Ro-Ro Ferries Research Articles

INVESTIGATING THE IMPACT OF INNOVATION TECHNOLOGIES IN LOGISTICS (CROSSING TRANSPORTATION MODEL: CASE STUDY OF THE LANGARA - KENDARI ROUTE)

Konawe Islands is a regency in the Southeast Sulawesi Province. This area heavily relies on Kendari City, the provincial capital, to support daily necessities, recreational activities, and higher education pursuits for the people of Konawe Islands. Wooden boats and ferries serve as the primary means of transportation for the locals. However, during harsh weather, only ferries is operational. Yet, there have been loading violations on ferries, increasing the risk to maritime safety. This research aims to formulate ways to address loading issues on ro-ro ferries along the Langara-Kendari route, ensuring compliance with laws and facilitating smooth cargo distribution. The distribution system is structured based on the method persona user and empathy mapping. Research findings indicate that distribution service users require a freight forwarder for large-scale cargo and consolidation for smaller-scale loads. Therefore, the author recommends the use of applications like Uber, Grab, and Uber to resolve this issue.

SHIP LIGHTWEIGHT ESTIMATION AT CONCEPT DESIGN STAGE: CASE OF INDONESIA SINGLE ENDED RO-RO FERRIES

In recent years there have been many crossing vessels, especially those designed and built domestically. At the concept design stage, designers generally use the parent ship design method to determine the main dimension by taking one example of a reference ship with specifications close to the owner's requirements. However, this will be an obstacle if the existing ship specifications are unavailable, so designers must be able to perform initial calculations, especially predictions of the Lightweight (LWT). This paper introduces empirical formulas that utilize regression analysis to estimate LWT of Indonesia Single Ended Ro-Ro ferries. The formula of LWT based on Gross Tonnage (GT) requirements are presented.

Study on Probabilistic Risk Assessment Model for Crossing Situation in Sunda Strait

Sunda Strait is a busy channel where cargo vessels could probably have a crossing situation with roro ferries. Due to a very limited record of the actual crossing collisions in Sunda Strait, this study performs a Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) of near miss crossing situations in Sunda Strait due to the Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) that has been set since July 1st, 2020. The analysis is based on the Automatic Identification System (AIS) data during three time-intervals (TI), the first two TIs represented the condition before the TSS came into force, while the last TI was taken after the TSS has been set. The traffic in Sunda Strait was categorized to eight vessel courses, two conditions and seven crossing zones. We proposed a new perspective for the evaluating the TSS by looking at the crossing situation with three different bases, namely crossing zone basis, course basis, and vessel type basis. The probability of a crossing situation was calculated based on the hour basis for each time interval. The UK HSE standard for individual risk is utilized and it is found that the TSS effectively reduced the frequency level of crossing situation from unacceptable to ALARP in CZ 1, 2, and 4. While in CZ 3, the frequency is decreased dramatically from unacceptable to acceptable level.

SOME REMARKS ON THE APPLICATION OF DEAD SHIP CRITERIA TO AN INDONESIAN RO-RO FERRY

This paper discusses the dead ship criteria applied to Indonesian ro-ro ferries. Model experiments consisting of roll decay and roll test in beam seas were conducted to calculate the hydrodynamics factors corresponding to the vulnerability criteria level 1 and level 2 of the dead ship criteria. The results show that the damping factors were smaller than those in the weather criterion. The effective wave slope coefficient was not significantly different from that obtained by the weather criterion when the radius gyration coefficient was the same as that calculated by the formula in the weather criterion. The ships comply with the weather criterion in full loading condition for the hydrodynamics factors determined by the weather criterion and by a model experiment. Inconsistency between the vulnerability criteria level 1 and the vulnerability criteria level 2 was obtained when the scatter wave data of IMO was used to calculate the capsizing index.

SERVICE QUALITY AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION INCREASING LOYALTY OF PASSENGERS RO-RO FERRY BAKAUHENI

This study uses a quantitative method with descriptive analysis, distributing questionnaires to passengers or users of the roro ship in Bakaheuni, Merak. This research was conducted with the objectives of the research being: To find out how the online ticket sales system is based, To find out the handling of delays on ro-ro ferries, To find out how to set up parking management at the wharf, To find out how to optimize the dock operation, To find out the process of managing the operating fleet. Result of this research the magnitude of the positive relationship of service quality and customer satisfaction with service passenger loyalty of 75.8%, while the rest is the relationship of other factors that are not analyzed in this model.

Review of the risk analysis for the availability of equipment components the construction of ro-ro ferry in Indonesia

This paper examined the risk assessment adapted to the construction of government-owned Ro-Ro ferries. The data were obtained and developed from domestic shipyards that built these government-owned ships. Empirical studies on ship building have not been widely carried out, especially for domestic Ro-Ro ferries builders, the consequences of which included delays in ship delivery time and occurred higher costs. Some literature stated that shipyard companies agreed on the importance of supply chain risk management, but it has not been applied, so that, the results were still far from expected. Supply chain risk management was a risk assessment by identification, assessment and evaluation, one of the parts raised was the availability of ship materials and components in production activities, which was one of the contributing factors for the high percentage of ship completion delays. The analysis of the potential development in the component industry that was enabled to be developed in the domestic area by considering the readiness of the industry, including the availability of resources (human resources and raw materials), the existence of the industry, government policies, and economies of scale that could be achieved by developing the component industry with technological innovations

Simulation-based logistics planning for the optimization of ship occupancies

One of the main concerns of maritime shipping today is to reduce fuel costs and emissions while ensuring the estimated time of arrival. For ships with a tight schedule, such as ferries, the only way to save money and decrease fuel consumption is to efficiently plan and manage port operations. This paper describes an approach to handle efficient simulation based allocation planning for ro-ro ferries and their ferry terminals on daily business. Therefore, a logistics simulation module is introduced where planning takes place in 3D environment. The functionality of the approach is proven on an allocation planning example.

Estimation of Effective Wave Slope Coefficient of Ships with Large Breadth and Draught Ratio

One of parameters to estimate heel angle of a ship in beam seas is effective wave slope coefficient. In the weather criterion of IMO, the effective wave slope coefficient is determined as function of ratio between distance of center of gravity from the sea surface and the ship draught. The others methods could be used to estimate the effective wave slope coefficient are simplified strip theory and model experiment. A ship with shallow draught and large vertical center of gravity can have an effective wave slope coefficient larger than 1.0 if the coefficient is calculated by using the formulae of weather criterion. Therefore, an alternative method to estimate the coefficient is necessary when it is applied to ships with geometry characteristics different with those used to develop the formulae. This research conducts to estimate the effective wave slope coefficient using three different methods, namely the formulae of weather criterion, the simplified strip theory and model experiment. Results of the three methods may provide enough evidence about suitable method to estimate the effective wave slope coefficient of ships with breadth and draught ratio larger than 3.5 like the Indonesian ro-ro ferries. Results and discussion show that the effective wave slope coefficient obtained by using the formulae of weather criterion is larger compared to that obtained by using the simplified strip theory and the model experiment. Here, the result of simplified strip theory for wave frequency the same as the roll natural frequency of subject ship is similar with the result of model experiment. This results show that the simplified strip theory can be used as an alternative method to determine the effective wave slope of a ship with breadth and draught ratio larger than 3.5 if the result of model experiment does not available.

The Influences of Lengthening Dimension of Ro-Ro Ferry Toward the Considerations of Hydrodynamics Characteristic and Loading Capacity Aspect

The ferry business has become an important business segment for ship designers, builders and operators. Therefore, many ways have been done in order to increase ferry business through the proper design or converting ships by lengthening. This research is focused on the influences of lengthening a Ro-Ro ferry to hydrodynamics characteristic and loading capacity aspects. Moreover, the ships also are fixed in the same width and draft dimensions. The difference of the Ro-Ro ferries length is indicated by the addition of one column of car space where one column car space is given by car size including distance between car columns spaces which is an increment of every 5.88 meter. The total resistances of Ro-Ro ferries are obtained by ship model experiment in towing tank. There are 4 ship models that are made. The lengthening a Ro-Ro ferry is described into non-dimensional parameter by the ratio of ship length and displacement volume (L/V1/3). The hydrodynamics and the loading capacity of carried car aspects could be described into the ratio of resistance and loading capacity of carried car (RT/SUK) with ship speed. The research result shows that the lengthening of a Ro-Ro ferry affects on total resistance, speed, and loading capacity of carried car. The increase of total resistance is caused by higher residual resistance at high speeds and this is experienced by small length size. Therefore by lengthening the Ro-Ro ferry it could reduce total resistance in the same speed especially the residuary resistance but eventhough lengthening Ro-Ro ferry the effective speed should be considered. In additions, the effective speed for actual ships dimension in the same Rt/SUK 0.05 i.e. B5L10 is about 13.85 knot, B5L11 14.33 knot, B5L12 14.94 knot, and B5L13 15.45 knot respectively.

Planning transport functions following a major Wellington, New Zealand, earthquake

Wellington’s (New Zealand) current road network has some clear vulnerabilities in the event of a major earthquake. Following such an event, the metropolitan area would be cut off by way of existing land routes for around 4 months (until the completion of construction of a key road into the region). Planning has been led by the Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency Management (MCDEM) and the Wellington Region Emergency Management Office (WREMO) on initiatives to recover transport functions and avoid a potential humanitarian crisis. This has required close engagement with various utility providers, including road network providers and port and airport authorities, along with ferry operators and logistics organisations. While the recovery of the airport will provide quick access for passengers and light cargo, the recovery of the roll-on–roll-off (Roro) ferries, with their innate flexibility of use, will enable larger-scale freight to be brought into the region. The uncertainties around the availability of resilient infrastructure for the Roros to moor up to has led to assessments of the potential use of barges and pontoons which would allow unloading of the Roros. This paper describes the process by which MCDEM and WREMO have worked with the respective stakeholders to develop emergency plans.

Effect of Watertight Subdivision on Damage Stability of Ro-Ro Ferries

Effect of various subdivision arrangements of ro-ro vessels on damage stability is discussed. The arrangements included single and double sides both below and above the car deck, with and without a double buoyant car deck, and with or without a watertight tween deck below the car deck. This gave as many as 16 various arrangements for each compartment length. The double sides both above and below the car deck are of the same width b = 0.1B. The double bottom, when not flooded, worsens damage stability. The car deck and tween decks should be ‘openwork’, to be transparent for water and air. Otherwise, the ship can capsize at the very initial stages of flooding. Double sides and a double car deck together improve considerably damage stability, both in terms of maximum arm and range. A new characteristic was introduced, termed the critical deck height. Flooding a deck above the critical height leads to a rapid capsizing of the ship.

The AHP FIS Ship Handling Model for Determining Ferry Transportation Safety

The operation of ship especially Ro-Ro ferry contributes much to support connectivity among islands for a country like Indonesia which has categorized as archipelago country. The reliability of Ro-Ro ferry operation will impact to the movement of cargo as well as passenger and later it could cause larger impact on the economic sustainability of region involved. The reliability of Ro-Ro ferry operation could be determined by operation function such ferry. One important function is ship handling function which consists of the interaction among human, technical, environment, management and weather. As the consequence to perform the objective of ship handling, the hazards might appear. It could be remarked that ferry accidents often occur during their service e.g. collision, grounding, sinking and contact. Such accident may be as part of the result of ship handling difficulty as part of ship handling function. Therefore, decision tool model based on the ship handling difficulty need to be developed. The first aim of this paper is to present the proposed ship handling model through the combination of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy Inference System (FIS). The second aim is to perform a simulation to compare the ship handling difficulty level for Ro-Ro ferry at several straits in Indonesia. The result of this research might be used by ship masters, shipping companies and port authorities to develop strategies in overcome the hazard of Ro-Ro ferries so the reliability of ferry operation could be maintained.

Aspects of twin screw ships semi-empirical maneuvering models

Simplified mathematical models based upon semi-empirical regression formulae describing forces and moments acting on the hull during manoeuvres are commonly used for the preliminary evaluation of ship steering capabilities. Many semi-empirical regressions have been developed, and are broadly adopted, for the manoeuvrability prediction of single screw slow/medium speed ships. Their application for the study of twin screw vessels (cruise ships, RoRo ferries, megayachts, naval vessels, for which dedicated regression formulae are scarce) manoeuvring capabilities could lead to misleading results. These ships are usually characterised by different hull forms and more complex stern configuration due to the presence of appendages like skegs, shaft lines and brackets, which can strongly affect manoeuvrability behaviour. In this work a novel procedure to properly account for the particular geometric and stern appendage characteristics of these kind of vessels is described. A thorough analysis has been performed on a ship model equipped with 13 different stern appendage configurations and new formulae have been developed in order to describe accurately their influence on ship manoeuvring behaviour.

An experimental study on the flooding of a damaged passenger ship

Some recent marine incidents have shown that damaged Ro-Ro ferries can be extremely vulnerable to loss of stability. After an abrupt ingress of water caused by a maritime accident, flooding of the spaces below the car deck may endanger the ship and eventually lead to its sinking within a short period of time. The flooding stages depend upon many factors pertaining to the vessel, the accident, and the environment. Some of these factors interact during the flooding. An experimental investigation using an International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC) Ro-Ro ferry was carried out to provide a thorough insight into the flooding physics. Both transient and progressive phases are found to be highly dependent upon water and air behaviours. The damage area, the time of damage creation and the air ventilation level inside damaged compartments are key factors in determining the final ship state.

An air quality survey and emissions inventory at Aberdeen Harbour

A network of 10 stations, with passive sampling for VOCs (including benzene), NO 2, and SO 2, over 2-week periods, grab sampling for CO, and 48-h pumped sampling for PM 10, was set up to make an air quality survey for 12 months around Aberdeen Harbour. Benzene, CO, SO 2 and PM 10 were always well below the AQS target values. However, NO 2 frequently showed a pronounced gradient across the harbour reaching its highest concentrations at the city end, indicating that the road traffic was the principal source of the pollution. This was backed up by the predominance of aromatics in the VOCs in the city centre, derived from petrol engined vehicles, compared to the predominance of alkanes and alkenes around the docks, derived from diesel engined heavy trucks and possibly ships. Black carbon on the PM 10 filters also showed a gradient with highest levels in the city centre. It is proposed that for such surveys in future, NO 2 and black carbon would be the two most informative parameters. This emissions inventory has shown first, that trucks contribute very little to the total, and second, that the ro-ro ferries are the major contributors as they burn light fuel oil while the oil platform supply vessels burn low-sulphur marine gas oil with around 0.1% S. When the whole picture of the emissions from the city is considered, the emissions from the harbour constitute only a small part.

Optimization of Arrangements of Ro-Ro Passenger Ships with Genetic Algorithms

A formal multi-objective optimization procedure based on genetic algorithms is applied for the internal compartmentation of Ro-Ro ferries. Attained Subdivision Index, lane meters and steel weight are considered as object functions. Case studies for a typical Ro-Ro ferry yield realistic results and show that the optimization procedure can handle realistic design problems.

Fast Vehicle Ferries for the Alaska Marine Highway System

For more than 40 years the Alaska Marine Highway System has maintained and operated a vehicle-ferry service that provides critical transportation needs throughout coastal regions of Alaska. It is now implementing plans to markedly improve ferry service in southeast Alaska and Prince William Sound. High-speed roll on/roll-off (ro-ro) ferries, or fast vehicle ferries, are an important part of these improvements. Such ferries have been used successfully in other areas of the world, but this is the first U.S. application of fast ferries for year-round ro-ro service. Why speed is important to economic improvements in Alaska transportation is discussed, some critical features of the fast vehicle ferry design are outlined, and insight into the decision-making process to date is provided.

Tests on Conventional and Novel Model Ro-Ro Ferries

The paper presents a brief history of roll-on/roll-off ferries'and their problems, together with a novel design based on a perforated vehicle deck. Two I/woth scale models of the Herald of Free Enterprise were manufactured in glass reinforced plastic. These two models were tested dynamically in a tank, and the results showed that the modified novel design was considerably superior to the conventional design. The novel design does not affect the roll on/roll off concept of the ro-ro ferry. Additionally, it should be possible to retrofit it into existing vessels and thus meet SOLAS requirements.

Dynamic Stability Assessment of Damaged Passenger/Ro-Ro Ships and Proposal of Rational Survival Criteria

A clear tendency of moving from prescriptive to performance based safety regulations is emerging internationally. Introduction of performance standards is seen as beneficial to industry, allowing consideration of alternative designs as well as a rapid implementation of technological innovation. In this respect, the analysis of alternative design solutions, particularly in the case of Ro-Ro ferries, requires the development of a standardized approach to demonstrate compliance with the requirements of intact and damage stability regulations by a combination of physical model experiments and numerical model tests while applying probabilistic techniques in the process of assessing damage survivability. The procedure pertaining to model experiments is described in the SOLAS Regulation II-1/8 and the "Interim Guidance Notes for a Uniform Model Test Procedure" relating to this regulation. This paper concentrates on the development and validation of a mathematical model to be used for numerical model testing and the proposal of rational survival criteria allowing for a probabilistic assessment of the dynamic stability of damaged ships, in a way that could not be simpler for practical applications

モーダルシフトの整数計画モデル

The problem authors consider is that of preparing a minimum cost transportation plan for modal shift associated with the milk transportation between Hokkaido and Tokyo. In this paper, we present a solution method for this problem using an integer programming model with linear objective functions subject to all feasible traffic flows and all the combinations of constructing different candidate links. In order to illustrate the model, results are presented for modal shift with multiple mode of transportation including RORO ships, ferries, rail and milk-tank lorries.