Road Infrastructure Development Research Articles

Implementation of Road Infrastructure Development by the Village Government as an Effort to Improve Community Social Accessibility in Nagauleng Village, Cenrana District, Bone Regency

Village government is expected to have an impact on improving the welfare of local village communities through the development of road infrastructure. This research aims to determine the role of the village government in developing road infrastructure in Nagauleng Village, Cenrana District, Bone Regency and to determine the facilitators and inhibitors of infrastructure development activities. Data analysis using an internal analysis model shows that the role of the village government in the development of Nagauleng village road infrastructure is still lacking and not optimal, this is due to a lack of planning, implementation and other supporting factors. On the other hand, inhibiting factors include a lack of oversight and monitoring of infrastructure development, a lack of budget from the government as well as difficult access and terrain where the location is a main road, thus complicating the infrastructure development process which takes a lot of time.

Stabilization of Loose Soils as Part of Sustainable Development of Road Infrastructure

In the context of growing demand for road infrastructure expansion, sustainability is of key importance. Enhancing road construction technology ensures efficient, durable transportation infrastructure, vital for economic growth. Responsible road construction, especially in areas of historical and environmental significance, is essential. Preserving ecosystems and local heritage in road planning protects valuable areas and supports regional sustainability. Rural roads, often in forested areas, should maintain natural aesthetics. Economic challenges require flexible, efficient roads. Many existing unpaved roads, especially in rural and forest environments, fail to meet increasing traffic and load of heavy agricultural and maintenance vehicles. Soil stabilization methods, discussed in various publications, offer sustainable solutions. Research on ecofriendly binding additives provides the opportunity to reduce cement consumption and CO2 emissions. Such innovations enhance road efficiency, reduce maintenance costs, and benefit the environment. Investing in modern road technologies mitigates climate change effects by reducing emissions and protecting ecosystems. Our research indicates that soil stabilization technologies significantly improve road strength and durability. Additives can increase compressive strength by over 50% with minimal cement content. Continued research into road quality and durability is vital for sustainable transport infrastructure development. The results presented in this paper were obtained after two periods of solidification: after 7 and 30 days, with three types of ads (ion-exchangeable, chemical, and polymeric) to cement. In all tests, compaction strength improved by at least 35% in samples with the lowest cement content.

Participatory Development Approach for the Rural Road Networks: A Case of Infrastructure Development Office, Kaski

This study aims to assess people’s participation in the rural road projects in Kaski District of Gandaki Province. The data were collected from 50 conveniently selected residents along the road project alignment Dopahare-Kristi-Bakrek- Pawaigaude area, using the convenient sampling procedure. This study is descriptive, and the questionnaires were used to collect data concerning the people’s participation and road infrastructure development in the villages. The findings of the study reveal that the presence of poor rural road infrastructure, both in quality and access, the road sector was found external resource-dependent, deficient in resource mobilization and topography of the rural area by itself escalates the problem. The community participation is not well-institutionalized in this project. The study concludes that public participation is crucial in developing a country like Nepal. People’s participation in Nepal is limited only for elite people, but not for people from disadvantaged groups. Though people’s participation has increased in Nepal over the last few decades but people from the underprivileged groups do not participate to the same extent of the elite group, which creates disputes in the society. This study recommends all concerned bodies such as the local communities, the municipality, and other stakeholders to take their responsibility to solve this critical issue.

The Influence of Road Infrastructure Development on Improving the Welfare of the People of Wajo Regency

This study analyzed the impact of road infrastructure development, especially the Lowa-Macero Road section, on improving the welfare of the people of Wajo Regency, South Sulawesi. This district has a variety of geographical characteristics, with great potential in the agricultural, fisheries and tourism sectors. Road infrastructure development is a priority for the district government to increase regional accessibility and connectivity. Data shows that the construction of the road has been carried out in stages since 2017 with a total budget of Rp41.86 billion. Analysis shows that road construction has had a significant positive impact on the welfare of the community, especially through increasing the efficiency of the distribution of agricultural products, savings in transportation costs, and opening new employment opportunities. This research confirms the importance of road infrastructure development as an effort to improve the social and economic welfare of the community in rural areas.

Analysis of landcover changes and carrying capacity of coastal cities North Java of Central Java Province, Indonesia

North Coastal Central Java has been a strategic zone from the colonial era to the present because it supports the national socio-economic sector. Urbanization has threatened the development of districts/cities on the northern coast of Central Java. The physiographical conditions of coastal districts/cities along Pantura are formed from alluvial plains, making the environment's carrying capacity more vulnerable to changes in global conditions and pressures from the socio-economic activities of the population. This study aims to identify changes in land cover, its relationship to road infrastructure development, and its implications for environmental carrying capacity. The method used in this study uses GIS to determine changes in land cover and settlement growth patterns and calculates biocapacity and ecological footprint to obtain environmental carrying capacity conditions. The results show that land cover changes mainly occur in agricultural land, plantations, and settlements. In addition, the environment's carrying capacity experienced a deficit/overshoot in 2010, which continued until 2020. The result indicates the problem in the environmental dimension of sustainable development of coastal cities and requires serious intervention to increase environmental quality.

Road Infrastructure, Supply Chain Costs Reduction, and Road Safety in Economic Geography Perspective

Purpose: While it is expected that road transport infrastructure may enhance supply chain cost reduction, the mechanisms and conditions under which road transport infrastructure may enhance supply chain cost reduction are less understood. Theoretical framework: Drawing insights from the economic geography perspective, and survey data from 359 senior managers of manufacturing firms in Ghana, we found support for the argument that road transport infrastructure is important in the quest to improve supply chain cost reduction. Methods: The hypothesized model was tested with survey data from beverage manufacturing firms in Ghana. The survey method is usually appropriate for strategic management studies. Results and Conclusion: Our findings also suggest that road safety does not just support supply chain cost reduction but serves as a transformative mechanism to reap superior supply chain cost reduction in a resource-constrained environment. Our findings make a contemporary contribution to the economic geography theory as well as important managerial guidance for managers in the supply chain management space in resource-constrained regions like SSA. Research implications: The outcome of this study offers an important extension to the frontiers of innovative literature in supply chain management. Originality/value: It also provides practical insight to practitioners in the manufacturing setting by emphasizing the need to pay crucial attention to road safety as well as invest in road infrastructure development in the quest to reduce supply chain costs.

Digital twin‐based multi‐objective autonomous vehicle navigation approach as applied in infrastructure construction

AbstractThe widespread adoption of autonomous vehicles has generated considerable interest in their autonomous operation, with path planning emerging as a critical aspect. However, existing road infrastructure confronts challenges due to prolonged use and insufficient maintenance. Previous research on autonomous vehicle navigation has focused on determining the trajectory with the shortest distance, while neglecting road construction information, leading to potential time and energy inefficiencies in real‐world scenarios involving infrastructure development. To address this issue, a digital twin‐embedded multi‐objective autonomous vehicle navigation is proposed under the condition of infrastructure construction. The authors propose an image processing algorithm that leverages captured images of the road construction environment to enable road extraction and modelling of the autonomous vehicle workspace. Additionally, a wavelet neural network is developed to predict real‐time traffic flow, considering its inherent characteristics. Moreover, a multi‐objective brainstorm optimisation (BSO)‐based method for path planning is introduced, which optimises total time‐cost and energy consumption objective functions. To ensure optimal trajectory planning during infrastructure construction, the algorithm incorporates a real‐time updated digital twin throughout autonomous vehicle operations. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed model are validated through simulation and comparative studies conducted in diverse scenarios involving road construction. The results highlight the improved performance and reliability of the autonomous vehicle system when equipped with the authors’ approach, demonstrating its potential for enhancing efficiency and minimising disruptions caused by road infrastructure development.

Agroforestry for income and livelihood development of ethnic minorities in Bangladesh

Agroforestry has enhanced the livelihoods of millions of smallholders globally. In Bangladesh, this is true for ethnic communities, including the Garo and Koch who are dependent on the Madhupur Sal forest. The Bangladesh Forest Department first introduced agroforestry in 1989, as part of a people-oriented forest management approach which sought to restore the Madhupur Sal forest - the country's most deforested and degraded forest. In this initiative, each farmer received 1 ha of deforested land and 50% of the land’s earnings would be shared with the department after a 10-year cycle. The Forest Department found that there were five types of profitable agroforestry practices in Madhupur: acacia-pineapple-aroid; jackfruit-pineapple-papaya; acacia-pineapple-turmeric; acacia-pineapple-ginger; acacia-pineapple-papaya; and jackfruit-pineapple-papaya. These practices have been found to generate significant income for farmers, with variations in output and costs depending on the specific combinations. The acacia-pineapple-aroid system proved to be the most profitable as it had the lowest total production cost and experienced little market price fluctuation. Income generation, however, was not the only benefit of this agroforestry programme. The programme had broader socio-economic impacts, including improvements in child and adult literacy rates, access to healthcare facilities, and road infrastructure development. Farmers were also able to invest in home development, purchase livestock, and increase their food self-sufficiency. To maximise the benefits of agroforestry, there is a need to further develop social and human capital and high-yield agroforestry practices, which will require more farmer training and support programmes. The investment of which is worthy as agroforestry has already proven its ability to address the challenges of deforestation and poverty, making it a crucial strategy for sustainable land use and livelihood improvement.

Light at the end of the tunnel: Innovative opportunities for saving tropical biodiversity.

The expansion of roads into wilderness areas and biodiversity hotspots in the Global South seems inevitable and is predicted to bring about significant biodiversity loss. Even so, existing widespread strategies aiming to mitigate the direct and indirect impacts of roads on the environment have been of limited effectiveness. These tactics, including construction of fencing, wildlife crossings on paved roads, and establishment of protected areas along the roads, are unlikely to be sufficient for protecting diverse species assemblages from roadkill, habitat fragmentation, and anthropogenic activity in tropics. This indicates the need for integration of more ambitious approaches into the conservation toolkit, such as the constructing tunnels, covered ways, and elevated roads. Although these tools could significantly support conservation efforts to save tropical biodiversity, to date, they are rarely considered. Here, we discuss factors which determine the need for application of these approaches in the Global South. We highlight the often-overlooked long-term benefits associated with the application of the proposed tools. We also discuss the potential challenges and risks, and the ways to minimise them. Hopefully this article will encourage practitioners to integrate these strategies into conservation toolkits and allow policy-makers and investors to make informed decisions on sustainable road infrastructure development in the Global South.

Effect of Infrastructure Development on the Rate GDRP in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Province in 2012-2022

Economic growth is an indicator of the success of a country's development. On a regional scale, economic growth parameters can be seen from the growth of Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) per capita. DIY Province is one of Indonesia's provinces designated as a National Tourism Strategic Area (KSPN) by the Ministry of Tourism. Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) is a tourist destination with high economic productivity. This, of course, must be supported by the availability of adequate infrastructure. Therefore, this research aims to determine the effect of road, electricity, and water infrastructure development on GRDP rates in DIY Province. The data that has been obtained is analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results of this research show that the development of road infrastructure and electricity significantly influences the rate of GRDP in DIY Province. Meanwhile, the development of clean water infrastructure does not significantly affect the rate of GRDP.

Analisis Dampak Pembangunan Infrastruktur Jalan terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Kecamatan Medan Tembung

The aim of this research was to see the role of highways in the economic development of the Medan Tembung sub-district. This research is a qualitative type of research with a data collection method by conducting interviews. The method used in preparing this journal is a descriptive method through literature review and literature review. Journal preparation is carried out through literature review, namely by analyzing and reviewing books and scientific journals that have been published. The results of the research show that the development of road infrastructure has a significant and significant impact on the economic growth of the Medan Tembung sub-district community. Highway construction opens up new opportunities for communities that support economic growth.

Road accidents on Indian National highways, ambulance reachability and transportation of injured to trauma facility: Survey-based introspection of golden hour.

The transportation system plays a crucial role in the context of socioeconomic development, whereas the highway infrastructure acts as a base for the transportation system. In recent years, a rich impetus has been given to the development of road infrastructure by Indian governance. There is a need to introspect how well the prevailing highway infrastructure is equipped with emergency rescue management during road accidents. Lack of ambulance service and trauma facilities along the highways results in a steady loss of lives and injuries and increases people's exposure to risks. This study aims to determine the response time of ambulance reachability to the accident spot on Indian national highways associated with heavy commercial transportation. Also, determining the time to transport the injured to the nearest trauma facility is another factor included as an objective in this investigation. The study adopted survey-based research, whereby the variables in the questionnaire were designed to record and assess the time for an ambulance to reach the accident spot and, from there, to transport the injured to the trauma management facility on Indian highways. Two hundred twenty-five participants who were either victims/relatives of victims or those involved in the rescue of the injured have participated in the survey. The dates of the accident events were 2017 and 2022. The survey resulted in the identification of two categories of highway accidents. The first category of accidents happened on the highways near city limits/dense settlements, and the second category occurred on the core highways. The percentage of accidents caused on the highways either adjacent to or passing through the city limits/dense settlements was reported to be higher than the accidents on the core highways. Ninety percent of the participants reported successful contact with the ambulance call/service centre, but only ~75% success rate exists for ambulances to reach the accident scene. On the core highways, the time taken for the ambulance to arrive at the accident scene is 25-35 minutes. The results from the survey ascertained that the patients were prioritised for treatment in the nearest hospitals (irrespective of having a trauma facility) at a distance of ~12-20 km, for which the time taken is ~15-25 minutes. Importantly, from the interviews, it is understood that in many cases, these hospitals have further referred to specialty hospitals located in nearby cities or trauma centres with greater facilities. Occasions exist where the injured were taken directly to hospitals 30-40 km from the accident spot, for which the time was more than 40 minutes. The results provide evidence that in either of the accident cases on the highways that are adjacent to/passing through the city limits or on the core highways, the total time for emergency care accessibility is nearly 60 minutes or greater; this implies that in the majority of cases, there is very meagre time left to provide emergency medical care to the needy and injured on the Indian highways to abide by the concept of golden hour. Plausible reforms backed by technology for enabling highways into 'emergency rescuable highways' are highly needed to guarantee a safer and more sustainable transportation system in India.

The impact of road infrastructure development on ecosystems and communities

Background: Road infrastructure is essential for economic growth and improving connectivity between regions. This study looks at how environmental, social, and financial communities are affected by the development of the Arfai-Pami road infrastructure in Manokwari Selatan District, Manokwari Regency. Methods: This research uses qualitative and quantitative methods with the philosophy of positivism. Data were collected in several places in the Arfai and Pami areas, including South Manokwari, through observation, interviews, and document analysis. Result: The results showed that road construction improved accessibility and local economic growth, with an increase in the value of social variables by 0.365 and economic variables by 0.759, respectively. However, apparent consequences include a 33.87% decrease in forest area, a decrease in green space, an increased likelihood of flash flooding downstream due to land use change, and a decrease in infiltration surface area. In addition, road construction causes pollution, habitat disruption, and changes in water flow patterns, which can lead to erosion. Changes in the lifestyle and employment of local people is one of the significant social impacts. Residents benefit from increased employment opportunities, while others face increased living costs and loss of agricultural land. Relocation or compensation is a frequent social issue. The conclusion of this study emphasizes how important it is to balance ecosystem preservation and road infrastructure development. Especially in Arfai-Pami, road infrastructure development should be done holistically considering environmental, social, and economic impacts. Conclussion: To maximize benefits and reduce adverse effects, communities, government, and industry players need to be involved in the planning and implementation of road infrastructure projects.

Jaminan Goverment Guarantee Dalam Kredit Sindikasi (Sebagai Alternatif Pembiayaan Infrastruktur Jalan Tol)

The development of an area that has an impact on the community's economy and the fulfillment of the community's basic needs requires the development of road infrastructure that supports the distribution process to run quickly and efficiently. This development is to fulfill the mobility of the community so that they become mutually connected with other regions in order to create acceleration of regional development. The state in meeting the infrastructure needs for the development of the region is expected to be able to improve the surrounding economy and other areas that are connected to the construction of the road infrastructure. Based on the provisions of Law Number 38 of 2004 concerning Roads in Article 43 it states that toll roads are built to facilitate traffic in developing areas, to increase mobility and distribution of basic needs and industrial commodities. Toll roads are one of the infrastructures that are considered effective in meeting the mobility needs of the community. The construction of the toll road is a development project that requires a large amount of money. The government provides funding concessions for Business Entities appointed to carry out the construction of toll roads. One of the financing instruments that can be used by Business Entities in meeting the funding needs for Toll Road development is syndicated bank loans. Syndicated bank loans can be used with a guarantee, one of which is a Government Guarantee or Government Guarantee. The aim of this research is to know and understand the legal standing of government guarantees in syndicated bank loans. The legal theory used is Normative Law Theory to find the truth based on the applicable positive law. This legal research method is empirical juridical based on the school of sociological jurisprudence based on normative law by observing laws and regulations. The results of the study found that syndicated loans are different from single loans in circulation in general. Syndicated credit begins with the stages of offering credit to syndicated participants (participants), giving mandates, memorandum information, meeting prospective debtors to obtain syndicated credit approval, signing the credit agreement and ending with publication. Guarantees on syndicated loans are preferred creditors who have the right to pay off credit first.

Enhancing Poor Community Welfare Through Evidence-Based Poverty Alleviation Programs in Serdang Bedagai Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia

Background: Effectively reducing poverty is vital for development, requiring comprehensive and efficient solutions. The government has initiated poverty alleviation initiatives, including the implementation of programs such as Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) and the Family Hope Program (PKH). This program is expected to stimulate community economic activity. This research aims to analyze the relationship between socio-economic resources and the welfare of the poor in Serdang Bedagai Regency through a poverty alleviation program. Method: The study adopted a causality, relationship, or influence model, examining the proposed hypotheses through the analysis method of SEM. The SEM analysis methods were used to identify the dimensions of a construct and concurrently measure the influence or degree of relationship between factors with identified dimensions. Results: The result showed that socioeconomic resources had a direct impact on community welfare. Simultaneously, poverty alleviation programs also directly contribute to enhancing the welfare of these communities. Socioeconomic resources do not directly or indirectly influence the effectiveness of poverty alleviation programs. The current poverty alleviation programs alone are insufficient to expedite efforts in uplifting community welfare. Conclusion: Various aspects of road infrastructure, including road quality, ease of mobility, connectivity, minimal obstacles, security/safety, accessibility, and timeliness, were developed as crucial factors influencing economic players in the tourism sector. Recognizing these facets had substantial policy implications, showing the importance of prioritizing road infrastructure development in the holistic progress of Lake Toba KSPN.

COST PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS USING EARNED VALUE METHOD ON PRESERVATION OF EXIT TOLL ROAD SECTION 5 PANDAAN MALANG

The development of road or toll road infrastructure in a country can be used as a benchmark to determine the level of economic progress of a country, both macro and micro. The location of toll exits has a significant effect in absorbing labor and creating new business activities. Projects are dynamic, so contractors must be responsive to changes in situations and conditions on the project, if they want to succeed in reaping optimum profits. Aspects of planning a highly competitive construction at this time are very demanding on accuracy, effectiveness, efficiency, and economy in analyzing a project. In the world of construction projects, there are many things that can be done, one of which is cost control. In controlling costs, efforts can be made so that the realization of costs that occur is in accordance with the needs of implementation and is not excessive, such as cost suppression efforts, namely making savings without reducing quantity or quality. The Earned Value Method is used to determine project performance in terms of costs at one time, determine project performance in terms of schedule/time at one time, estimate costs to complete the project after the evaluation time and estimate the time to complete the project after the evaluation. In this research the author carried out a cost analysis using the Earned Value Method on the preservation of the Section 5 Pandaan Malang Toll Exit Road.

Pengaruh Pembangunan Infrastruktur Jalan Tani Terhadap Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Di Desa Lauwa Kecamatan Pitumpanua Kabupaten Wajo

This research is motivated by the fact that road infrastructure development activities, especially agricultural roads, have great potential to have an impact that will affect the level of welfare of village communities. And with the construction of agricultural road infrastructure, this is a transportation infrastructure in agricultural areas, to facilitate the mobility of agricultural tools and machines. Transporting production facilities to agricultural land and transporting agricultural products from the land to storage, processing places or markets. This research aims to examine the influence of Farmer Road Infrastructure Development on Community Welfare in Lauwa Village, Pitumpanua District, Wajo Regency. This research uses quantitative research methods. The population in this study was all farmers in Lauwa Village, Pitumpanua District, Wajo Regency, totaling 350 people. The sample in this study used a probability sampling technique with a simple random sampling type, while the sample size was obtained from calculations using the Slovin formula with an error rate of 10% from 78 people. . The primary data source is in the form of a questionnaire. The data analysis techniques used are descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, coefficient of determination, simple linear regression analysis. The questionnaire measurements answered by respondents used a Likert scale which was processed using the Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS). The results of this research show that the Tani Road Infrastructure Development has a positive and significant influence on the welfare of the community in Lauwa Village, Pitumpanua District, Wajo Regency. Meanwhile, the R2 (R Square) value is 0.081, which indicates that the percentage contribution of the Jalan Tani Infrastructure Development variable to the community welfare variable in Lauwa Village, Pitumpanua District, Wajo Regency is 8.10%.

Use of condition-based valuation approach to evaluate the maintenance decision of pavement assets: a case study of Yunnan Province in China

Pavements are critical components of highway assets, but accurately estimating their value can be challenging due to the lack of connection between valuation and long-term service performance degradation. To address this issue, the replacement cost and condition-based valuation methods were introduced using the Yunnan province highway in China as an example, which divided pavement into four performance states based on service stages. The rationality of maintenance decisions and the impact of preventive maintenance investment on life cycle assessments were also considered. The results indicate that there are issues of irrational allocation of maintenance funds of the highway in Yunnan province, and a higher proportion of preventive maintenance investment is required. Moreover, it is recommended to balance the maintenance funds for bridge and tunnel engineering in the following year, focusing on bridge engineering with a rapid decline in the newness rate. The implementation of preventive maintenance has a positive correlation with the replacement cost and newness rate of the road sections. Through comparison, it was found that the road surface renewal rate in 2019 was lower than that in 2018, and some highway management departments in certain regions need to adjust their preventive maintenance strategies. Overall, the condition-based pavement asset valuation method comprehensively considers each stage of pavement operation and can serve as an effective tool for evaluating pavement asset depreciation. This research finding can promote the sustainable development of road infrastructure.

Analysis of Factors Affecting the Cost Performance of Road Improvement Work in Serang Regency

The Road Infrastructure Development Acceleration Program that has been launched by the Serang Regency Government in the 2017 fiscal year to the 2021 fiscal year, In the implementation of road improvement work in Serang Regency, a working length of 100 kilometers per year has been set for 5 budget years starting from the 2017-2021 fiscal year, the implementation of road improvement work in Serang Regency until the end of 2021 the remaining 20 kilometers due to changes in road length and increase in the volume of work in the field. This study analyzes the factors of additional costs incurred on road improvement work in Serang Regency by identifying the factors causing the cost increase from the largest to smallest factors data collection methods through questionnaires and interviews addressed to contractor personnel with validity, reliability and correlation tests used for data processing, while descriptive analysis is used for data analysis using Jeffreys Amazing Statistics Program (JASP) version 0.16.2 and Relative Importance Index (RII) are expected with this method to determine the factors causing additional costs in road improvement work. The highest level factor was identified as causing the additional cost of implementing Serang Regency road improvement work, namely Volume Changes (Technical Factors) with an RII index value of 0.715.

Analysis of Tourism Sector Development on Regional Development Through Road Infrastructure in Lake Toba National Tourism Strategic Area in Indonesia

Background: The tourism sector is a catalyst for the economic advancement of an area. To enhance sustainable tourism, it is important to address the requisite infrastructure and facilities in the area. Tourist destination must possess compelling attraction that captivates visitors, promoting increased expenditures and this phenomenon propels local economic growth. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the role of the Medan-Berastagi-Merek road infrastructure in moderating the influence of tourism development in Lake Toba National Tourism Strategic Area (KSPN), Indonesia. Method: The measurement of variables and sub-variables was discussed and analyzed using an explanatory approach and Structural Equation Models. Results: The results showed that tourism development did not impose a direct and significant influence on regional development. However, a positive impact was manifested on regional progress when mediated by the development of road infrastructure. The policy implications showed the significance of road infrastructure development in Lake Toba KSPN. This was not a supportive element but rather an essential factor that indicated prioritization by the Indonesian government and local administrations. Conclusion: Various aspects of road infrastructure, including road quality, ease of mobility, connectivity, minimal obstacles, security/safety, accessibility, and timeliness, were developed as crucial factors influencing economic players in the tourism sector. Recognizing these facets had substantial policy implications, showing the importance of prioritizing road infrastructure development in the holistic progress of Lake Toba KSPN.