Robert White Research Articles

Christopher Tye and the Tye family of Colchester in the 16th century

Abstract Musical reference works contain very little information about the relatives of the composer Christopher Tye. Ever since the 19th century we have known that his wife’s name was Katherine and that he had children named Peter, Susan, Mary and Ellen, the last of whom married the composer Robert White. The existence of a fourth daughter is also implied. For over one hundred years that is where our knowledge rested, but the recent discovery of the will of Tye’s mother has added further information. It reveals that Tye had a brother and a sister and that the three siblings had between them at least eleven children, who are also named. Tye’s mother died in Colchester, Essex, where the family had been living for many years previously. The early history of this Tye family is obscure, but such information as is recoverable raises the possibility that the composer was born in the town. The present article discusses this evidence and reassesses the composer’s relationship with the Chapel Royal.

Ethical Issues of Organ Transplantation

Organ Transplantation involves a surgical procedure where in a new organ replaces a deteriorating or damaged organ in the human body, Heart, lungs, Kidneys are examples of such organs. They are composed of tissues and cells that work together to perform specific essential functions in the human body. In the present scenario, the transplantation of many organs between well-matched human beings is marked with huge success. Heart and lung or heart-lung transplants, liver and pancreas (or pancreatic islets) transplants are also becoming more common, while kidney, cornea, bone marrow and skin transplants today are considered routine for certain conditions. According to Dr. Robert White, even a human head transplant, which should perhaps be better referred to as a body transplant, may be possible. However the balance between demand and supply is hugely distorted, marked simultaneously by high costs of some organ transplants. Consequently numerous questions come up today regarding procurement, distribution of scarce resources, and their coverage by community funds. The ethical and legal issues related to organ and tissue procurement and transplantation are often discussed in light of age old principles of autonomy, compassion, non-maleficence, free and informed consent, dignity, integrity and equality of human beings, justice, and the common good. "In the donation and transplantation of human organs, respect is to be given to the rights of the donor, the recipient and the common good of society”.

Hidalgo’s golden age in sound: Hispanic songs on recordings since 1966

We carry tunes and performances with us—each new experience teaches us how to listen anew. A mesmerizing recital of lute songs by Robert White (tenor) and Lucy Cross (lute) might be the first expressly ‘early music’ performance I recall, though I sang early music in choirs and madrigal groups without thinking of it as such. A few years before the founding of Early Music, the pathbreaking Music of the Spanish theater in the Golden Age by the New York Pro Musica (MCA 2518, issued 1969; hereafter NYPM) offered three tracks still threaded through my mind’s ear. ‘Ay, del amor’, by the little-known Miguel Martí ‘Valenciano’, sung with commitment by bass-baritone Arthur Burrows (with Mary Springfels, bass viol), vividly relights the fire (‘incendio’) that consumes a suffering lover. Juan Hidalgo’s ‘Quedito, pasito’ for Pedro Calderón de la Barca’s mythological play Ni amor se libra de amor lured me towards the archives, along with Francisco Guerrero’s villanesca ‘Virgen Sancta’, sung by mezzo-soprano Joan Fuerstman in a delicate arrangement with viol, recorder, flute and organetto. Fuerstman’s unaccompanied entreaty for the hope of the world is remarkably meaningful. Effective without bombast, these early NYPM performances ring with sheer honest musicianship.

The Greensburg, Indiana, Race Riot of 1907: Race and a Sundown Town

In April 1907, John Green, a Black resident of Greensburg, Indiana, was accused of robbing and raping white widow Caroline Sefton. Unable to lynch Green, who had been removed from the town, white residents rioted, attacking and injuring several Black men and threatening at least one Black family. Some accounts claim that in response to the riot African Americans fled Greensburg, and it became a sundown town. Author Robert White examines the history of racism in Greensburg and Decatur County and demonstrates that the riot was a symptom of a broader racial intolerance. Racism, which existed prior to the riot and persisted after the riot, drove African Americans from Greensburg, Decatur County, and surrounding counties. Racism created an almost entirely white area of southeastern Indiana that persisted as a sundown region for decades.

From Hypothermia to Cephalosomatic Anastomoses: The Legacy of Robert White (1926-2010) at Case Western Reserve University of Cleveland.

Dr. Robert J. White (1926-2010) was an eminent neurosurgeon and bioethicist, renowned for his classic work in hypothermia and pioneering mammalian head transplant experiments. He founded the Division of Neurosurgery at the Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital (currently MetroHealth Medical Center, a level 1 trauma county hospital) and became the youngest full professor at the Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. With over 500 research articles to his credit, he founded the Brain Research Laboratory at what was then the Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital, which was also home to future leaders in neurosurgery, neurosciences, and allied specialties. He transferred a healthy monkey head onto a surgically beheaded monkey body under deep hypothermic conditions drawing both laurels and criticisms alike. Despite a largely controversial neurosurgical research career, his original contributions to deep hypothermia have found profound clinical applications in modern trauma and vascular neurosurgery. The new fusogens and myelorrhaphy methods being tried in Europe hold promise for a future of reanastomosing 2 homologous or heterologous tracts in the neuraxis.

Rejoinder to Robert White: The Problem with “Selfishness” Is Still Problematic

AbstractIn this article, the author responds to “Remembering the ‘Self’ in ‘Self-ish-ness,’” Robert White's critique of her own article, “The Problem with Selfishness,” which appeared in the July 2014 issue of The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies.

The "Gemini" spinal cord fusion protocol: Reloaded.

Sir, Cephalosomatic anastomosis (CSA), that is, the surgical transference of a healthy head on a surgically beheaded body under deep hypothermic conditions, as conceived by Robert White,[39] hinges on the reconnection of the severed stumps of two heterologous spinal cords (reviewed in reference).[7] On the occasion of the first CSA between primates in 1970, Dr White hewed to the view that a severed spinal cord could not be reconnected, thus leaving the animal paralyzed.[7,39] In 1902, Stewart and Harte reported on CN, aged 26 years, who had her spinal cord severed by a 0.32 caliber gunshot. The distance between the segments of the cord was 0.75 inch, as verified by all five attending physicians: “The ends of the cord were then approximated with 3 chromicized catgut sutures passed by means of a small staphylorraphy needle, one suture being passed anteroposteriorly through the entire thickness of the cord and the other two being passed transversely. This part of the operation was attended with unusual difficulties because of…the wide interval between the fragments, the catgut frequently tearing out before the ends were finally brought together.” Sixteen months later, “the patient slides out of bed into her chair by her own efforts and is able to stand with either hand on the back of a chair, thus supporting much of the weight of the body.”[36] Importantly, they reviewed several cases of patients with sharp wounds to the cord that spontaneously recovered from initial paraplegia. Their conclusion was that “the operation of myelorrhaphy will be specially indicated in cases in which the cord has been cut by a sharp instrument or severed by a projectile.”[36] Whereas myelorrhaphy was not effective at 15 months in a young paraplegic patient after a self-inflicted 0.38 caliber gunshot,[16,35] nonetheless, a huge body of evidence accrued over the past decades made the first part of Stewart and Harte's prediction highly relevant.[33] In fact, had White attempted to reattach the sharply severed cord stumps in the monkey, the possibility exists that the animal might have recovered at least partial motricity. In this paper, I will detail the recently proposed GEMINI spinal cord fusion (SCF) protocol in view of the first human CSA,[7] giving new meaning to Stewart and Harte's prediction. The recent study by Estrada et al.,[14] in which rats whose spinal cords were sharply transected recovered ambulation, confirms that CSA (HEAVEN: 7) is feasible. Two key principles underlie the GEMINI SCF: A sharp severance of the cords is not as damaging as clinical spinal cord injury The gray matter “motor highway” is more important than the pyramidal tract in human motor processing.

The Early History of the Cochlear Implant

Histories of cochlear implant (CI) technology have often been inaccurate owing to the confusion of terms and anatomical situations or to biased reporting. This retrospective, published shortly after the death of inventor William F. House-and more than 50 years after placement of the first CI-offers a precise account of the early experimental period. To clarify the first steps in the development of the CI, ie, an electrical stimulating device partially inserted into the cochlea. Literature review based on published data, oral history material, interviews, and written contact with protagonists. The first CI was implanted by William House and John Doyle of Los Angeles, California, in 1961. In 1964, Blair Simmons and Robert White of Stanford University, Stanford, California, placed a 6-channel electrode through the promontory and vestibule directly into the modiolus. The next step in the development of the CI was its clinical trial on a cohort of patients. Robin Michelson, Robert Schindler, and Michael Merzenich at the University of California, San Francisco, conducted these experiments in 1970 and 1971. In 1973, the first international conference on the "electrical stimulation of the acoustic nerve as a treatment for profound sensorineural deafness in man" was organized in San Francisco. At the same time, Claude Henry Chouard in France and Graeme Clark in Australia began their research. The final step in the establishment of CI as a clinically feasible technology involved the independent evaluation of implant users. The first such evaluation-the result of a 1975 request from the National Institutes of Health-was published in 1977 by Robert Bilger and coworkers at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Inspired by French experiments with electrode implantation at the VIII nerve, the initial practical development of the CI is nonetheless a Californian story, divided between the House group at Los Angeles and teams at Stanford University and UCSF.

Renaissance Poetry and Drama in Context: Essays for Christopher Wortham (review)

Reviewed by: Renaissance Poetry and Drama in Context: Essays for Christopher Wortham John Beston Lynch, Andrew and Scott, Anne, eds, Renaissance Poetry and Drama in Context: Essays for Christopher Wortham, Newcastle upon Tyne, Cambridge Scholars, 2008; hardback; pp. xii, 353; 18 b/w illustrations; R.R.P. £39.99, $US59.99; ISBN 9781847186102. The editors of this diverse collection of articles, in honour of a former colleague at the University of Western Australia, have organized them remarkably well around a common theme. Most of the articles discuss aspects of Shakespeare's plays in the context of their time, in the process bringing both the plays and their authors closer to us as people and to our own time. Ann Blake, for instance, argues that Shakespeare's memory of scenes of violence in the old cycle plays which he saw as a young teenager came back to touch off ideas for violent scenes in his own plays. Human memory feeds the creative process, she reminds us, and violent action has always been the essence of theatre. Joost Daalder discusses proto-Freudian studies of madness in Elizabethan and Jacobean plays in which the playwrights discount the usual [End Page 277] explanation of their time, imbalance in the humors in our bodies, to point rather to the unconscious at work in their characters and so to human beings at large. Robert White suggests that Shakespeare, in his original conception of King Lear, was unsure of its genre, simply unable to make up his mind about it: 'each character seems to know he or she exists in a play, at the mercy of its plot and genre, but each has a different notion of what kind of play they are in and even what the plot is'. Such indecision makes Shakespeare a more human figure. There are also a number of essays on seventeenth-century English poets like John Donne and Andrew Marvell, and a solitary one on a French poet, Maurice Scèves, all well written but inevitably overshadowed by the attention that the volume gives to drama and by the immediacy of drama itself. Perhaps the most compelling of the articles is the concluding essay by Chris Wortham, whose career the collection is honouring, and his Australian-born wife Anne. The Worthams give a warmly human and at times touching account of their lives in South Africa and in Australia. Chris's story is one of many who migrated from South Africa to Perth in the 1970s and later - which gives this collection a special importance as an enduring memorial to those who influenced that generation in West Australian history. John Beston The University of Queensland Copyright © 2011 Author

Critical Role of 7,8-Didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin for Photoreactivation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

DNA photolyases use two noncovalently bound chromophores to catalyze photoreactivation, the blue light-dependent repair of DNA that has been damaged by ultraviolet light. FAD is the catalytic chromophore for all photolyases and is essential for photoreactivation. The identity of the second chromophore is often 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin (FO). Under standard light conditions, the second chromophore is considered nonessential for photoreactivation because DNA photolyase bound to only FAD is sufficient to catalyze the repair of UV-damaged DNA. phr1 is a photoreactivation-deficient strain of Chlamydomonas. In this work, the PHR1 gene of Chlamydomonas was cloned through molecular mapping and shown to encode a protein similar to known FO synthases. Additional results revealed that the phr1 strain was deficient in an FO-like molecule and that this deficiency, as well as the phr1 photoreactivation deficiency, could be rescued by transformation with DNA constructs containing the PHR1 gene. Furthermore, expression of a PHR1 cDNA in Escherichia coli produced a protein that generated a molecule with characteristics similar to FO. Together, these results indicate that the Chlamydomonas PHR1 gene encodes an FO synthase and that optimal photoreactivation in Chlamydomonas requires FO, a molecule known to serve as a second chromophore for DNA photolyases.

Robert White: A River in Spain: Discovering the Duero Valley in Old Castile. London and New York: I.B. Tauris Publishers. 1998. 192 pp. $18.95

A refreshingly unique travel guide, A River in Spain: Discovering the Duero Valley in Old Castile, invites us to think differently about the way we prepare for and conduct our activities as travelers. Spain’s Duero River valley, mostly overlooked by travelers, is a region of magnificent visual beauty and significant historic interest.

Robin Coombs: his life and contribution to haematology and transfusion medicine

Robin Coombs was the last survivor of the distinguished group of immunologists that included Philip Gell, John Humphrey, John Marrack, Peter Medawar and Robert White and who were responsible for the renaissance of British Immunology after the Second World War. He is best remembered for describing the antiglobulin test that bears his name. The antiglobulin test revolutionised the diagnosis of haemolytic diseases and the compatibility testing of blood for transfusion. In all, Coombs authored over 200 scientific papers. Haemagglutination reactions became widely used in the diagnosis of a range of infectious agents. Together with Philip Gell, he devised the classification of allergic reactions; these were published in the textbook "Clinical Aspects of Immunology", which he and Gell first edited in 1963 and which became the leading textbook on medical immunology. Robin Coombs was also one of the founders of the British Society for Immunology.

Symposium Transcript

Editor’s Note: On June 30, 1980, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals decided Filártiga v. Peña-Irala , a groundbreaking case that used the Alien Tort Claims Act to achieve justice for victims of international human rights violations. The twenty-fifth anniversary of the Second Circuit Filártiga decision was celebrated on November 2, 2005 by the International Law Committee of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York, the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR), and the New York City Law Review with “The Making of Filártiga v. Peña: Alien Tort Claims Act After Twenty-Five Years” at the Association of the Bar of the City of New York. Starting the discussion was Sidney Rosdeitcher, Chair of the City Bar Association’s Civil Rights Committee. Moderating the discussion was Felice Gaer, Director of the Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancement of Human Rights and Expert Member of the U.N. Committee Against Torture. The panelists were John Huerta, General Counsel at The Smithsonian Institution and former Deputy Assistant Attorney General for Human Rights at the Department of Justice (DOJ); Peter Weiss, Vice-President of the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) and counsel for the Filártiga plaintiffs; and Rhonda Copelon, Professor of Law and Director of the International Women’s Human Rights Law Clinic at the City University of New York School of Law and former CCR staff attorney and counsel for Filártiga plaintiffs. Concluding remarks were given by Ralph Steinhardt, Professor of Law and International Affairs and Arthur Selwyn Miller Research Professor of Law at The Elliot School of International Affairs at George Washington University, and Sandra Coliver, Executive Director of the Center for Justice and Accountability. Last but not least, Filártiga plaintiffs Dr. Joel Filártiga and Dolly Filártiga were present. Scheduled panelists Patricia M. Derian, former Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs, and Robert White, President of Center for International Policy and former U.S. Ambassador to Paraguay and El Salvador, were unable to attend because of separate emergencies, but the latter submitted comments, which are printed below.

Large-Animal Research

In 1961 Dr. Robert White, fresh from the Mayo Clinic, established the Brain Research Laboratory (BRL) at the Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, under the auspices of Case Western Reserve University.During a span of 15 years, he and his colleagues contributed significantly to our knowledge and understanding of the central nervous system in deep hypothermic conditions, thus demonstrating the protective effects of cerebral and spinal cord cooling in patients with injuries as well as the ability of the brain to survive extended periods of total circulatory arrest at extremely low temperatures. It was there that isolated brain preparation and transplantation were first accomplished. These and other unique, surgically constructed brain models opened new fields of exploration in neurochemical, neurophysiological, rheological, immunological, and cognitive features of the brain in normothermic and various hypothermic states. During the laboratory's most productive years (1961-1976), there were 10 surgeons actively involved in scientific investigations who later became chairmen or chiefs of Departments or Divisions of Neurosurgery and another four who became professors of neurosurgery or other surgical specialties.

Lloyd Davis. 26 February 1959 - 7 August 2005

Lloyd Davis 26 February 1959 - 7 August 2005 Robert White Click for larger view View full resolution Lloyd Davis, before his untimely death, gained recognition as amongst the most internationally respected Shakespearean scholars of his generation. He was president of the Australian and New Zealand Shakespeare Association, and co-convenor of the International Shakespeare Congress to be held in 2006 at his university in Queensland. His broad intellectual interests, articulacy, and wonderful ability to engage and encourage others saw him frequently called on in planning new collaborative ventures, most recently in the ARC Network for Early European Research. I am acutely aware that to say these things in Lloyd's presence would have disconcerted such a modest man. Lloyd's book, Guise and Disguise: Rhetoric and Characterization in the English Renaissance (1993) is accepted as an original reframing of an apparently settled subject, Shakespearean characterization, and as such it has caused major rethinking in the field. Disguise is taken as a trope for the whole activity of expressing identity through personae, thereby casting doubt on notions of stable or essential self. Contemporary, sophisticated theory blends with original readings and close critical engagement with texts, an all too rare combination. The book demonstrates the abiding qualities of all Lloyd's writing — an outstandingly high standard of historical scholarship, a capacity to order complexity into lucidity, to [End Page ix] bring light into dark corners, with subtle intelligence and astonishing clarity and economy of thought. Lloyd published books which established him in the burgeoning field of sexuality and literature, not only in the Renaissance but in later writing: Sexuality and Textuality in Henry James: Reading through the Virginal (Vol. 1 of a Sexuality and Literature Series, 1988), (as editor) Virginal Sexuality and Textuality in Victorian Literature (1993), and Sexuality and Gender in the English Renaissance: An Annotated Edition of Contemporary Documents (1998). Many of his articles focused on issues of sexual morality, masculinity, 'the figure of woman', androgyny, and self-formation through 'the Civilizing Process' involved in maintaining a balance between compulsion and restraint in sexuality. One article "Death-marked love: Desire and Presence in Romeo and Juliet" has been recognized as a classic and reprinted in several critical anthologies. The idea for a monograph, Shakespearean Sexuality: Critical Desires and the Invention of Modern Sexual Morality was accepted by Routledge just before his death. The word 'forthcoming', usually so hopeful, in this instance carries a deep sadness. It may not come forth at all. We will not know where the footprints were leading. Autobiography, in the period before autobiography is supposed to have existed, was his focus in two books co-edited with Ron Bedford and Philippa Kelly: Early Modern Autobiography: Theories, Genres, Practices (2006) and Early Modern English Lives: Autobiography and Self-Representation 1500-1660 (2006). An essay on 'The Love Life of Ben Jonson' is an intriguing foray into biography. Writers forget nothing and waste nothing, and even traces of Lloyd's early, false start in undergraduate Law re-emerged in 2004 as 'Quiddities, Quillities, Tenures and Tricks: Shakespeare and the Law', and he was wryly amused that this was a paper invited by judges and published in the Australian Law Journal. There was a close nexus between Lloyd's research and teaching, and the connections were ones he analyzed. The extremely useful co-written books, Tools for Cultural Studies: An Introduction (with Tony Thwaites and Warwick Mules, 1994), Introducing Cultural and Media Studies: A Semiotic Approach (with Tony Thwaites and Warwick Mules, 2002), and Structures and Strategies: An Introduction to Academic Writing (with Susan McKay, 1996), are clearly based on the classroom experience that earned him awards for outstanding teaching, including the high honour of the Australian Award for University Teaching — Humanities and the Arts. His own students appreciated the same courteous consideration and individually tailored attention as Lloyd's international colleagues. He saw the educational mission as having no boundaries, and delighted in visiting schools. [End Page x] Lloyd turned collaboration into a fine art. Whether as editor of a book or of the journal AUMLA, as co-editor, conference convenor or head of department, he was a pure delight to work with. Nothing was ever left to...

The Brain Research Laboratory at the Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital and Case Western Reserve University

In 1961 Dr. Robert White, fresh from the Mayo Clinic, established the Brain Research Laboratory (BRL) at the Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, under the auspices of Case Western Reserve University. During a span of 15 years, he and his colleagues contributed significantly to our knowledge and understanding of the central nervous system in deep hypothermic conditions, thus demonstrating the protective effects of cerebral and spinal cord cooling in patients with injuries as well as the ability of the brain to survive extended periods of total circulatory arrest at extremely low temperatures. It was there that isolated brain preparation and transplantation were first accomplished. These and other unique, surgically constructed brain models opened new fields of exploration in neurochemical, neurophysiological, rheological, immunological, and cognitive features of the brain in normothermic and various hypothermic states. During the laboratory's most productive years (1961-1976), there were 10 surgeons actively involved in scientific investigations who later became chairmen or chiefs of Departments or Divisions of Neurosurgery and another four who became professors of neurosurgery or other surgical specialties.

Founders: Arthur Raistrick

In this article Robert White explores the life and achievement of Arthur Raistrick (1896 to 1991), the conscientious objector, geologist and field archaeologist who helped transform our understanding of landscape history in Northern England.

Evolving Perspectives on the History of Psychology

Evolving Perspectives on the History of Psychology

The Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak, 2001: The Consequences for the Rural Landscapes of Britain

In this article five writers survey and analyse the impact on the British landscape of the foot and mouth outbreak of 2001. Beginning with the human dimension, Angus Winchester chronicles the devastating impact of the disease on the communities of Cumbria. Moving away from the epicentre of the crisis, Tom Williamson argues that the destruction of the remnant livestock industry in the predominantly arable areas of southern and eastern England would also be a disaster – visually, archaeologically and botanically. Writing from the ecologist's perspective, Ian Simmons offers some models of how agroecosystems might develop as a result of the contraction of pastoral farming. Robert White delineates the effects of the epidemic on the countryside's archaeological sites, farm buildings and nature reserves. He also argues, along with Clive Potter, that the effects of the disease on the economy of the countryside might have given rise to its most lasting legacy: a shift to a more integrated approach to the rural landscape from the British government. Potter argues that the disease has laid bare the difficult choices facing not only farmers, but also policy makers, who now have to recognise the changing nature of the rural economy.

Policy forum: The Evolving Public–Private Meteorology Partnership

*Robert White is a member of the Washington Advisory Group LLC and a senior fellow, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research.The participants of this forum included Allan Bromley, Yale University; Bill Coley, Duke Power; John Dutton, The Pennsylvania State University; Darius Gaskins, High Street Associates; Jack Kelly, National Weather Service; and Dennis O'Brien, University of Oklahoma. In subsequent citations, this collection of presentations will be referred to as simply the 2001 AMS President's Forum.