Roasted Soybean Research Articles

The role of germinating, roasting and boiling on bioactive properties, fatty acid, phenolic components and biogenic element contents of soybean seeds

SummaryIn this study, the effects of germination, roasting and boiling processes on bioactive substances, mineral profiles, fatty acid composition and phenolic profiles present in soybean seeds and soybean oil extracted from soybean were investigated. While the acidity value of the crude and roasted soybean seed oils are 0.89% and 1.09%, the acidity values of the germinted and boiled soybean oils were 1.58% and 1.21%, respectively. The free fatty acid value of the germination sample group was established to be higher than the other treatment groups. The amounts of total phenolic substance were reported between 10.22 and 33.78 mgGAE/100 g. Linoleic acid amounts of soybean oil varied between 55.72% and 56.14%. The total carotenoid and flavonoid amounts of seeds were measured to be between 0.53 (control) and 2.83 μg g−1 (germination) to 43.60 mgCE kg−1 (boiled) to 126.60 mgCE kg−1 (roasting), respectively. Protein results of the seeds were established between 43.94% (control) and 46.94% (germination). The amount of K ranged from 10 883 (boiled) to 13 994 mg kg−1 (roasting), while the amount of P range from 5340.8 (control) to 5695.9 mg kg−1 germination. The amount of Ca of the samples varied between 4606.1 (control) and 5216.1 (boiled). While linoleic acid is determined at the highest rate in soybean oil obtained from crude soybean, linoleic acid amount was determined as highest in oil obtained after roasting, germination and boiling processes applied to soybean rutin contents of soybean seed samples were determined between 3.52 and 7.81 mg kg−1. Boiling and germination increased the routine value in soybean seed samples and was determined as 7.62 and 7.81 mg kg−1, respectively. Roasting, germination and boiling processes reduced the cinnamic acid values of soybeans.

Effects of heating soybeans on postruminal amino acid bioavailability, performance, and ruminal fermentation in lactating cows.

Soybeans can provide ruminally degradable protein, lipid, and metabolizable amino acid (AA) to lactating dairy cows; however, soy-based trypsin inhibitors can limit protein digestion in nonruminants. Eight ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein cows were used to evaluate the impacts of soy-based trypsin inhibitors on nutrient disappearance, lactation, and plasma AA bioavailability. Treatments were abomasal infusion of 0 or 400g/d casein or a crystalline AA analog of casein with unroasted or roasted soybeans fed at 10% dry matter (DM). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Measures of digestion were determined from fecal output determined with acid detergent insoluble ash and urine output determined from measures of urine creatinine. Neither soybean processing (P ≥ 0.20) nor the source of abomasal infusion (P ≥ 0.60) impacted nutrient digestibility. Ruminal ammonia, isobutyrate, and isovalerate were increased (P ≤ 0.01) among cattle consuming unroasted soybeans. Source of infusion did not affect (P ≥ 0.38) ruminal volatile fatty acids or nitrogen metabolism. Ruminal N metabolism was largely unaffected by soybean processing although microbial N efficiency was greater (P < 0.01) among cows fed unroasted soybeans. DM intake and energy-corrected milk were greater (P < 0.01) in cows fed roasted compared to unroasted soybeans. The proportion of fat, protein, lactose, and solids not fat (SNF) in milk did not differ between soybean processing or postruminal AA source, but fat, protein, lactose, and SNF yield was greater (P ≤ 0.01) when cows were fed roasted soybeans because milk yields were greater when cows were fed roasted vs. unroasted soybeans. As expected, infusion of casein or its crystalline AA analog increased plasma essential AA and milk urea nitrogen concentration. The rate of increase in essential AA concentration in plasma was 2.9× greater for casein than for crystalline AA. These data seem to indicate that soy-based trypsin inhibitors have no impacts on postruminal AA bioavailability when fed to cows and that metabolizable protein from casein is greater than from crystalline AA.

Effect of supplementation of roasted oilseeds and phytochemical-rich herbages on nutrient utilization, methane emission, and growth performance in finisher lambs.

Ruminal methanogenesis is a major contributor to global environmental pollution in the agriculture sector. Dietary intervention modestly abates enteric methane emissions in ruminants. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of dietary oilseeds and phytochemical-rich herbages on enteric methane emission, growth performance, and nutrient utilization in lambs. Forty-eight finisher Malpura lambs were divided into 4 groups (RSZ, RSP, RSLZ, and RSLP) of 12 each in a factorial design. Lambs were fed ad libitum concentrate formulated with roasted soybean (RS) or roasted soybean plus linseed (RSL) along with Ziziphus nummularia (Z) or Prosopis cineraria (P) leaves as roughage sources. Variation in the source of roughage significantly affected feed intake, and it was higher (P < 0.05) in lambs fed Prosopis cineraria leaves (RSP and RSLP). The average daily gain was improved (P < 0.05) by 28.6 and 25.0% in lambs fed Prosopis cineraria, i.e., RSP and RSLP respectively, than those fed Ziziphus nummularia leaves irrespective of concentrate diets. Overall, microbial nitrogen synthesis (MNS) was higher (P < 0.05) in lambs fed roasted soybean (RS) than roasted soybean plus linseed (RSL); however, combination of Prosopis cineraria with both the concentrate diets increased MNS, than the combination of roasted oilseeds and Ziziphus nummularia. No significant interaction was observed in the concentration and proportion of volatile fatty acids by feeding combination of roasted oilseed and tree leaves; however, the proportion of acetic and propionic acid was higher (P < 0.05) in the RSL group compared to RS. Methane emission per kg dry matter intake was reduced (P < 0.05) by feeding Prosopis cineraria leaves regardless of concentrate mixture. As a result, the loss of metabolizable energy through methane emission was lowered by 0.7 and 4.6% when Prosopis cineraria leaves were combined with roasted soybean (RSP) and roasted soybean plus linseed (RSLP), respectively. From the present findings, it can be concluded that combination of Prosopis cineraria leaves either with roasted soybean or roasted soybean plus linseed reduced enteric methane emissionsmore effectively than Ziziphus nummularia leaves, and the energy saved was transformed into higher body weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio.

Effect of three different processing techniques of soybean on nutritional and growth performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)

The experiment investigated the effects of various soya bean groups (boiled, fermented, and roasted) on Japanese quail at 3 weeks old. 160 Japanese quail were randomly assigned to four treatments (control, boiling soya beans, fermented soya beans, roasted soya beans) with four duplicates each. The 12-week trial lasted. Data on weekly body weights and feed conversion ratio were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's honestly significant at 5% probability test. The result shows there are significant differences in weekly weights of Japanese quail at weeks 1(828.12-1083.24g), 2(1026.47-1362.02g), and 3(1325.69-1528.20g) with the highest observed in birds in treatment 2(boiled soya beans). The maximum FCR was in week 1 for all treatments, while the lowest was in treatment 3 for weeks 5 and 9 (0.83; P&lt;0.005). Week 1 to week 12 feed conversion ratio decreases. The birds' feed conversion ratios varied significantly (P&lt;0.05). The quails in treatment 4 (roasted soybeans) had the greatest weekly weight after the trial (1742.34g). Thus, quails in treatment 3 (roasted soybean) had the best development performance than the control, boiled and fermented. So it advised that roasted soybean can be an efficient diet for Japanese quails for maximum performance.

Roasted Soybeans and an Estrogenic Growth Promoter Affect Growth Hormone Status and Performance of Beef Steers

This study investigated the effects of a roasted soybean (RSB)-supplemented diet and an estrogen implant (SYN; Synovex-S® ear implant, 20 mg estradiol benzoate plus 200 mg progesterone) in young crossbred beef steers on their performance and plasma growth hormone (GH) response to challenge injections of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) + GH-releasing hormone (GHRH). Twenty individually fed steers (body weight 255 ± 5 kg) were assigned to the following treatments: 1) no SYN and fed a soybean meal-supplemented diet, 2) no SYN and fed the RSB-supplemented diet, 3) plus SYN and soybean meal, and 4) plus SYN and RSB. Steers were fed 1.13 MJ metabolizable energy/kg metabolic body weight daily of an 18% protein diet. After a 5-wk growth period, all steers were challenged (intravenous injection) over a 3-wk period with three levels of a combination of TRH + GHRH (0.1 + 0.01, 1.0 + 0.1, 2.5 + 0.25 µg/kg body weight, respectively). After an additional 3 wk, steers were reimplanted and a second 5-wk growth period was followed by a single challenge of the 1.0 + 0.1 TRH + GHRH dose level. Plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentration was greater when steers were fed the RSB compared with soybean meal (265 vs. 205 µmol/L; P < 0.01; SEM = 9.5). Body weight gains for treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 1.35, 1.21, 1.47 and 1.38 kg/d, respectively (RSB, P < 0.10; SYN, P < 0.07; SEM = 0.06). Gain/dry matter intake (g/kg) means were 184, 167, 197 and 184 (RSB, P < 0.04; SYN, P < 0.07; SEM = 7.5). Feeding roasted soybeans resulted in depressed area under the GH response curve [907, 555, 827 and 989 µg/(L*min) (SYN × RSB, P < 0.03; SEM = 117)] and depressed peak response (37.2, 26.6, 33.5 and 41.1 µg/L [SYN × RSB, P < 0.05; SEM = 4.5]), an effect alleviated by estrogen for young growing steers (Period 1) but not for heavier steers (Period 2).

DEVELOPMENT OF SOY BASED COFFEE ANALOGUE AND ASSESSMENT OF ITS QUALITY PARAMETERS AND CONSUMER ACCEPTABILITY

The objective of the study was to develop a soy-based coffee substitute and evaluate its sensory, nutritional, anti-nutritional properties and consumer acceptability in comparison to commercial coffee powder. Soybeans were treated with 1% NaHCO₃, then left to dry at room temperature before being roasted using three distinct methods: sand roasting for three hours at 80˚C, salt roasting for three hours at 80˚C, and salt roasting for one hour at 160˚C. The best quality powder was obtained by roasting salt for one hour at 160˚C. The soy based coffee analogue was developed by blending roasted soybean powder with robusta coffee powder in a proportion of 1:1. Three products including hot coffee, cold coffee, and coffee flavored ice cream (kulfi) were developed using soy coffee powder. Standard techniques were used to evaluate the nutritional composition, anti-nutritional factors (tannin and phytic acid) and sensory attributes. The results showed that compared to commercial coffee powder, soy coffee had significantly higher protein, fat, carbohydrates and energy (p&lt;0.05). The consumer acceptability of developed hot coffee, cold coffee and ice cream (kulfi) was 85.66%, 89.44% and 95.33% respectively. Furthermore, the developed soy coffee powder had significantly lower caffeine content (687.87±33.61 ppm) than commercial coffee powder (1609.18±31.83 ppm) (p&lt;0.05). Determination of anti-nutrient factors indicated that the processing methods such as boiling and roasting significantly reduced the amounts of phytic acid (43.5 mg) and tannin (24.4 mg) in the soy-based coffee analogue compared to the amounts of phytic acid (300 mg) and tannin (42.2 mg) in raw soybean (p&lt;0.05).

Polyunsaturated fatty acids and rumen undegradable protein alter ruminal fermentation and milk fatty acid profiles in dairy cows

ABSTRACT The present study evaluated the effects of incorporating polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)- and rumen undegradable protein (RUP)-enriched feeds on ruminal fermentation, methane production, milk yield and milk FA profiles in dairy cows. Experiment 1 was carried out on 12 multiparous HF dairy cows in mid-lactation (106 ± 18.6 days in milk, 13.1 ± 1.67 kg/d of milk). Environmental conditions throughout the experiment were 34.5 ± 1.9 8°C, 58.0 ± 2.65% relative humidity and 85.7 ± 2.71 temperature–humidity index. Cows (n = 6/group) were randomly allocated to a control diet (Ctrl) consisting of corn silage and concentrate (F:C 60:40) containing 27.2% RUP in the crude protein (CP) or a treatment diet (Trt) consisting of 58.3% corn silage, 29.6% concentrate, 3.24% roasted soybean meal, 5.82% corn dried distiller grains with solubles and 3% added oil, which contained linseed, sunflower and tuna crude oil (1:1:1, wt/wt). The Trt diet contained 35.0% RUP in the CP. Experiment 2 was conducted in vitro using ruminal fluid collected from three Holstein Friesian dairy cows. The experimental design and diets were the same as in Exp. 1. Dry matter intake (DMI) tended to be lower (P = 0.06) in the Trt group. No difference in milk yield was detected, but the lower (P < 0.01) milk fat was measured in the Trt group (2.82% vs. 3.81%). Feed efficiency (milk/DMI) tended to be greater (P = 0.06) in the Trt cows (1.08 vs. 0.88). Lower 18:0 (5.73% vs. 8.29%), but greater concentrations of c9,t11 CLA (1.88% vs. 0.34%), c9,c12 18:2 (1.55% and 0.69%) 18:3n-3 (0.30% vs. 0.12%) and 22:6n-3 (0.17% vs. 0%) were detected in milk fat of cows fed Trt (P < 0.01). Atherogenicity and thrombogenic indices were lower (P < 0.01) with Trt. Concentrations of ruminal total volatile fatty acids and methane, which was assessed by production of volatile fatty acids, were 10.2% and 11.7% lower P < 0.01) in the Trt group. In conclusion, incorporating PUFA- and RUP-high feeds in lactating cow diets in the tropics causes a reduction in concentrations of ruminal VFA, methane production and milk fat while improving aspects of milk quality without affecting milk production.

Response of Fattening Pigs to Diets with Whole Beans Handmade Deactivated

The response of pigs receiving handmade deactivated soybean in isoenergetic and isonitrogenous corn-based diets was evaluated. Twenty-eight barrows between 40 and 105 kg live weight were assigned to four treatments varying supplemental protein: T1: soybean meal, T2: cooked soybean, T3: roasted soybean, T4: raw soybean. Daily intake (CD) and total intake (CT) of food, daily weight gain (GP), feed conversion index (IC), dressing percentage (R), carcass lenght (L), backfat thickness (GD) and lipid profile of the fat (PL) were evaluated. T4 animals had lower CD (P≤0.01) but no differences in CT. The GP was higher (P≤0.01) for T1, with no difference between T2 and T3, and less for T4. T1 had better IC than T4 (P≤0.01) and T2 and T3 (P≤ 0.05), while T4 was lower (P≤0.01). No differences were observed for R or GD; while L was higher (P≤0.01) for T1. Differences in PL, with higher content of PUFA and oleic, linoleic, linolenic in the treatments including whole soybean (P≤0.01) were observed. We concluded that the treatments used to deactive soybeans improved their nutritional value, although the results of the control diet were not achieved. Carcass from diets with whole soybeans have less industrial value, but better nutritional value for fresh consumption than those based on soybean meal.

FORMULATION AND NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF HIGH PROTEIN DIET PRODUCED FROM YELLOW MAIZE (Zea mays) SOYA BEAN (GLYCINE MAX), PUMPKIN (Cucurbita pepo) SEED AND FISH (Alestes nurse) MEAL

&#x0D; The aim of this study was to produce high protein diet for growing children from yellow maize, soya bean, pumpkin seed and fish meal. The raw materials were subjected to different processing techniques. The yellow maize (YM) was blended with different proportions of soya bean (SB), pumpkin seeds (PS) and fish meal (FM) with a view to formulating a high protein diet to address protein Energy Malnutrition. The formulated food Blends were; Blend 1 (70 % YM: 30 % SB), Blend 2 (70 % YM: 30 % PS), Blend 3 (70 % YM: 30 % FM), Blend 4 (70 % YM: 20 % SB :10 % PS), Blend 5 (70 % YM: 15 % SB: 15 % FM), Blend 6 (60 % YM: 20 % PS: 20 % FM), and a therapeutic milk (F-100) was used as a control diet. The raw materials and the food Blends were assayed for proximate, mineral, vitamin content and amino acid profile. The data obtained were analyzed statistically. The results of the proximate composition showed significant (p&lt;0.05) decrease in moisture, protein, total fat and fibre contents of the fermented yellow maize, roasted soya bean and pumpkin seed while that of the dried fish showed significant (P&lt;0.05) increase. The results shows that food Blend 6 had highest values for protein (17.77±0.09 %), total fat (6.00±0.27%) and total energy (388.10±0.29 Kcal/100g). A Significant (P&lt;0.05) difference was observed in the mineral element content of yellow maize and fish meal after fermentation and drying respectively, while an increase was observed in roasted soya bean and pumpkin seed. The food Blend 5 recorded higher value for Na, and K, while the control diet had higher value for P, Zn, Fe and Cu. An increase in B-group vitamins, and vitamin C, were observed in the samples, while decreased in fat soluble vitamins A and E were observed in fermented yellow maize and dried fish, while decrease was observed in roasted soybean and pumpkin seed. The control diet had higher value for all the vitamins analyzed compared to the food Blends, except for vitamin A and E. The result of the amino acid profile showed that the levels of the essential amino acids were increased in the fermented yellow maize, and dried fish, while a reduction was observed in roasted soya bean and pumpkin seed. However, all the prepared food Blends were enhanced in terms of essential amino acid, but more enhanced in food Blend 6, followed very closely by food Blend 5. The amino acid profile of the control Blend was higher than those of the food Blends1, 2, 3 and 4. Thus, the high energy and protein contents of the formulated diets are adequate in the management of PEM.

볶은콩으로 제조한 청국장의 품질 특성 및 기호도

볶은콩으로 제조한 청국장의 품질 특성 및 기호도

IN VITRO PROTEIN SOLUBILITY AND SOLUBILIZATION OF SELECTED FEEDSTUFFS FOR RUMINANT FEEDING

Protein solubility in mineral buffer, and protein degradability with bacterial protease, of condensed distillers solubles, distillers dried grains, brewers dried grains, raw, roasted and extruded soybeans, corn silage, haycrop silage, hay, corn gluten feed, multiage solulac and lactosy-urea (Ewoplus) were in­vestigated for use in ruminant feeding. The proteins of distillers dried grains, brewers dried grains, roasted and extruded soybeans and corn gluten meal were highly Insoluble in mineral buffer with average solubilities of 4.50%, 10.47%, 8.07%, 13.12% and 5.40% respectively. Lactosyl­urea (Ewoplus) was 100% soluble. The protease of streptomyces griseus was used to determine protein degradability. The degradable proteins of distillers grains, brewers grains, raw and roasted soybeans, and corn gluten meal were resis­tant to protease action. Extruded soybeans, distillers solubles, forage feedstuffs and Ewoplus were readily degradable.

A convenient method for detection of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) using roasted soybean flour

The ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman (Acari: Varroidae) is a pest that severely damages honey bee health worldwide. This mite is considered a major reason for winter colony loss of the western honey bee Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Monitoring of Varroa mites in honey bee colonies is required for effective management of Varroa infestations. The mite is dislodged from adult bees when the bees roll in powdered sugar. The sugar roll test is one of the major methods used to survey V. destructor infestations in honeybee colonies. However, powdered sugar agglomerates during commodity distribution to the customers or under humid conditions. In this study, roasted soybean flour was evaluated as a powder for Varroa mite detection, because this powder rarely forms a hard agglomerate. Roasted soybean flour may eliminate Varroa mites from adult bees as well as powdered sugar. Therefore, the roasted soybean flour can be a useful powder for convenient Varroa monitoring under humid conditions.

A Modified SDS – Based Method Applied for Extraction of High-Quality DNA from Raw Corn and Roasted Soybean

Abstract The probability of contamination of non-transgenic varieties with genetically modified (GM) products increase as a result of global expansion of areas sown with transgenic crops. DNA-based methods as accurate, efficient and reliable methods are preferable for detection of GM material in raw or highly processed foods. Isolation of high quality DNA with a suitable and efficient DNA extraction protocol is crucial for getting precise results in DNA amplification. In this study, we performed modifications of previously known Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-based DNA extraction method regarding the incubation period, DNA pellet washing and addition of organic solvent extraction, to improve DNA quality and to reduce costs. Raw corn kernels and roasted soybean seed were used as samples. DNA was extracted following three protocols, modifications of Edwards protocol. The type of detergent used in raw corn sample did not cause significant effects on extracted DNA yield and purity, while in roasted soybean samples the 2% (w/v) SDS lysis buffer gave the highest DNA yield. The additional incubation step raised the DNA yield from raw corn for 121%, while the purest DNA from soybean sample was obtained using organic solvent extraction. Electrophoretic determination of DNA integrity showed varying degree of DNA smearing from roasted soybean. Contrary, all extraction protocols used on raw corn kernels produced a high molecular weight DNA. Thus, our in-house DNA extraction protocol is as efficient but more cost effective compared to commercial kits and can be used for raw corn, while the protocol for roasted soybean needs further improvement.

Abstract 1613: Dietary isoflavone decreases prostate cancer progression and improves survival in conditional Pten/Trp53-deficient mice

Abstract Epidemiological data has shown that dietary practices can greatly influence cancer rates. Men in East Asian countries, men have significantly lower prostate cancer rates compared to their counterparts the US and Europe. Soybeans are a versatile and rich source of protein and its products constitute a rich portion of Asian diets. Recent interest in healthy eating has expanded the consumption of soy products which also provide a rich source of naturally occurring isoflavones and 17β-estradiol. In this study, we used roasted soybean flour (kinako), which contains high levels isoflavones glycosides and estradiol, as dietary soy source to determine the influence of isoflavones rich diets on prostate cancer. Six-week old conditional Pten/Trp53 double knockout mice were randomized and fed plain AIN-93M (Control) diets or a diets supplemented with kinako ad libitum. Concentrations of kinako were adjusted to for daily intakes of aglycone isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, and glycetein) of 400 (LDI) and 800 (HDI) mg. Mice were sacrificed at 16 and 20 weeks (n=6 mice/group) or maintained for survival assessment (n=8 mice/group). Dietary intake of kinako-supplemented diets did not influence the onset of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia or tumor burden at the early stages. However, tumors from mice fed the HDI diet experienced reduced tumor proliferation rates. Moreover, mice fed LDI and HDI diets showed reduced androgen receptor (AR) protein expression levels as well as mRNA levels for the AR target genes Fkbp5, Nk3x3.1 and Timp4. Interestingly, mice on the LDI diet, but not the HDI, experienced longer times to disease progression (median times 264, 299 and 250 days for Control, LDI and HDI, respectively, P=0.663), tumor doubling (median times 14, 27 and 14 days for Control, LDI and HDI, respectively, P=0.083), cumulative survival (median times 292, 348 and 320 days for Control, LDI and HDI, respectively, P=0.199), and overall survival times (median times 28, 43 and 35 days for Control, LDI and HDI, respectively, P=0.324). The metastatic incidence was 33%, 14% and 14% for Control, LDI and HDI groups, respectively, P=0.631. We also investigated whether dietary intervention with kinako would impact previously stablished tumors. For this we fed kinako supplemented diets to conditional Pten-knockout mice with established tumors but no changes were observed in tumor burden, proliferation, apoptosis and AR activity. Together our data shows that long-term continuous ingestion of a diet rich in isoflavones may be necessary in order suppress tumor growth. Interestingly, this protective effect appears to be lost with high-doses of the dietary isoflavones. Further studies will need to be performed in order to decipher complex dynamic interplay between survival pathways isoflavones chemoprevention. Citation Format: Yasunori Mori, Marco A. De Velasco, Yurie Kura, Eri Banno, Naomi Ando, Noriko Sato, Masahiro Nozawa, Kazuhiro Yoshimura, Kazuko Sakai, Kazuhiro Yoshikawa, Kazuto Nishio, Hirotsugu Uemura. Dietary isoflavone decreases prostate cancer progression and improves survival in conditional Pten/Trp53-deficient mice [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1613.

Feeding processed soybean to mid-lactation Holstein cows: ingestive behaviour and rumen fermentation characteristics

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of roasted soybean (RSB), extruded soybean (ESB) and their equal blend (RSB + ESB) compared with soybean meal (SBM) on nutrient intake, feed preference, meal and rumination patterns, feeding and chewing behaviour and rumen fermentation characteristics of mid-lactation dairy cows. Eight Holstein dairy cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with four 28-d periods. Cows received one of the four following experimental diets: (1) 13.88% of diet dry matter (DM) as SBM; (2) 15.22% of diet DM as RSB, (3) 15.55% of diet DM as ESB and (4) 7.69% RSB plus 7.69% ESB (RSB + ESB). Each experimental period consisted of a 21-d diet adaptation period and a 7-d data collection period. Meal patterns, including meal size and inter-meal interval, were not affected by the experimental diets and thereby DM intake was not different among diets. Sorting index was not different across dietary treatments but intake of particles retained on 1.18-mm sieve and on pan increased and decreased in both SBM and ESB as compared with RSB and RSB + ESM, respectively. Total time spent eating and ruminating and rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations were unaffected by dietary treatments. Feeding processed soybean instead of SBM had minimal effects on sorting behaviour and meal patterns and thereby no changes in feed intake occurred. Finally, RSB and ESB and their equal blend had a similar effect on feed intake and chewing behaviour of mid-lactation Holstein cows.HighlightsFeeding processed soybean products had the minor effect on feed intake and can be considered as alternative feedstuffs when the price is competitive.

Changes in Soybean (Glycine max L.) Flour Fatty-Acid Content Based on Storage Temperature and Duration.

Soybeans are low in saturated fat and a rich source of protein, dietary fiber, and isoflavone; however, their nutritional shelf life is yet to be established. This study evaluated the change in the stability and quality of fatty acids in raw and roasted soybean flour under different storage temperatures and durations. In both types of soybean flour, the fatty-acid content was the highest in the order of linoleic acid (18-carbon chain with two double bonds; C18:2), oleic acid (C18:1), palmitic acid (C16:0), linolenic acid (18:3), and stearic acid (C18:0), which represented 47%, 26%, 12%, 9%, and 4% of the total fatty-acid content, respectively. The major unsaturated fatty acids of raw soybean flour—oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid—decreased by 30.0%, 94.4%, and 97.7%, and 38.0%, 94.8%, and 98.0% when stored in polyethylene and polypropylene film, respectively, after 48 weeks of storage under high-temperature conditions. These values were later increased due to hydrolysis. This study presents the changes in composition and content of two soybean flour types and the changes in quality and stability of fatty acids in response to storage temperature and duration. This study shows the influence of storage conditions and temperature on the nutritional quality which is least affected by packing material.

Performance Index and Economic Efficiency of SASSO C44 Broilers Fed Diets Containing Graded Levels of Dried Blood-Rumen Content Mixture to Replace Roasted Soybean Meal

This experiment was carried out to evaluate performance index and economic efficiency of broiler chicks fed diets containing dried blood rumen content mixtures (DBRCM) as a replacement for roasted soybean meal (RSBM). A total of 225 unsexed day-old broiler chicks (SASSO C44) were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Each treatment was replicated thrice with 15 birds per replicate. The experimental diets were formulated to contain 100% RSBM+0%DBRCM (T1), 80%RSBM+ 20% DBRCM (T2), 60% RSBM + 40% DBRCM (T3), 40% RSBM + 60% DBRCM(T4) and 20% RSBM+ 80% DBRCM (T5) based on a control ration contained 30% roasted soybean meal. The result showed that there was no statistical difference (P≥0.05) in performance index during the experimental period. The mean mortality was not influenced (P≥0.05) across the treatment groups. Birds fed T1 had the highest (P&lt;0.05) and T5 the lowest (P&lt;0.05) feed cost per kilogram feed. Feed cost per unit gain (Kg) was the highest (P&lt;0.05) for T1 and the lowest (P&lt;0.05) for T4 and T5. Total feed cost of the birds fed T1 was higher than those of the birds fed T5 diet. The highest (P&lt;0.05) economic efficiency was observed for birds fed on T4 and T5. Based on this result, it could be concluded that 80% DBRCM can replace roasted soybean meal to achieve the highest economic efficiency, without affecting the performance index of broiler chicken.

Replacing ground corn with incremental amounts of liquid molasses does not change milk enterolactone but decreases production in dairy cows fed flaxseed meal

We investigated the effects of replacing ground corn (GRC) with incremental amounts of liquid molasses (LM) on milk enterolactone concentration, antioxidant enzymes activity in plasma, production, milk fatty acid (FA) profile, and nutrient utilization in Jersey cows fed flaxseed meal and low-starch diets. Sixteen multiparous organically certified Jersey cows averaging (mean ± standard deviation) 101 ± 45 d in milk, 462 ± 38 kg of body weight, and 19.8 ± 3.90 kg/d of milk in the beginning of the study were randomly assigned to treatment sequences in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design, with 14 d for diet adaptation and 7 d for data and sample collection. Diets were fed as total mixed rations consisting (dry matter basis) of 52% grass-legume baleage, 8% grass hay, 8.5% soyhulls, 2.5% roasted soybean, 15% flaxseed meal, and 2% minerals-vitamins premix. The GRC-to-LM dietary ratios (dry matter basis) were 12:0, 8:4, 4:8, and 0:12. Orthogonal polynomials were used to test linear, quadratic, and cubic effects using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The milk concentration of enterolactone tended to respond cubically, thus suggesting that replacing GRC with LM did not affect this lignan in milk. The plasma activities of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and catalase did not differ, but superoxide dismutase activity tended to respond cubically with feeding increasing amounts of LM. Dry matter intake and yields of milk and milk fat, true protein, and lactose decreased linearly with substituting GRC for LM. Whereas the concentrations of milk fat and milk true protein did not differ across treatments, milk lactose content decreased linearly. Feeding incremental levels of LM reduced linearly the milk concentration of urea N and the amount of N excreted in urine, and tended to decrease linearly the concentration of plasma urea N. Apparent total-tract digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, and neutral and acid detergent fiber did not differ across treatments, whereas digestibility of crude protein decreased linearly. Digestibility of starch responded linearly and quadratically, but the actual differences between treatments were too small to be biologically significant. Milk FA profile was substantially changed most notably by linear increases in cis-9,trans-11 18:2, cis-9,cis-12,cis-15 18:3, Σ odd-chain FA, and the trans-11-to-trans-10 ratio, and linear decreases in cis-9 18:1 and cis-9,cis-12 18:2 when replacing GRC by incremental amounts of LM.

Antimicrobial activity of raw soybean, soybean flour and roasted soybean extracted by ethanol-hexane method

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine the antimicrobial compounds extracted from various types of soybean materials; raw soybean, soybean flour and roasted soybean. Bacteria growth inhibition was tested in E.coli and S. aureus by disk diffusion method. Efficiency of antimicrobial activities were compared among the extracted solution.Design/methodology/approachSoybean (Glycine max) isoflavones contain the ability to inhibit the growth of many strains of microorganisms. The solid-liquid extraction, ethanol-hexane extraction, was modified to isolate the inhibitory compounds from the three different types of soybean materials. All crude extracts at various concentrations performed under different extracted solutions (75, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 and 3.125 percent) were tested with E. coli. and S. aureus to determine the antimicrobial activities and the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC). Disk diffusion method was chosen to study the antimicrobial activity of isoflavones.FindingsSoybean flour extract inhibited the growth of E. coli and S. aureus more effective than roasted soybean and raw soybean, respectively. The MIC of inhibitory compounds extracted from soybean flour was 6.25 percent (0.031 mg/ml), roasted soybean was 25 percent (0.125 mg/ml) and raw soybean was 50 percent (0.250 mg/ml). Crude extracts of soybean flour and roasted soybean showed better results than raw soybean. All the three of extracted soybeans inhibited the growth of E. coli better than S. aureus.Originality/valueEthanol-hexane extraction was successfully used to isolate the antimicrobial compounds from raw soybean, soybean flour and roasted soybean. Comparison of antimicrobial activity showed that soybean flour contained the highest inhibition activity.

Production and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows fed ground field peas with or without ruminally protected lysine and methionine.

Previous research has shown that cows fed ≥24% of the diet dry matter (DM) as field peas decreased milk yield as well as concentration and yield of milk protein, possibly due to reduced DM intake and limited supply of Lys and Met. Twelve multiparous and 4 primiparous lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 diets in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. The diets contained (DM basis) 34.8% corn silage, 15.2% grass-legume silage, 5.9% roasted soybean, 2.4% mineral-vitamin premix, 2.0% alfalfa pellets, and either (1) 36% ground corn, 2.4% soybean meal, and 1.3% urea (UR), (2) 29.7% ground corn, 9.8% soybean meal, 0.13% ruminally protected (RP) Lys, and 0.07% RP-Met (CSBAA), (3) 25% ground field peas, 12.3% ground corn, and 2.4% soybean meal (FP), or (4) FP supplemented with 0.15% RP-Lys and 0.05% RP-Met (FPAA). Our objective was to test the effects of FP versus UR, FPAA versus CSBAA, and FPAA versus FP on milk yield and composition, N utilization, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation profile, and plasma concentration of AA. Milk yield did not differ across diets. Compared with cows fed UR, those fed FP had greater DM intake, concentration and yield of milk true protein, apparent total-tract digestibility of fiber, urinary excretion of purine derivatives, and concentrations of total volatile fatty acids in the rumen and Lys in plasma, and less milk urea N and ruminal NH3-N. The concentration of milk urea N, as well as the concentration and yield of milk fat increased in cows fed FPAA versus CSBAA. Moreover, cows fed FPAA had greater ruminal concentration of total volatile fatty acids, increased proportions of acetate and isobutyrate, and decreased proportions of propionate and valerate than those fed CSBAA. The plasma concentrations of His, Leu, and Phe decreased, whereas plasma Met increased and plasma Lys tended to increase in cows fed FPAA versus CSBAA. Concentration of milk true protein, but not yield, was increased in cows fed FPAA versus FP. However, cows fed FPAA showed decreased concentrations of His and Leu in plasma compared with those fed FP. Overall, compared with the CSBAA diet, feeding FPAA did not negatively affect milk yield and milk protein synthesis. Furthermore, RP-Lys and RP-Met supplementation of the FP diet did not improve milk yield or milk protein synthesis, but decreased urinary urea N excretion.