Riverside Habitats Research Articles

The spatial pattern of Populus euphratica competition based on competitive exclusion theory.

Population-level competition and spatial patterns may explain the role of competitive exclusion in communities, which is important for vegetation restoration and biodiversity conservation. We analyzed the competitive intensity, spatial patterns, and renewal of Populus euphratica Oliv. forests in the Tarim River Basin using the Hegyi competition index and spatial point pattern analysis in a completely random model with different habitats and different forest ages. The greatest competitive distance for P. euphratica was 10 m, and the intensity of competition steadily decreased as the diameter increased. The intensity of intraspecific and interspecific competition in young, mature, and old P. euphratica forests was as follows: riverside habitat > transitional habitat > desert margin habitat. The Simpson index values for the three habitats decreased as follows: transitional > riverside > desert margin, and the Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou index values decreased as follows: riverside > transitional > desert margin. In the riverside habitat, the young P. euphratica forest experienced the greatest competitive intensity, the mature forest in the transitional habitat was the largest, and the forest in the desert margin habitat was the oldest. Competitive intensity was greatest in the young riverside P. euphratica forest, mature P. euphratica forest in the transitional habitat, and old forest in the desert margin. Riverside P. euphratica experienced strong competition from Populus pruinosa. Competitive exclusion caused P. pruinosa to disappear from the transitional and desert margin habitats. Young, mature, and old P. euphratica forests were randomly distributed along the riverside and in the transitional habitat, while mature and old P. euphratica forests were randomly distributed in the desert margin. Populus pruinosa, Tamarix ramosissima, and Tamarix hispida were mainly randomly distributed, and T. ramosissima and T. hispida were clustered at small scales. In the riverside habitat, young, mature, and old P. euphratica had no spatial correlation, and there was a significant negative correlation at small scales in the transitional habitat. The density of P. euphratica seedlings in the riverside habitat was greater than that in the transitional habitat, and greater competitive pressures on P. euphratica tree seedlings caused a lower renewal density. When planting P. euphratica forests, spacing greater than 10 m can effectively reduce stand competition and thus promote seedling regeneration.

Habitat Distribution of Fungal Species Collected at Lung NGOC Hoangnature Reserve

Through the survey of 4 different habitats in Lung Ngoc Hoang Nature reserve in Vietnam, totally 63 macro fungi have been found with 313 individuals. On forest habitat, 49 species with 116 individuals were obtained. In which, Pycnoporus sanguineus and Chaetocalathus columellifer had the highest number of individuals with 9 individuals, accounting for 7.76% of the total number of individuals collected in the forest. On the riverside habitat, 47 species with 89 individuals were obtained; The roadside habitat found 71 individuals with 42 species, in these two habitats Pycnoporus sanguineus was the most dominant species. On the agricultural habitat, there are 24 species with 37 individuals out of the total number of individuals collected. In this habitat, species Coprinus disseminates, Chaetocalathus columellifer and Lenzites palisoti were the most dominant with 3 individuals found, accounting for 8.11% of the total population here.

Decision Support Tools for River Restoration: The Implementation of the “River Habitat Survey” Methodology on the River Selho (Guimarães Municipality, Northwest Portugal)

The river habitat survey (RHS) system is a method used to assess the physical features and quality of rivers, which was developed to assist in the conservation and recovery of riverside habitats. The RHS takes into account the need to characterize areas of intervention from a hydromorphological point of view, in order to introduce corrective measures aimed at restoring degraded sections and habitats, and increasing local biodiversity. In this paper, we present the results obtained from the application of the RHS methodology to the River Selho, in the municipality of Guimarães (Portugal). The transects that we defined were strongly influenced by anthropic actions that have modified the riverside habitats, the artificialization of the river channel, and the urban occupation of the banks. Taking into account the results, we can point out the main problems that currently affect the hydromorphological quality of the transects analyzed in the River Selho, as well as identify the originating factors: the excessive silting of the watercourse; morphometric changes, with an emphasis on the narrowing and modification of the channel and the banks; as well as the massive destruction of the riparian zone. This study shows that the application of the RHS methodology is a useful tool for the management of degraded riverside areas.

Spatial distribution of butterflies in different macrohabitat in a university campus in Southern-Nigeria

Butterfly fauna remains an important bio-indicator species in maintaining a healthy habitat, agents for plant richness, amongst others. Spatial distribution of butterflies in four habitat types including shrub, forested areas, agricultural farmland and riverside using baited traps and pollard walk methods was conducted from April to August, 2019 to ascertain the records of butterfly checklist in Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria. Findings of the study revealed a total of 430 individuals and 44 species of butterflies belonging to four families such as Nymphalidae Papilionidae, Pieridae, and Lycaenidae. Nymphalidae had the highest species and individuals (72.7% and 74.9%) and lowest in Lycaenidae. Of all the species collected, Acraea serena was the most abundant recording highest Shannon diversity index (H = 2.477), Simpson Dominance (1-D = 0.874), and Margalef (5.368). Alpha diversity in various habitat revealed highest Simpson Dominance (1-D = 0.893), Shannon index (H = 2.627), and Margalef index (4.932) in forest area. However, species were evenly distributed (0.682) and equitable (J = 0.834) in the riverside habitat. Abundance-Distribution Model shows high significance variation in species obtained from the shrub, agricultural farm and forested areas with an exception to the riverside habitat (χ2 = 0.57, p = 0.99). The present study is not conclusive as future studies are required to update butterfly checklist. More so, habitat destruction or disruption, a major threat to butterfly conservation, should be placed on check.

Micro-habitat and season dependent impact of the invasive Impatiens glandulifera on native vegetation

The impact of invasive species is often difficult to assess due to species × ecosystem interactions. Impatiens glandulifera heavily invaded several habitat types in Central Europe but its impact on native plant communities is rated ambiguously. One reason could be that the impact differs between habitat types or even between environmentally heterogeneous patches (micro-habitats) within one habitat type. In the present study a vegetation survey was performed within heterogeneous riverside habitats in Germany investigating the impact of I. glandulifera on native vegetation in dependence of environmental conditions. The vegetation was recorded in summer and spring because of seasonal species turnover and thus potentially different impact of the invasive plant. We found that the cover of I. glandulifera depended on environmental conditions resulting in a patchy occurrence. I. glandulifera did not have any impact on plant alpha-diversity but reduced the cover of the native vegetation, especially of the dominant species. This effect depended on micro-habitat and season. The native vegetation was most affected in bright micro-habitats, especially those with a high soil moisture. Not distinguishing between micro-habitats, plant species composition was not affected in summer but in spring. However, environmental conditions had a higher impact on the native vegetation than I. glandulifera. We conclude that within riparian habitats the threat of I. glandulifera to the native vegetation can be rated low since native species were reduced in cover but not excluded from the communities. This might be due to patchy occurrence and year-to-year changes in cover of I. glandulifera. The context-dependency in terms of micro-habitat and season requires specific risk assessments which is also an opportunity for nature conservation to develop management plans specific to the different habitats. Particular attention should be given to habitats that are bright and very wet since the effect of I. glandulifera was strongest in these habitats.

Assessing the response of odonates (dragonflies and damselflies) to a tropical urbanization gradient

Abstract Understanding species responses to urbanization is important to realize their specific conservation needs. Odonates (dragonflies and damselflies) are freshwater insects perceived as good ecological indicators. To investigate responses of tropical odonates to an urbanization gradient, we sampled adult odonates along an urbanization gradient at six sites along the Mula River across Pune City, Maharashtra, India. For species–habitat analysis, we first performed a variable reduction using principal component analysis. we analyzed species–habitat data using redundancy analysis and canonical correspondence analysis. We documented 15 odonates across 6 sites. Our statistical analyses on patterns of odonate assemblages across sites and environmental variables did not return significant results. However, we detected site-exclusivity in a few species based on occurrence data and identified urban sensitive, urban tolerant and generalist species. We found that the odonate diversity was highest at a moderately urbanized site. We believe that increase in diversity due to moderate amounts of disturbance can be explained by the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Based on our data, we suggest that for the conservation of odonates in the urban context, anthropogenic disturbance needs to be regulated. Here, we demonstrate that understanding species–habitat associations is the first step towards understanding their ecological and conservation requirements. To conserve odonates and rivers in metropolitan cities like Pune, restoring original river-side habitat and reducing the disturbance at highly urbanized sites to at least intermediate levels needs to be done on an urgent basis.

Inland populations of Juncus balticus (Juncaceae) in Scotland

Typically considered a coastal species in Great Britain, Juncus balticus Willd. also occurs inland as a native plant beside the Rivers Avon, Dulnain and Findhorn in NE Scotland (and beside the R. Lossie in the 19th Century). Here it is found at median altitude 290 m AOD (inter-quartile range, 249 - 341 m). It also occurs as a native at one inland loch-side, and was found beside another loch in the 19th Century. In total, J. balticus has been recorded beside inland rivers from 14 10 km grid squares. In its inland riverside habitat, J. balticus is overwhelmingly found within communities dominated by native plant taxa, primarily associated with infertile, moist to damp, weakly to moderately acid soils, with high levels of illumination. Few observers are familiar with seeing J. balticus at its inland sites, therefore it is possible that this species has been overlooked along other rivers and burns in NE Scotland, and perhaps elsewhere. The first record of J. balticus beside a road was in 1907, long before roads were widely treated with salt in the winter, but it was not until 1979 that a second roadside population was discovered. Roadside and trackside populations have now been found in 19 10 km grid squares. At most of these sites it is likely to be an accidental introduction. It is now more widespread on roadsides than along inland riversides. The isolated nature of the roadside populations indicates that there have been multiple independent colonisations. It is highly likely that additional roadside populations await discovery, and that further colonisation events will occur.

Анализ флоры мхов водных и околоводных местообитаний Республики Коми

Анализ флоры мхов водных и околоводных местообитаний Республики Коми

Response of soil mites (Acari, Mesostigmata) to long-term Norway spruce plantation along a mountain stream

During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, coniferous monocultures were introduced, replacing natural broadleaved forests in Central Europe, mainly for economic benefits. In the mountains, Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) H. Karst] was introduced in large areas previously covered with beech forests and also in natural riverside habitat corridors such as river valleys, despite its negative impact on the soil environment by e.g. organic matter accumulation, decrease of soil pH and changes in C/N ratio. We aimed to check how long-term Norway spruce plantations affect species richness and diversity of soil mites along a mountain river in former mixed and broadleaved forests. The study, based on 342 samples, was carried out in Stołowe Mountains National Park (SW Poland). Understory species biomass, soil pH and soil organic layer thickness significantly affected soil mite communities. Although coniferous forests did not differ from either broadleaved or mixed forests in mite density (number of individuals m−2) and species diversity (H′), they were characterized by low species richness and proportional abundance of Uropodina mites typical for broadleaved forests. In total, 4849 mites classified into 57 species were recorded from all forest types and no unique species were found in the sampled forests. Although the mite communities were dominated by the same common species (Veigaia nemorensis, Paragamasus runcatellus, Leptogamasus obesus and Trachytes aegrota), they still maintain the rare species of broadleaved forests and their high recovery potential may be used in forest conversion.

Do invasive alien plants really threaten river bank vegetation? A case study based on plant communities typical for Chenopodium ficifolium-An indicator of large river valleys.

Riparian zones are very rich in species but subjected to strong anthropogenic changes and extremely prone to alien plant invasions, which are considered to be a serious threat to biodiversity. Our aim was to determine the spatial distribution of Chenopodium ficifolium, a species demonstrating strong confinement to large river valleys in Central Europe and an indicator of annual pioneer nitrophilous vegetation developing on river banks, which are considered to be of importance to the European Community. Additionally, the habitat preferences of the species were analysed. Differences in the richness and abundance of species diagnostic for riverside habitats, as well as the contribution of resident and invasive alien species in vegetation plots along three rivers differing in terms of size and anthropogenic impact were also examined. Finally, the effect of invaders on the phytocoenoses typical for C. ficifolium was assessed. The frequency of C. ficifolium clearly decreased with an increasing distance from the river. Among natural habitats, the species mostly preferred the banks of large rivers. The vegetation plots developing on the banks of the three studied rivers differed in total species richness, the number and cover of resident, diagnostic and invasive alien species, as well as in species composition. Our research indicates that abiotic and anthropogenic factors are the most significant drivers of species richness and plant cover of riverbank vegetation, and invasive alien plants affect this type of vegetation to a small extent.

Distribution, competitive ability, and seed production of Bidens frondosa L. in the Middle Urals

The distribution, plant size and biomass allocation, leaf traits, and seed production of the invasive Bidens frondosa L. plant in the Middle Urals were studied. This species was found in disturbed riverside habitats in the upper stream of the Iset’ River in habitats extending approximately 100 km (from the city of Aramil’ to the city of Kamensk-Ural’sky). Comparative analysis showed that the B. frondosa plant was 35% taller than the native species of the genus Bidens. The dry mass of the B. frondosa plant exceeded the biomass of B. tripartita and B. radiata by 1.5 and 4.9 times, respectively. The large size and biomass of B. frondosa indicated a higher competitive ability of this species than the native species of the genus Bidens. Given the same leaf thickness in the three studied species, the smaller leaf density (LD) of B. frondosa determined a lower (by 1.2 times) dry leaf mass per unit area (LMA) than that of B. tripartita and B. radiata. These structural features of B. frondosa leaves contributed to the optimization of gas exchange processes within a leaf and made it possible to develop a greater assimilation area per unit plant weight (the leaf area ratio (LAR)), which should provide a high growth rate of this species. Analysis of seed production parameters showed that the number of capitula per plant increased in the series B. radiata–B. tripartita–B. frondosa; however, the number of achenes per capitulum and per plant decreased in this sequence. The mass of 100 achenes was 1.6 and 2.3 times higher in B. frondosa than in B. tripartita and B. radiata, respectively. On the whole, the frequent occurrence of B. frondosa in the extended area (approximately 100 km) in the upper stream of the Iset’ River and the values of production parameters (the size and weight of plants and the mass and number of seeds) indicate a successful naturalization of this species in the Middle Urals.

Microtus agrestis (Rodentia: Cricetidae)

Microtus agrestis (Linnaeus, 1761) is a relatively small microtine rodent commonly called the field vole. It has a compact body, blunt oval head, short round ears that barely protrude from the fur, and a short, bicolored, rather stiff tail. It is easily confused with sympatric or parapatric Microtus arvalis, M. oeconomus, and M. levis (M. rossiaermeridonalis) with indistinguishable juveniles. There is geographical variation of size and coloration ranging across Europe south from the Pyrenees to the Arctic coast and Alps eastward to the River Yenisei and Lake Baikal in Asia up to elevations of 2,100 m. It prefers wet meadow areas, riverside habitats, and forests with dense herbaceous cover. M. agrestis is considered to represent a trace of a 1st radiation of the genus Microtus in Europe.

Diversity of Butterflies (Lepidoptera) in Manembo-Nembo Wildlife Reserve, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.

The degradation of a habitat will affect the population of butterflies living in it. This study aims to analyse the diversity of butterflies in the area of Manembo-Nembo Wildlife Reserve, North Sulawesi. Employing purposive sampling, the study was conducted for five months. The collection of butterflies was done by using the sweeping technique, following the transect line applied randomly along 1000 m to three types of habitat (the primary forest, riverside in the forest and agricultural land). The species diversity was determined by using diversity index (Shannon-Wiener). The study identified 4 families, 44 species and 748 individual butterflies. Nymphalidae was a family predominantly found (71.12%), while the species mostly found was Ideopsis juventa tontoliensis (10.16%). Abundance (76.50), richness (20.25), diversity (2.66) and species evenness (0.88) were mostly found in riverside habitats in the forest, while the lowest was found in the primary forest. The similarities of butterfly communities in the different types of habitats indicate that the highest similarity index of butterfly communities is in the habitats of the primary forest and riverside in the forest wi a value of 80%. The highest diversity of butterflies in all types of habitats found in riverside. The high diversity of butterflies in the river is strongly influenced by the presence of vegetation as food and host plants of butterflies and this habitat should be conserved for the survival of the butterfly in a wildlife reserve Manembo-Nembo, North Sulawesi. It is expected that the results of this study could become important data of the diversity of butterflies and effects of changes of habitats on the diversity of butterflies in Manembo-Nembo Wildlife Reserve, North Sulawesi.

Taeniopteris cf. multinervis Weiss with cuticle anatomy from the lower Permian of Baode, North China

Taeniopteris Brongniart is widespread all over the world and is one of the most common elements in the Permian Cathaysian floras of northern China. However, its systematic position is largely unknown because of lacking anatomical information. Based on materials from the lower Permian of Baode, Shanxi, cuticle anatomy of Taeniopteris cf. multinervis Weiss is examined for the first time. Leaves are linear, entire-margined with obtuse apex, tapered base and 2–3 times bifurcated lateral veins. Haplocheilic stomata are present on both adaxial and abaxial cuticles. Adaxial cuticle is moderately thick, and stomata are arranged in rows on the midrib and lateral vein bases, and irregularly in the intercostal fields. Abaxial cuticle is extremely thin, and stomata are also distributed in rows on the midrib, and irregularly in the intercostal fields. Morphological and epidermal characteristics as well as associated seeds suggest Taeniopteris cf. multinervis Weiss probably has cycadalean affinity, although pteridosperm cannot be excluded. Taeniopteris cf. multinervis Weiss is probably a tropical rain forest understory species with a river-side habitat, and well adapted to a humid environment based on its thin abaxial cuticle, unsunken stomata and water-repellent adaxial surface.

Taxonomic circumscription and distribution of a glandular Eurasian entity from the Eragrostis pilosa complex (Poaceae)

Eragrostis amurensis (type from Amur Oblast, Russian Far East) and E. voronensis (type from Tambov Oblast, Middle Russia) were separated from E. pilosa by the presence of glandular pits. The location of glands along with spikelet details was studied on specimens from Europe and N Asia; and E. voronensis is considered conspecific with E. amurensis. The newly circumscribed E. amurensis is a species of riverside habitats and is widely distributed in temperate Eurasia. It is recorded for the first time for Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia. Eragrostis amurensis has recently invaded some areas of Eastern Europe and is still colonizing new watercourses. It is not synonymous with the robust glandular North American E. perplexa (type from South Dakota, U.S.A.) which has longer lemmas and more florets in each spikelet.

Natural history of a snake assemblage alongside a river in south-eastern Brazil

Natural history data on snakes collected in situ are scarce because of the great sampling effort required to record individuals with methods that do not interfere with their activities (e.g. visual surveys). We collected data on relative abundance and natural history, including records of ingested prey, microhabitat use, and behaviour of a snake assemblage along transects marked alongside a river in south-eastern Brazil. We recorded eight species from two families, Viperidae and Dipsadidae using visual searches over 12 months. We quantified available microhabitats in the sampled transects and used electivity indices to determine preferred microhabitats for the pit viper Bothrops moojeni, the most frequent species. Several species of snakes use riverside habitats where they can find food and suitable microhabitats, even in areas that are not pristine, adding to the importance of preserving the remaining riverside vegetation and habitat structure in such areas.

Incidence of infection of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) by laboulbenialean fungi in different habitats

The prevalence of obligate parasitic fungi may depend partly on the environmental conditions prevailing in the habitats of their hosts. Ectoparasitic fungi of the order Laboulbeniales (Ascomycetes) infect arthropods and form thalli on the host's body surface. Although several studies report the incidence of infection of certain host species by these fungi, quantitative data on laboulbenialean fungus-host arthropod interactions at the host assemblage level are rarely reported. To clarify the effects of host habitats on infection by ectoparasitic fungi, the incidence of infection by fungi of the genus Laboulbenia (Laboulbeniales) of overwintering carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in three habitats, a riverside (reeds and vines), a secondary forest and farmland (rice and vegetable fields), were compared in central Japan. Of the 531 adults of 53 carabid species (nine subfamilies) collected in the three habitats, a Laboulbenia infection of one, five and one species of the carabid subfamilies Pterostichinae, Harpalinae and Callistinae, respectively, was detected. Three species of fungus were identified: L. coneglanensis, L. pseudomasei and L. fasciculate. The incidence of infection by Laboulbenia was higher in the riverside habitat (8.97% of individuals; 14/156) than in the forest (0.93%; 2/214) and farmland (0%; 0/161) habitats. Furthermore, the incidence of infection by Laboulbenia in the riverside habitat ranged from 0 to 33.3% and differed significantly in the ten microhabitats (riverbank, edge of track, tall reeds, kudzu vines, slope of a hollow, rotten wood, vine reeds, under stones, the shoulder of a terrace and marshy ground) where the carabid beetles overwintered. These results suggest that host habitats and microhabitats are closely associated with successful infection by laboulbenialean fungi.

The role of riparian trees in maintaining riverbank stability: A review of Australian experience and practice

Riverside vegetation is a significant factor influencing the occurrence and progress of streambed and riverbank erosion. Recent riparian management practice in Australia has focussed on re-establishing or maintaining native riparian vegetation in order to control or prevent erosion as well as regenerate or preserve the complex variety of in-stream and riverside habitats. This work presents an integrated review of field and experimental studies conducted in eastern Australia that evaluate native vegetation's role in mass failure of riverbanks. Several results of these studies have general application and include the following: (1) The presence of riparian forest on riverbanks significantly reduces the likelihood of erosion by mass failure due to reinforcement of riverbank soils by tree roots and this reduced likelihood of mass failure enables a narrower channel cross-section than would otherwise be the case for many Australian coastal streams. (2) A number of Australian tree species have apparently evolved roots that seek the permanent, summer water table in order to survive prolonged dry spells, these root systems are particularly effective in mass failure mitigation due to rooting depths that are commonly greater than 5 m and are sometimes well in excess of 20 m. (3) The so-called “Root-Area-Ratio method” of calculating the shear strength of root-reinforced soil using root tensile strength data and Waldron's [Waldron, L.J., 1977. The shear resistance of root-permeated homogenous and stratified soil. J. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 41, 843–849] and Wu et al.’s [Wu, T.H., McKinnell, W.P., Swanston, D.N., 1979. Strength of tree roots and landslides on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska. Can. Geotech. J. 16, 19–33] simple root model leads to significant overestimation of the actual root-reinforcement due to (a) breakage or pull-out of roots that taper and narrow beneath the shear plane such that individual roots do not achieve the tensile strength calculated on the basis of root diameter at the shear plane; and/or (b) the fact that the soil mass fails progressively along the length of potential shear plane rather instantaneously across the entire shear plane.

Hybridization and asymmetric introgression between Rhododendron eriocarpum and R. indicum on Yakushima Island, southwest Japan

We examined natural hybridization between two morphologically and ecologically divergent species on Yakushima Island-the light-purple flowered Rhododendron eriocarpum native to seaside habitats and the red flowered R. indicum native to riverside habitats. By investigation of morphological traits and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) we found that hybrid individuals morphologically and genetically intermediate between the two species grow mainly in the seaside areas of the island. The degree of morphological and genetic variation was different among the seaside hybrid populations. Although most pollinator species were exclusive to one of the two flower color groups, the halictine bees of Lasioglossum were observed in both the color types. The crucial interspecific incompatibility after pollination has not been previously described. Geographic distance between the populations is likely to be an important primary factor in bringing about natural hybridization and determining the degree of introgression between R. eriocarpum and R. indicum. The fact that hybrids occur mostly in the seaside area on Yakushima Island indicates that asymmetrical introgression occurs from R. indicum to R. eriocarpum. Alternatively, strong habitat-mediated selection from recurrent floods may prevent the hybrids from colonizing riverside habitats.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from 40 Mediterranean plant species:: VOC speciation and extrapolation to habitat scale

Forty native Mediterranean plant species were screened for emissions of the C5 and C10 hydrocarbons, isoprene and monoterpenes, in five different habitats. A total of 32 compounds were observed in the emissions from these plants. The number of compounds emitted by different plant species varied from 19 ( Quercus ilex) to a single compound emission, usually of isoprene. Emission rates were normalised to generate emission factors for each plant species for each sampling event at standard conditions of temperature and light intensity. Plant species were categorised according to their main emitted compound, the major groups being isoprene, α-pinene, linalool, and limonene emitters. Estimates of habitat fluxes for each emitted compound were derived from the contributing plant species’ emission factors, biomass and ground cover. Emissions of individual compounds ranged from 0.002 to 505 g ha −1 h −1 (camphene from garrigue in Spain in autumn and isoprene from riverside habitats in Spain in late spring; respectively). Emissions of isoprene ranged from 0.3 to 505 g ha −1 h −1 (macchia in Italy in late spring and autumn; and riverside in Spain in late spring; respectively) and α-pinene emissions ranged from 0.51 to 52.92 g ha −1 h −1 (garrigue in Spain in late spring; and forest in France in autumn; respectively). Habitat fluxes of most compounds in autumn were greater than in late spring, dominated by emissions from Quercus ilex, Genista scorpius and Quercus pubescens. This study contributes to regional emission inventories and will be of use to tropospheric chemical modellers.