility and no loss to the secret message. At first, dual tree complex wavelet transform (DTCWT) is applied on each frame decomposing it into a number of sub-bands. Then, holo entropy of each sub-band is calculated and the maximum entropy blocks are selected. The selected blocks are transformed using sparse principal component analysis (SPCA). The maximum coefficient of the SPCA blocks of each sub-band is quantised using quantisation index modulation (QIM). The proposed video watermarking scheme is analysed through various constraints such as the normalised correlation (NC) and the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR).

English

Nowadays, one of the popular multimedia data exchanged in the internet is Digital video. Protection requires in requires enhancing safety in commercial activity on the internet as well as media. A widely interesting research is the 2D Barcode with a digital watermark is in the field of security. By using the Quick Response (QR) Code technique, in this paper we recommend a video watermarking with text data. Via a robust video watermarking scheme the QR Code is prepared to be watermarked based on the SVD (singular value decomposition) and DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform). SVD is an attractive arithmetical transform for watermarking applications. In addition to that logo (or) watermark gives the authorized ownership of video document. For the cover I-frame the SVD is applied. With logo (or) watermark there fused the extracted diagonal value. For SVD cover image and QR code image the SVD is applied. The watermarked image inverse transform and add the frame into video, to authorized customers this watermarked videofile sends. In the reverse process for authorized ownership check the logo and QR code. Acceptable imperceptibility achieved by these experimental results and in video processing there certain robustness.

Adaptive Robust Video Watermarking Scheme based on Dual Transform Domains and Holography

Adaptive Robust Video Watermarking Scheme based on Dual Transform Domains and Holography

Design of real-time video watermarking based on Integer DCT for H.264 encoder

With the advent of technology, video has become a prominent entity that is shared over networks. With easy availability of various editing tools, data integrity and ownership issues have caused great concern worldwide. Video watermarking is an evolving field that may be used to address such issues. Till date, most of the algorithms have been developed for uncompressed domain watermarking and implemented on software platforms. They provide flexibility and simplicity, but at the same time, they are not suited for real-time applications. They work offline where videos are captured and then watermark is embedded in the video. In the present work, a hardware-based implementation of video watermarking is proposed that overcomes the limitation of software watermarking methods and can be readily adapted to the H.264 standard. This paper focuses on an invisible and robust video watermarking scheme, which can be easily implemented as an integral part of the standard H.264 encoder. The proposed watermarking algorithm involves Integer DCT-based watermark embedding method, wherein Integer DCT is calculated with a fully parallel approach resulting in better speed. The proposed video watermarking is designed with pipelining and parallel architecture for real-time implementation. Here, scene change detection technique is used to improve the performance. Different planes of the watermark are embedded in different frames of a particular scene in order to achieve robustness against various temporal attacks.

Transcoding resilient video watermarking scheme based on spatio-temporal HVS and DCT

Video transcoding is a legitimate operation widely used to modify video format in order to access the video content in the end-user's devices, which may have some limitations in the spatial and temporal resolutions, bit-rate and video coding standards. In many previous watermarking algorithms the embedded watermark is not able to survive video transcoding, because this operation is a combination of some aggressive attacks, especially when lower bit-rate coding is required in the target device. As a consequence of the transcoding operation, the embedded watermark may be lost. This paper proposes a robust video watermarking scheme against video transcoding performed on base-band domain. In order to obtain the watermark robustness against video transcoding, four criteria based on Human Visual System (HVS) are employed to embed a sufficiently robust watermark while preserving its imperceptibility. The quantization index modulation (QIM) algorithm is used to embed and detect the watermark in 2D-Discrete Cosine Transform (2D-DCT) domain. The watermark imperceptibility is evaluated by conventional peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index (SSIM), obtaining sufficiently good visual quality. Computer simulation results show the watermark robustness against video transcoding as well as common signal processing operations and intentional attacks for video sequences.

Robust video watermarking based on affine invariant regions in the compressed domain

This paper proposes a novel robust video watermarking scheme based on local affine invariant features in the compressed domain. This scheme is resilient to geometric distortions and quite suitable for DCT-encoded compressed video data because it performs directly in the block DCTs domain. In order to synchronize the watermark, we use local invariant feature points obtained through the Harris-Affine detector which is invariant to affine distortions. To decode the frames from DCT domain to the spatial domain as fast as possible, a fast inter-transformation between block DCTs and sub-block DCTs is employed and down-sampling frames in the spatial domain are obtained by replacing each sub-blocks DCT of 2×2 pixels with half of the corresponding DC coefficient. The above-mentioned strategy can significantly save computational cost in comparison with the conventional method which accomplishes the same task via inverse DCT (IDCT). The watermark detection is performed in spatial domain along with the decoded video playing. So it is not sensitive to the video format conversion. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is transparent and robust to signal-processing attacks, geometric distortions including rotation, scaling, aspect ratio changes, linear geometric transforms, cropping and combinations of several attacks, frame dropping, and frame rate conversion.

Video Watermarking by Space-Time Interest Points

This letter presents a novel robust video watermarking scheme based on space-time interest points. These points correspond to inherent structures of the video so that they can be used as synchronization signals for watermark embedding and extraction. In the proposed scheme, local regions are generated using the space-time interest points, and the watermark is embedded into all the regions by quantization. It is a blind scheme and the watermark can be extracted from any position of the video. Experimental results show that the watermark is invisible and it can robustly survive traditional signal processing attacks and video-oriented attacks.

Robust Video Watermarking of H.264/AVC

A robust video watermarking scheme of the state-of-the-art video coding standard H.264/AVC is proposed in this brief. 2-D 8-bit watermarks such as detailed company trademarks or logos can be used as inconvertible watermark for copyright protection. A grayscale watermark pattern is first modified to accommodate the H.264/AVC computational constraints, and then embedded into video data in the compressed domain. With the proposed method, the video watermarking scheme can achieve high robustness and good visual quality without increasing the overall bit-rate. Experimental results show that our algorithm can robustly survive transcoding process and strong common signal processing attacks, such as bit-rate reduction, Gaussian filtering and contrast enhancement

An Adaptive Video Watermarking Scheme Based on the Middle-Frequency Energy Relationship Between Adjacent Frames

The approximate invariance of the middle frequencies energy relationship between video adjacent frames under photometric distortion and spatial desynchronization is discovered by analysis.Based on this approximate invariance,a new robust video watermarking scheme is proposed.It can adjust embedding strength adaptively according to human visual system features.Experimental results show that the proposed scheme is resilient to photometric distortion,spatial desynchronization and combined distortion effectively.