Road Costs Research Articles

RESEARCH ON LOGISTIC COSTS IN TRANSPORTATION OF AGRICULTURAL CARGO BY ROAD AND RAIL TRANSPORT MODES

Goal. Starting with the full-scale invasion on February 24, 2022, the aggressor country began to make it difficult to access major ports in southern Ukraine, limiting the importation, transportation, and export of grain. This forced shippers to look for alternative routes for transporting grain to foreign seaports. A large share of the transportation of grain cargo fell on railway transport and on western terminals, which caused long queues at crossing points. Restrictions also affected the capacity of internal railway lines. To restore the transportation of agricultural goods and increase the efficiency of the organization of grain transportation, it is necessary to conduct a study of the logistics costs of road and rail transportation, considering such factors as the type of shipment, the volume of cargo, time costs, the cost of transportation, and the capacity of border crossings and terminals. Method. The research was carried out based on statistical analysis, methods of operational work for calculating the norms of mass and length of route trains, a comprehensive analysis of logistics costs when transporting various types of shipments by rail and road modes of transport, considering the technical equipment of terminals and the capacity of crossing points, the train formation plan (TFP). The results. Based on calculations, the conditional lengths of route trains are determined, with their further bringing them to the current PFP on the railways of Ukraine; the cost of delivery of grain cargoes when transported by rail was calculated for various types of shipments, and a comparison was made with road transport; terms of cargo delivery, main advantages and disadvantages of each type of transportation are determined; analysed and selected the best method of transportation of agricultural cargo, taking into account the weight of the cargo being transported, the time spent on transportation along the tracking routes; a comparison of financial costs per ton of cargo was made; proposed options for increasing the throughput of border railway stations. The work also identifies the busiest terminals that carry out a significant share of cargo processing at border railway stations with a relatively large capacity and technical support for the transhipment of grain depending on the types of shipments, namely: railway stations and their transitions - Chop - Chierna-nad-Tysoy, Mostyska II-Medyka and Izov - Hrebushiv. Practical significance. The obtained results can be applied in decision-making systems for shippers, which will help in choosing the optimal route and type of rolling stock for cargo transportation. The rational choice of types of shipments and transfer stations makes it possible to use technical means for cargo transhipment as effectively as possible, to reduce the waiting time of wagons at border stations while waiting for technological operations and to reduce the time for these operations, to reduce the total costs of transporting agricultural goods. Options for increasing the throughput capacity of border stations will make it possible to speed up the delivery of cargo by speeding up the execution of mandatory operations performed at transhipment points or by removing part of such operations altogether.

Assessment of life cycle cost of municipal roads projects: A case study from Palestine

The development of urban areas in Palestine is usually linked with the implementation of municipal road projects. The assessment of life cycle costs for municipal roads is presented in this research. This paper aims to highlight the main factors and their impact on the cost overrun during the different life cycle phases of road projects and therefore proposes recommendations that aim at reducing the differences between the estimated and actual costs. A study was conducted across twenty-six municipalities in the various regions of the West Bank. Over the study period of 2016 to 2018, there were 123 implemented road projects within these municipalities, where sixty-three of these projects surpassed their initial cost estimates and encountered cost overrun by an average of 26.9%. Among these, forty-seven projects were deemed suitable for research based on the assessment of the filled questionnaires by these municipalities. The main factors leading to cost overruns include challenging terrain, lack of specialized engineering offices for design and tender preparation, the timing of the tender release, awarding projects solely based on the lowest bids, changes during implementation, and financial constraints. Project cost measures that rely on professional management practices need to be considered in the planning designing, tendering, and implementing phases.

Pricing and revenue allocation mechanisms for regional logistics networks in Cyber-Physical Internet

Cyber-Physical Internet technology links physical and virtual networks, facilitating communication and coordination for logistics stakeholders regarding their operational decisions. However, the optimal pricing within a regional logistics network incorporating Cyber-Physical Internet remains unexplored. To address this issue, this paper develops a Stackelberg game model between a carrier and a group of road operators. We derive and analyze the equilibrium decisions of the carrier’s logistics service fee and road operators’ tolls under distributed and horizontal partnership pricing strategies. Furthermore, we compare these two strategies and design a revenue allocation mechanism for road operators. Our theoretical and numerical analyses yield the following key findings. First, our results debunk the prevailing belief about toll pricing, demonstrating that road operators reduce their toll charges in response to a peer’s toll increase driven by rising unit variable road costs. Second, a collaborative pricing strategy among road operators consistently enhances market demand and profits by minimizing toll charges to the carrier. Third, revenue allocation among road operators is primarily based on unit variable road costs, ensuring fair distribution and encouraging cooperation for long-term benefits. This study enhances our understanding of both theoretical and practical aspects of pricing strategies for carriers and road operators within Cyber-Physical Internet.

“Downs's Law” under the lens of theory: Roads lower congestion and increase distance traveled

Downs (1962) claimed a “Law”: that expressways lower congestion even though they reach maximum traffic flow. In urban economics since Strotz (1965), road capacity is measured by road width, and congestion as the delay in travel: wider roads lower congestion. Duranton and Turner (2011), in an econometric study, atypically defined congestion, not as delay in travel, but as aggregate vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT) relative to the aggregate length of roads, concluding that roads are unlikely to relieve congestion. We first provide the theory behind “Downs's Law”. Then, in a series of theoretical models, we endogenize rent, income, the value of time, leisure, Marshallian productivity, consumption-linked trips, road costs, spatial detail, and a suburb-to-city expressway competing with existing roads. In each case we prove that adding more road capacity lowers congestion and increases utility in the short run when city population is fixed; and lowers congestion in the long run too despite induced travel or population growth. Aggregate travel cost and VKT rise or fall, depending on how much congestion is lowered, on the cost elasticity of travel demand, on location-based income and substitution effects, and on which roads are widened.

Dynamic pricing analysis of railway freight transport under different carbon emission penalties

in order to better promote the transportation industry to reduce carbon emissions and improve the competitiveness of railway freight in the whole freight market, to achieve the “double carbon” strategy and promote the “transit rail”. In this paper, considering the dynamic pricing of freight volume and freight price, a two-layer programming model is established under the minimum social total cost of railway and road. The upper level considers the income of railway freight, and the lower level considers the total social cost of freight transportation, so as to realize the increase of railway freight revenue and the decrease of the general total expenditure paid by freight owners. Considering the transportation of bulk commodity freight from shandong to sichuan, it is concluded that the railway freight market has a good development prospect under the consideration of the total social expenditure such as carbon emission. Under the carbon emission charge, the appropriate increase of railway freight rate will not lead to the reduction of railway freight volume. As rail freight becomes more competitive under increasingly stringent carbon emissions penalties, the volume of rail freight will continue to rise even after appropriate increases in rail freight fees. At this point, rail freight companies can transport more goods and gain higher returns, slightly increasing the overall cost borne by shippers in a broad sense, and helping to reduce carbon emissions in the process of freight transport.

Design and Data Visualization Technology in 3D Virtual Art Design

With the continuous development of technology, the application of data visualization technology in various fields is also becoming increasingly widespread. Among them, in the field of 3D virtualization art and design, the application of data visualization technology has demonstrated its unique charm and potential. This article explored the design and application of data visualization technology in 3D virtualization art design, aiming to reveal its importance and impact on art and design innovation. This article studied the application of 3D virtual reality technology in production process development, grasped its core content and specific application methods, and provided a detailed analysis of the specific requirements for production process development. Therefore, based on 3D virtual reality technology, this article established a design system for 3D virtual art design based on data visualization technology, achieving the interaction and fusion of multi-source information. This can promote the development and improvement of the manufacturing process, bringing greater economic benefits to the enterprise. The experimental results have proven that the use of data visualization technology in the experiment can reduce the design costs of roads, trees, lawns, fitness equipment, and lakes by 42.5%, 41.2%, 35.5%, 38.8%, and 39.6%, respectively. They exceed the high-altitude GIS 3D modeling method by 21.6%, 19.9%, 16.4%, 19.4%, and 22.1%, and exceed the digital photography 3D modeling method by 21.1%, 21.1%, 15.1%, 17.9%, and 18.6%, respectively.

A Novel Predictive Analysis and Classification of Land Subsidence Vulnerability Mapping based on GIS using Hybrid Optimized Machine Learning Techniques and Computer Vision

Land subsidence is a natural disaster caused by the extraction of the earth's material strength on the surface that causes the earth's surface to settle and sink. Land subsidence can also result in significant financial losses since it causes structural damage and expensive maintenance costs for roads, trains, barriers, pipelines, ground water, oil, natural gas, mines, and buildings. The Geographic Information System (GIS) and Google Earth Platform (GEP) can be used to map this land subsidence. This provides a comprehensive view of land pattern subsidence and its interactions with other geographical elements. It applies to both progressive subsidence caused by fluid extraction (groundwater, oil, or natural gas) and rapid surface subsidence caused by the collapse of an underground mine. Risk mitigation is the most effective way to deal with the experimental model. This research study focuses on the use of Predictive Data Analysis (PDA), a powerful environment in data analytics that provides a set of tools that make it easier to evaluate optimal models. The proposed model makes use of a dataset that includes specific land subsidence circumstances as input. The prediction result is achieved using a hybrid machine learning technique that combines Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and is compared to K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The proposed system employs LSTM and SGD as optimizers, resulting in a hybrid model that improves accuracy. Among the four algorithms investigated the LSTM-SGD network has the highest accuracy (97%), followed by KNN (96%), GAN (90%), and ANN (89%). Due to their ability to capture complicated nonlinear correlations in data and manage temporal dependencies, optimized hybrid ML models LSTM-SGD and KNN models appear to be particularly well-suited for land subsidence prediction.

A Life Cycle Assessment of Energy-saving and Carbon Reduction Potential ——Empirical research on a Road Reconstruction Project in China

A life cycle standardized assessment module of energy-saving and carbon reduction is established based on the current road cost management software. The assessment module combines the domestic road material consumption quota and the main LCA database CLCD in China. Quantitative energy-saving and carbon reduction benefits of material and technical alternative measures could be calculated autocratically. Empirical project data shows that reducing concrete, reducing mixing temperature and reusing material of the old road are essential measures. It is possible to reduce carbon by 22-28% and save energy by 45-50%.

Estimating Soil Strength Using GIS-Based Maps - A case study in Sweden

Soil strength is an important parameter for planning of forest roads and harvesting operations. Locating roads to areas with high soil strength reduce both build and maintenance costs. Locating logging trails to high strength areas minimise soil disturbances, e.g., rutting and compaction of forest soils. GIS-based maps of soil type and soil moisture can be valuable tools to estimate soil strength. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of soil moisture map, i.e., depth-to-water (DTW), maps and soil type maps, to estimate soil strength expressed as California bearing ratio (CBR). CBR, volumetric water content, and ground penetration depth were measured in 120 sample points, separated on three soil classes (clay-silt sediments, sand sediments, glacial till) and two soil moisture classes (wet, dry). In each point, soil samples were collected for validation of the soil type maps. There was a high conformance between soil moisture predicted by DTW maps and field measurements, but conformance of the soil type between maps and field estimates varied between soil types. For sediment soils, dry soils were consistently stronger than wet soils. Soil strength of glacial till soils was more complicated with a binary CBR distribution depending on soil stoniness. Glacial till soils possible to penetrate to 20 cm depth with the dynamic cone penetrometer had CBR values close to those for sand sediments. There is a potential to estimate soil strength from DTW and soil type maps, but these variables should preferably be complemented with other data.

Project Cost Estimation Using a Stepwise Approach: a Case Study of an Infrastructure Project in Gresik Regency, East Java

There are many studies related to cost estimation applied in a project, but only a few employ using “stepwise” method. This approach is expected to assist in solving complex problems by establishing a criteria hierarchy, subjectively assessed by interested parties, and incorporating various considerations to develop weights or priorities. The foundation of the stepwise approach relies on well-documented findings, which assert that 80% of the total project cost corresponds to the 20% most expensive components of the work. The research systematically collected data for project development estimates based on the bill of quantities from each year, as well as the HSPK (activity main unit price) in Gresik Regency from 2016 to 2018. This research aims to develop a conceptualized estimation model that provides clear, rapid, and relatively accurate initial project cost information. The results of this research include analysis of stepwise approach on cost realization, analysis of accuracy of the cost estimation model for buildings using the stepwise method, and an analysis of the cost of road and bridge infrastructure projects to facilitate completion in Gresik Regency. The research concludes that the analysis of the Cost Significant Model's impact on cost realization in the Public Works and Spatial Office's Highways Division in Gresik Regency has resulted in a cost estimation model for road development with an accuracy range from -12.7% to 16.0%, with an average accuracy rate of 0.59%. Additionally, there is a very strong correlation (R) of the independent variable (work in Division 2) and the total development cost, indicating that fluctuations in the cost of significant components are closely linked to changes in the overall development cost. The analysis of infrastructure project costs related to roads and bridges for project completion revealed that the highest value among independent variables is associated with Division 7, at Rp. 4,403,054 per m2. This suggests that the cost of Division 7 work is the most influential, while Division 1 (X1) has the lowest cost, at Rp. 35,589 per m2. Furthermore, there is a work component with zero cost, namely, Division 4 works.

Study and Analysis of Highway Failure and Their Maintenance

Abstract: Maintaining highways is crucial to ensure road surfaces are safe and smooth for drivers, ultimately loading to efficient and cost-effective transportation. Regular maintenance helps prevent accidents and reduces theoverall cost of road repairs in the long run. The investigation found that the authority of RCC performs their maintenance work in one year when allocated funds are available. Many types of road failures oc, such as cracks, pot-holes, ravelling, water bleeding, corrugation and showing, depression, and rutting. The possible causes of flexible pavement failures are improper bituminous mixes with poor quality materials, heavy traffic loads,heavy rainfall, and bad drainage on pavement. The failures are gradually raised due to a lack of proper planning, inspection,and treatment. These failures create different types of disadvantages like traffic jams, discomfort to the passengers aswell as drivers, increasing vehicle operating, maintenance costs, etc

Perceptions and reality: How National Forest System employee views correlate with frequency of unsold timber offerings

When National Forest System (NFS) tracts of timber are offered for sale and do not receive any bids from prospective buyers, mandated sales targets may be missed, additional costs can be incurred to the agency, and there is potentially lost opportunity for sustainable forest management. We validated NFS employee perceptions of unsold or “no-bid” offerings against observed no-bid sales. Using ordinary least squares, we regress three different definitions of timber sales against proximate and underlying factors influencing no-bids. We found statistical significance for some proximate factors, including small tree diameter at breast heigh, seasonal restrictions, and low volume sales. However, the sign of the coefficients for seasonal restrictions and low volume sales were not what we would have expected. Furthermore, we found statistical significance for underlying factors, including perceptions regarding market information and unplanned road costs with coefficient signs in the direction expected. Moreover, we provide some detailed suggestions for future data collection and other avenues for research. Although our data have some limitations, these findings further our understanding of public timber sales.

The Influence of Using Sustainable Materials on Paving Cost of AL-Kut-Maysan Highway Using Cost-Benefit Analysis

Paving is regarded as one of the essential layers in the construction of a road since it directly affects traffic loads and is subject to environmental factors. As a result, appropriate asphalt mixes that can support the designed traffic loads and environmental conditions must be developed. From an economic and environmental aspect, recycling the waste from the old pavement is a good step in this regard. This paper comprises detailed laboratory work that tested the impact of using different recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) content in addition to 3% crumb rubber (CR). The (CR) is used as fine aggregate. The tests were evaluated based on the response of hot asphalt mixes (HMA). The objectives of this study are to analyze the volumetric or weight change in hot mix asphalt of the different percentages and then analyse the costs of Kut-Maysan Road as a case study in case of using the different percentages of RAP and CR. The results show that the cost analysis of using RAP reduces the cost of a produced ton of HMA. On the other hand, the use of CR increases the cost of producing HMA. Using 10% RAP reduces the cost of one ton of HMA by 0.64 $ while using 20% RAP reduces the cost by 1.10 $, and the cost is reduced by 1.41 $ when using 30% RAP. On the other hand, the use of 3% CR with 10% RAP increased the production cost of one-ton HMA by 1.47 $. While decreased by 0.82 $ with 20% RAP content and by 0.28 $ with 30% RAP.

Low-Carbon Road Reconstruction Design —— Empirical Research Based on Road Cost Management Software

Driven By the Low Carbon Policy, low-carbon road infrastructure construction is greatly concerned. The lack of standardized quantification of energy consumption and carbon emissions limits the universality of Low Carbon road construction practice. Based on the national road cost management software and China's life cycle core database, the standardized quantification method of energy consumption and carbon emissions is established. Empirical project data are used to check the Effectiveness of the method. The method is to screen out the design measure with better energy conservation and lower carbon emission.

Modular Design of Micro Pile Drilling Rig for Cableway Transportation

At present, the construction of UHV ±800kV and above DC power is in a period of rapid development, and the UHV field will usher in a market of hundreds of billions of dollars. The construction period in the construction project is very important for the early investment of the project to generate economic benefits. The construction time of the tower foundation platform in the project is the key point. The mountainous terrain is numerous and complex, and the geology is also very different, which brings great difficulties to the construction schedule. The related micro-pile professional large-scale mechanical equipment has just started in China, and the design of professional micro-pile that is in line with the tower foundation platform construction in the power industry is accelerated. Drilling construction equipment is very necessary; considering the construction cost of construction roads and the increasing domestic requirements for green environmental protection, the designed professional drilling construction equipment must meet the conditions of cableway transportation to reduce construction costs and improve the minimum damage to the environment, among which The load-bearing limit of ropeway transportation is generally not more than 3.5t. Jiangxi Dongrui Machinery Co., Ltd. has comprehensively designed and manufactured relevant professional micro-pile construction drilling equipment, realized the modular design of micro-pile drilling rigs, and disassembled related drilling rigs. Compared with the traditional integral drilling rig, the designed modular micro pile drilling rig WZFT300 has the characteristics of stronger terrain application, wider application scenarios, stronger functions, high economic benefits and high degree of digitization.

Lane restriction system to reduce the environmental cost of urban roads

Lane restriction system to reduce the environmental cost of urban roads

An Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Calcium Chloride As Dust Suppressant on the Strength of Unpaved Road

The quality of the gravel used in road construction has a profound positive impact on roadservice life. The potential use of calcium chloride as a dust control agent and material for stabilizing the base of unpaved roads has been researched.However, the quality of the gravel may be impacted if calcium chloride isintroduced as a dust suppressant into it.The main aim of this researchis to examine the increase in strength of soil specimens treated with calcium chloride and to evaluate how different proportions of calcium chloride as a dust suppressant and base stabilizer affect the California Bearing Ratio value of the soil samples. Mixtures of natural gravel and gravel with varying amounts of calcium chloride were analyzed for their Atterberg limits, grading, maximum dry density, CBR properties, and optimum moisture content.The changes in the characteristics of the gravel -calcium chloride mixtures were analyzed. It was found that the particle size distribution and Atterberg limits remained largely unchanged. However, the optimum moisture content (OMC) decreased from 9.2% to 7.6%, 7.4%, and 7.2% withcalcium chlorideaddedat percentages of2 percent, 3 percent,and4 percent per volumeof dry soil, respectively.Observation of the mixture revealed an increase in the maximum dry density (MDD) as the ratios of calcium chloride were altered.The maximum dry density significantlyincreasedfrom 2.15 Mg/m3to 2.31 Mg/m3, 2.35Mg/m3, and 2.36Mg/m3, respectively. Along with this, the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) demonstrated an improvement of 25% to 29%, 32%, and 36% at 95% compaction with an increase in the ratios of calcium chloride.The increase in dry density can be explained by the improved bonding between particles and the reduction of air voids. This increase in dry density, in turn, positively influences the California Bearing Ratio by transforming soil structure from a dispersed state to a flocculated state.It can be inferred from the results that calcium chloride has the potential to function as a stabilizer for unpaved roads.The findings of this study are expected to reduced life cycle costs for unpaved roads, provide insights for the best approach to materials analysis for unpaved roads, and contribute to environmental benefits by minimizingdust emissions into the atmosphere and reducing the release of chemicals into nature.

ANALISA KELAYAKAN INVESTASI JALAN TOL KLBM (KRIAN LEGUNDI BUNDER MANYAR) JAWA TIMUR DENGAN BUILT OPERATE TRANSFER (BOT) MASA KONSENSI

Considering that investment is an effort to allocate funds, in a certain way, to certain assets, so that the owner of the capital will get a return in the form of profits in the future. And, seeing that the construction of the toll road costs a lot of money, this analysis is made to analyze the financial and economic feasibility of the toll road to find out whether the toll road is suitable as a long-term investment or not, with the aim of obtaining optimal investment returns and minimizing or avoiding the unwanted thing is loss. The purpose of this final project is to determine the feasibility of investing in the Krian-Legundi-Bunder-Manyar toll road from an economic and financial perspective. The feasibility analysis is viewed from an economic perspective, which is calculated from the time-saving value and per capita income per day and financial which will be determined based on the value of the benefit cost ratio, internal rate of return and net present value. The method used refers to the data obtained from PT. Waskita Bumi Wira in 2021. From the calculation results, it is found that the Krian-Legundi-Bunder-Manyar toll road is feasible to build. For economic feasibility, the IRR value is 19% and BCR 3,038 and NPV Rp 23,961,865 (in million) for financial feasibility. So that the Krian-Legundi-Bunder-Manyar toll road project is feasible to be an investment. Both from an economic and financial perspective.

Modified life cycle assessment for Low-Noise urban roads including acoustics and monetarization

The evaluation of environmental impacts for low-noise roads is a challenging topic in life cycle assessment (LCA) due to noise reduction considerations. This paper presents hybrid modifications of conventional LCA, using acoustical pavement characterization data from the close proximity (CPX) test, and models of noise emission, propagation and exposure to incorporate the inventories and impacts of road traffic noise. Furthermore, based on the system and indicators considered in LCA, the monetarization of direct and external costs of low-noise roads was included, in order to extend environmental interpretation to a monetary perspective. The modified LCA was applied in a realistic road test section, comparing (1) traditional stone mastic asphalt (SMA) with low-noise semi-dense asphalt (SDA) surfaces, and (2) different strategies for using SDA. The results of the test section indicated the significant role of road traffic noise in human health impacts, that translate to economic benefits for using low-noise pavements.

Estimate Final Cost of Roads Using Support Vector Machine

Introduction: The cost overrun in road construction projects in Iraq is one of the major problems that face the construction of new roads. Method: To enable the concerned government agencies to predict the final cost of roads, the objective this paper suggested is to develop an early cost estimating model for road projects using a support vector machine based on (43) sets of bills of quantity collected in Baghdad city in Iraq. As cost estimates are required at the early stages of a project, consideration was given to the fact that the input data for the support vector machine model could be easily extracted from sketches or the project's scope definition. Result: The data were collected from contracts awarded by the Mayoralty of Baghdad for completed projects between 2010-2013. Mathematical equations were constructed using the Support Vector Machine Algorithm (SMO) technique. Conclusion An average of accuracy (AA) (99.65%) and coefficient of determination (R2) (97.63%) for the model were achieved by the created prediction equations.