River Bank Research Articles

Investigation of the Occurrence of Zoonotic Intestinal Parasites along the Karmanasa River Bank in Lalitpur, Nepal.

Increasing urbanization has particularly affected rivers and their outer edges in cities, including Kathmandu Valley, which encompasses Lalitpur, the nation's third-largest city. This study aims to conduct a parasitological survey to investigate the occurrence of zoonotic intestinal protozoa and helminths along the Karmanasa River bank in central Nepal. Faecal samples from openly defaecating animals were collected via non-invasive techniques, and coproscopy was carried out using direct wet mount, concentration and acid-fast staining methods to ensure reliable findings. The findings showed that all the faecal samples were positive for intestinal parasites as follows: buffaloes (15/15), cats (5/5), cattle (30/30), chickens (7/7), dogs (15/15), goats (15/15), pigs (20/20) and rats (12/12). A total of 28 intestinal parasites were reported, out of which 21 species possess zoonotic potentialities, and each host was reported to harbour at least one zoonotic parasite. Entamoeba sp., Cryptosporidium sp., hookworm, Trichuris sp., Trichostrongylus and Balantidium coli were among the predominant zoonotic parasites. The use of the landscape for livestock grazing and the presence of free-ranging animals could have all added to the zoonotic risks. Moreover, the excretion of a moderate to large number of zoonotic parasite eggs in the faecal samples indicates a transmission risk. The study detected 21 species of intestinal zoonotic parasites circulating along the landscape in the study area, indicating a higher risk of cross-transmission. Therefore, strategic treatment of livestock and free-ranging animals and periodic public health awareness programs for the local inhabitants are highly recommended.

Shamanism with a drum among the Khanty of the Surgut Ob River region in the beginning of the 21st century

The area of this research is confined to the Surgut Ob River region and includes the western and central areas of residence of the Eastern Khanty. The purpose of this work is to summarize and analyse information about the current state of shamanism with a tambourine among the Surgut Khanty. The main sources for the study were the author's field materials collected in 2002–2017 in the regions along the rivers of Lyamin, Pim, Tromyegan, Agan, Bolshoy and Maly Yugan. The uniqueness of the situation among the Surgut Khanty lies in the fact that the tradi-tional rituals, which received a second wind in the 1990s in the wake of the actualization of ethnicity, in fact, were not interrupted. Among the traditional rites of the region, shamanism with a tambourine is one of the little-studied aspects of their spiritual culture. The article characterizes the current state of shamanic rituals with a tambourine, indicates the area of distribution of these practices, considers examples of making a tambourine and the formation of a sha-manic gift, makes a description of the formal side and indicates the presently recorded occasions for the ritual. The differences between shamanism with a tambourine among the Khanty of the right bank and the left bank of the Ob River are revealed, and some aspects of shamanism are compared with those of the neighbouring ethnic groups.

Rubber additives and relevant oxidation products in groundwater in a central China region: Levels, influencing factors and exposure

This study investigated the presence of rubber additives and relevant oxidation products (RAROPs) in groundwater in central China's aboveground river region. Seven RAROPs were detected, and their levels in shallow groundwater showed a mild decreasing trend from the area near the Yellow River (Avg: 8.49 ng·L-1) to the area on the far bank of the Yellow River (Avg: 5.01 ng·L-1). In contrast, deep groundwater's RAROPs contents showed a dramatic decrease to only 0.26 ng·L-1. The dominant contaminant was found to be N-(1, 3-dimethylbutyl) -N′-phenyl -p-phenylenediamine (6PPD). The vicinity of the garages and car parks was often characterized as contamination hotspots. Correlation analyses further indicated that aquaculture was likely to be a potential pathway for shallow groundwater contaminant inputs. The amount of RAROPs intake by humans through groundwater is nearly 30 times different due to the imbalanced development between urban and rural areas. Children were the most vulnerable to RAROPs. Therefore, human activities (transportation, waste tire storage, water resource allocation and utilization patterns, diversion of Yellow River water to aquaculture ponds) may exacerbate RAROPs pollution in groundwater by leaching contaminants through the surface soil. These results are important for developing appropriate utilization and protection strategies for groundwater resources in developing countries.

Urban Landscape Resilience: Reconnecting the River with Al-Kut’s Traditional City Centre

The importance of this study is due to its direct interest in the river bank of the Kut city centre and its concern for reconnecting its traditional part with the basic functions of the entire city. Here, the resilience of the Iraqi city of Kut can be enhanced and its viability increased. The aim of the study is to establish a comprehensive framework for the study of the various cultural and historical aspects of the study area with a view to reconnecting the city with its river. The research here focuses on the importance of the principle of urban resilience in urban design, and these activities include attention to open spaces and linking them to motor hubs to increase their urban resilience. Furthermore, it is imperative to prioritise pedestrian and bicycle traffic in public areas, while also ensuring the preservation of the city's historical aspects as tourist attractions. Additionally, residents should be provided with optimal comfort and safety. The study suggests using a shared stakeholder strategy to address the many challenges in the investigated region. By integrating the principles of ecosystem-based adaptation and social equity, a resilient urban environment can be created that can withstand future shocks and pressures. The research implies that the city's historic status and citizens' quality of life are poor so that the situation can be rectified and the river's relevance highlighted. Strategies can be established and enhanced to adapt to the riverside and preserve it for future generations in a more flexible and sustainable manner.

Morphological changes of river Bank Erosion and channel shifting assessment on Arial Khan River of Bangladesh using Landsat satellite time series images

The continuous processes of erosion and deposition in rivers are intricately linked to changes in land use and land cover (LULC), reflecting dynamic landscape transformations. This study investigates the rate of riverbank erosion, channel shifting, and the impact of erosion on LULC dynamics along the Arial Khan River. Utilizing GIS and remote sensing techniques, we analyzed time-series satellite images from 1993 to 2024 within a 2 km buffer zone of the floodplain. Supervised classification methods were applied for LULC analysis, with results validated using confusion matrices to assess classification accuracy. ArcGIS 10.8 was employed to analyze channel centerline migration, while NDVI analysis assessed vegetation health. The study reveals that between 1993 and 2024, 5142.60 ha were lost to erosion, while deposition affected 4756.52 ha, with erosion surpassing deposition overall. The river shifted an average of 0.66 km during this period, with higher migration rates in Muladi Upazila compared to Babuganj Upazila. Settlement areas expanded significantly from 137.82 ha in 1993 to 2768.68 ha in 2024, while agricultural land declined substantially. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers to address erosion severity in confluence zones and lay the groundwork for sustainable land management practices.

Pemodelan Degradasi dan Agradasi Dasar Sungai dengan Beberapa Persamaan di Sungai Winongo Yogyakarta

Calculating riverbed degradation and aggradation is essential in designing riverbank protection structures, particularly for determining foundation depth. Excessive degradation can compromise foundation stability, significantly increasing the risk of structural failure. Numerous predictive models for egradation and aggradation have been developed by researchers, highlighting the importance of selecting an equation that closely aligns with the specific characteristics of the river to achieve optimal design accuracy. This study aims to determine the most suitable predictive model for riverbed degradation and aggradation. A case study was conducted along a 43.75 km of the Winongo River Yogyakarta. The simulation involved riverbed sediment data collected at 500 m intervals from upstream to downstream, and secondary discharge data comprising average daily discharge for both wet and dry months. The selected grainsize parameter follows standards in HEC-RAS 6.3.1, with the Meyer Peter Müller equation applied to d90, Engelund Hansen to d50, and Laursen Copeland to d84. Simulation results of riverbed degradation were then compared against observed conditions of riverbank erosion. Riverbank steepness or protective structure failure indicates excessive riverbed degradation, while stable conditions suggest otherwise. Based on the simulations conducted on the Winongo River, the Engelund Hansen equation provided average degradation estimates more consistent with field conditions than the other two equations.Keywords: degradation and agradation, transport sediment equations, HEC-RAS, river bank

Influence of the Soil Squeezing Effect on the Peripile Soil of Pre-Tensioned H-Type Prestressed Concrete Revetment Pile Construction Based on Field Tests

Pre-tensioned H-type prestressed concrete revetment piles are a newly developed product dedicated to the protection of river, lake, and sea bank embankments, and their cross-section is H-shaped. In this study, a field test of H-type pile soil’s squeezing effect is carried out based on the second phase project of the HujiaShen Line. Pore water pressure, soil displacement, and other parameters of the H-type pile-driving process are monitored in real time. The test results show the following: (1) The influence range of the excess pore water pressure caused by the soil squeezing effect in the horizontal direction is about 14–15D, and in the vertical direction, the pore water pressure within a depth range of about 7D below the pile bottom increases rapidly. Its dissipation rate is fast at first and then slows down, and it completely dissipates 20 days after piling. (2) The excess pore water pressure caused by the soil squeezing effect does not decrease linearly in the radial direction. The soil around the construction pile can be divided into four areas: A, B, C, and D. Among them, A and B belong to the plastic zone, and C and D belong to the elastic zone. (3) The horizontal displacement of the soil occurs within the depth range of 5D from the surface of the pile to the bottom of the pile at the piling location, and the radial influence range is about 8–12D. From a vertical perspective, the main horizontal displacement of the soil occurs in the long section of the pile driven into the soil, showing a “U”-shaped distribution. (4) The dividing point between the vertical displacement uplift and the settlement of the soil appears within the range of 2–3 m from the construction pile, that is, between 5 and 7D. Settlement occurs after the piling is completed, and the settlement rate is fast at first and then slows down. The final settlement of the soil is stable on the 20th day. This research and experiment provide a design reference for the engineering application of pre-tensioned H-type prestressed concrete bank protection piles.

The Paleo‐Serchio River: history of floods between Lucca and Pisa during the Roman period

ABSTRACTThe reconstruction of flood frequency beyond the Instrumental Era is challenging and mostly based on historical sources, but it rarely covers more than the last 1000 years when abundant documentation is preserved. To investigate the long‐term trends in flooding and obtain insight into current climatic changes it is necessary to extend these data to a larger number of rivers beyond the Instrumental Era and available period of historical documentation. In this paper we reconstruct the paleoflood record for the Roman Period of the Serchio River (Auser in antiquity, located in Northern Tuscany, Central Italy) using geoarcheological data. The complex hydrological evolution of the river and the development of the important cities of Lucca and Pisa on the river bank allowed an important collection of data, showing a prominent peak in flood activity during the 1st century ce, which seems to correspond to an increase in regional rainfall interpreted from speleothem proxies. A secondary peak is present in the 6th century ce, which corresponds locally with an increase in precipitation recorded by speleothems. The phases of increased flooding, when compared with present‐day synoptical meteorological conditions, probably developed during a period of negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index, and it is partially supported by comparison with paleoproxies for NAO. These findings confirm that an extensive collection of geoarcheological data, supported by geological and geomorphological investigation, represents a powerful tool to be integrated with historical data for the reconstruction of floods. The concomitance of local paleohydrological proxies can help in disentangling the origin of the signal from other causes.

Seasonal Harvesting Impact on Biomass Fuel Properties and Pyrolysis‐Derived Bio‐Oil Organic Phase Composition

ABSTRACTThermochemical conversion of giant reed biomass during periodic variations has been carried out in a semi‐batch tubular reactor at 550°C. This study was carried out after the incineration of giant reed along the river banks. Four periodic variations, late spring (HS‐4), late summer (HS‐1), late autumn (HS‐2), and late winter (HS‐3) were considered to investigate the effect of harvest time on biomass fuel properties, pyrolysis product distribution, non‐condensable gas characterization, and bio‐oil organic phase (BOP) fuel properties. The considered biomasses herein had average calorific values of 18.86 ± 0.05, 19.73 ± 0.05, 19.23 ± 0.04, and 18.44 ± 0.04 MJ/kg during HS‐1, HS‐2, HS‐3, and HS‐4, respectively. The biomass, bio‐oil organic phase, biochar, and pyrolysis gas were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GCMS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), micro‐GC, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS). The organic phase of bio‐oil was isolated using a 125 mL separating funnel, allowing natural stratification of the immiscible phases. BOP yield increased from 5 to 11 wt% during HS‐4 and HS‐3, respectively. Higher heating values (HHV) of the BOP ranged from 19.4 ± 0.03 to 22.6 ± 0.02 MJ/kg in relation to the active growth stage and senescence‐dormant phase. Physical and chemical properties (TAN, density, viscosity, water content, and CHNS) and chemical compound groups of organic phase bio‐oil were analyzed. The produced BOP was rich in phenolics for all considered periods. The effect of harvest time showed that biomass and bio‐oil organic phase fuel properties are improved during the senescence‐dormant period. As a result, giant reed biomass should be harvested during autumn to avoid incineration that releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and will also reduce the occurrence of artificial flooding.

CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY DETECTED IN WATER BODIES IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF BARCARENA/PA, AMAZONIA, BRAZIL

Population growth linked to greater exploitation of nature compromises the quality of water, which is considered a limited natural resource and is vitally important for the survival of living organisms and directly influences the economy, leisure, culture and the social environment. This study evaluated the physicochemical, toxicological and microbiological parameters of rivers and streams in the municipality of Barcarena, State of PA, Amazonia, Brazil. We collected 58 samples in the period from 2021 to 2022. The average values ​​verified were above the limits allowed by Brazilian legislation (CONAMA 357/2005) for true color (µ = 218.09 ± 223.843), BOD (µ = 31.30 ± 64.992) and Escherichia coli (µ = 1243.76 ± 2838.743) in stream samples when compared to those from the river, demonstrating that there are statistical differences in these parameters between these two environments. We also analyzed traces of 10 toxic metals (Al, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Pb). The average levels of these pollutants ranged from 0 (<LD) to 1,504 mg/L. The highest concentration was found for Aluminum, which ranged from 0.003 to 1.504 mg/L with an average of 0.275 ± 0.289 mg/L. The greatest concentration similarity (75.16%) of these soluble metals was observed between the Pará river and the Dendê stream. Therefore, the studied area presents contamination of aquatic ecosystems due to mining activity, which has caused serious impacts on the remaining communities on the banks of the municipality's rivers that cross the Municipality of Barcarena-Pa.

Hair coat of the water deer <I>Hydropotes inermis</I> (Cervidae, Artiodactyla) – a new species in the fauna of Russia

For the first time, the hair cover and hair microstructure of an adult male Hydropotes inermis from the Primorsky region of Russia were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. The absence of abundant underfur, sparse wool and its weak layering are characteristic of this inhabitant of the temperate monsoon and tropical zones, which does not need an effective thermal protection.The alveolar and lattice medulla of the hair is similar to that of other deer, is well developed, and increases the heat-protective properties of the hair, since seasonal and daily fluctuations in temperature and humidity can be significant. The cuticle pattern is similar to that of deer tribes Alceini and Capreolini. The hair serves as reliable protection for the water deer from mechanical damage when moving through thickets of bushes and grasses along the banks of rivers and swamps in the biotopes that this deer inhabits, which is facilitated by the significant thickness and length of the hairs on the back, sides and thighs. The knotty nature of the hairs protects the deer’s skin from the sharp growths of aquatic and marsh plants.

Geo-spatial analyses of meandering rivers, assessing past and future impacts on bank landforms and LULC changes

ABSTRACT Morphological investigation of rivers is difficult but is one of the vital topics for the management of highly meandering river systems. The study employs GIS to analyse 32 years of Barak River data, addressing challenges in quantifying the morphology of meandering rivers. Earth observatory data from 1990 to 2022 track channel bank shifts and Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) alterations. Although the digital shoreline analysis system (DSAS) model identified long-term bank line migration analysis of shorelines, it's use is very new for rivers, especially in terms of the meandering of rivers. Conversely, research on long-term meandering river morphology in the Barak River channel has not been conducted despite evident land-use changes. Using DSAS for bank positions and CA–Markov models for LULC , future projections until 2043 reveal ongoing Barak River bank shifts and significant LULC pattern alterations. The findings of the research were validated through RMSE, Student's t-test, chi-square, and the kappa coefficient. Forecasts indicate that rapid urbanization impacts river morphology. The methodology is crucial for managing highly meandering rivers, particularly in contexts involving vulnerable river systems.

Water Transformation Relationship in Inner Mongolia Section of the Yellow River Basin Based on Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes

By collecting the atmospheric precipitation, surface water, and groundwater in the Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River Basin in July 2021 （wet season）, October （normal season）, and April 2022 （dry season）, stable isotope technology was used to analyze the temporal and spatial changes in hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in the "three rivers" of the basin, and the MixSIAR mixing model was used to reveal the water body transformation relationship. The results showed that the mean difference in the groundwater isotope was small in the abundance period, flat period, and dry period in the Mongolia section of the Yellow River Basin. The groundwater regeneration was slow, the retention time was long, the seasonal variation was not obvious, and the δD value of surface water was higher in the abundance period than in the normal period and dry period. According to the δ18O and δD diagrams, the slope and intercept of surface water lines in the three periods were smaller than those of local precipitation lines, and surface water was affected by evaporative fractionation after receiving precipitation recharge. The δD values of surface water on the north bank of the Yellow River showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing from upstream to downstream, while the δD values of surface water on the south bank of the Yellow River showed a trend of gradually decreasing from upstream to downstream. The recharge contribution of groundwater in surface water in the high-water period accounted for 2.9%, precipitation accounted for 97.1%, surface water accounted for 5.0%, atmospheric precipitation accounted for 95.0%, surface water accounted for 56.6%, and precipitation accounted for 43.4%, and the recharge contributions of precipitation and surface water to groundwater in the high water period were 47.6% and 52.4%, respectively. Those in the normal period were 30.7% and 69.3%, and those in the dry period were 37.8% and 62.2%, respectively. Atmospheric precipitation was the main replenishment source of surface water, showing that the replenishment ratio in the wet season was larger than that in the normal season and dry season, which was closely related to the total precipitation and its distribution in each period. Surface water was the main replenishment source of groundwater, showing that dry season > normal season > wet season.

The Need to Maintain the Quality of Naturally Pure Water of Sarayu River

Rivers are a link between human life and nature. All the ancient developed cities are situated on the banks of some river or the other ancient civilizations of India have developed on the banks of rivers. The river is helpful in both, flood and drought conditions, works to balance nature by absorbing the flood water inside itself and giving water to animals and humans during drought. In the present scenario, due to the increasing population of cities and the pollution arising from it, the water of rivers is getting polluted rapidly. Many rivers of the country are slowly disappearing and some rivers have water only during monsoon. Our country is slowly moving towards water crisis. To get out of this crisis, we all need a corrective change in behaviour along with scientific remedial system. The per capita availability of water has decreased significantly in the last 75 years. According to one figure, in 1951 the per capita was 5177 cubic meters but in the year 2011 only 1545 cubic meters of water is available per person. According to a study by the National Institute of Hydrology, India will have only 814 cubic meters of usable water per capita in 2025. When we studied the water of Sarayu river, it was found that all the parameters and heavy metals present in the water raised after monsoon are within the processed limit. When the properties of the water of Sarayu river were studied, surprising results came out. All the elements present in the water like calcium, magnesium, chloride, fluoride, alkalinity, nitrate ion, sulphate ion, arsenic and manganese etc. were within the required limits. Desirable limits of calcium, magnesium, chloride, alkalinity, nitrate ion, sulphate ion are 75 mg/l, 30 mg/l, 25 mg/l, 200 mg/l, 200 mg/l, respectively. The maximum values in pre-monsoon were found to be 38.47 mg/l, 26.24 mg/l, 15.9 mg/l, 192 mg/l, 0.20 mg/l and 20.10 mg/l respectively and in post-monsoon its maximum value was found to be 28.86 mg/l, 12.49 mg/l, 17.99 mg/l, 128 mg/l, 1.5 mg/l and 41.30 mg/l, respectively. The desirable limit of arsenic is 0.01, found to be 0.01 at some places in pre-monsoon but found to be nil in post-monsoon.

IDENTIFIKASI DAN KARAKTERISTIK MORFOLOGI POLEN PAKAN KUPU-KUPU (IMAGO) DI JALUR WISATA GOA SAMPE MARTA KABUPATEN KUTAI KARTANEGARA KALIMANTAN TIMUR

ampe Marta Cave Tourism is located in Kutai National Park, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan, and is one of the natural tourism areas with high biodiversity. The tourist route in this area offers natural beauty and a habitat that supports the lives of various butterfly species. This study aims to identify plants that are food sources (nectar) and non-nectar, types of butterflies, and the characteristics of pollen from each food plant. This study uses the transect method, namely taking samples of flowers and butterflies along the route, and the acetolysis method to see the morphological characteristics of pollen. The results of the study showed that there were 19 species from 11 families of nectar-eating plants identified as being utilized by butterflies (imago) as a source of nectar, where Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae), Asystasia gangetica (Family Acanthaceae), Leea indica (Family Vitaceae) were the dominant species that were often visited. In contrast, non-nectar feed such as minerals, rotten fruit, and animal feces, where out of 14 butterfly species identified, 11 dominant species sucked minerals on the banks of rivers or mud puddles, two species visited rotten fruit, and one species was seen in animal feces. Nectar feed has the characteristics of large and round-elongated pollen, which is more efficient for sticking to the insect's body. In contrast, the round-elongated oblate shape in Oxalis barrelieri shows strategic differences in the transfer of varying pollen norms, such as echinate and scabrate. The results of this study can be a reference for butterfly researchers to provide an overview of the diversity of nectar-producing plant feed along with its morphological characteristics and non-nectar feed utilized by butterflies on the Sampe Marta Cave tourist route

Mapping Soil Surface Moisture of an Agrophytocenosis via a Neural Network Based on Synchronized Radar and Multispectral Optoelectronic Data of SENTINEL-1,2—Case Study on Test Sites in the Lower Volga Region

In this article, the authors developed a novel method for the moisture mapping of the soil surface of agrophytocenosis using a neural network based on synchronized radar and multispectral optoelectronic data from Sentinel-1,2. The significance of this research lies in its potential to enhance precision farming practices, which are increasingly vital in addressing global agricultural challenges such as water scarcity and the need for sustainable resource management. To verify the developed method, data from two experimental plots were utilized. These plots were located on irrigated soybean crops, with the first plot situated on the right bank (plot No. 1) and the second on the left bank (plot No. 2) of the lower Volga River. Two experimental soil moisture geodatasets were created through measurements and geo-referencing points using the gravimetric method (for plot No. 1) and the proximal sensing method (for plot No. 2) employing the Soil Moisture Sensor ML3-KIT (THETAKIT, Delta). The soil moisture retrieval algorithm was based on the use of a neural network to predict the reflection coefficient of an electro-magnetic wave from the soil surface, followed by inversion into soil moisture using a dielectric model that takes into account the soil texture. The input parameter of the neural network was the ratio of the microwave radar vegetation index (calculated based on Sentinel-1 data) to the index (calculated based on the data of multispectral optoelectronic channels 8 and 11 of Sentinel-2). The retrieved soil moisture values were compared with in situ measurements, showing a determination coefficient of 0.44–0.65 and a standard deviation of 2.4–4.2% for plot No. 1 and similar metrics for plot No. 2. The conducted research laid the groundwork for developing a new technology for remote sensing of soil moisture content in agrophytocenosis, serving as a crucial component of precision farming systems and agroecology. The integration of this technology promotes sustainable agricultural practices by minimizing water consumption while maximizing crop productivity. This aligns with broader environmental goals of conserving natural resources and reducing agricultural runoff. On a larger scale, data derived from such studies can inform policy decisions related to water resource management, guiding regulations that promote efficient water use in agriculture.

Long-term effects of Abay River flow regulation at Lake Tana on the geomorphic and ecological responses of the downstream river channels, Upper Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia

Alluvial rivers adjust their geometry in response to environmental and anthropogenic disturbances. Flow regulation results in a new geomorphic condition that affects the aquatic ecosystem and its nature. This paper examines the long-term effects of flow regulation on the geomorphic and ecological responses of the downstream river channels of the Abay River, which is the only natural outflow of Lake Tana, Ethiopia. Since 1996, the river’s discharge regime has been affected by constructing a head-rise weir (Chara Chara) at its natural outlet for hydropower production and dam construction on the Lake Tana tributary rivers. Hydrologic data collected at the outlet of the river, SPOT, and Google Earth images were used for the study. River banks and bed topography were extracted via ArcGIS for selected study periods. The study revealed that existing water resource development on the tributary rivers of Lake Tana modified (decreased) the outflow discharge on the Abay River, and resulted a changed morphological and moderate level ecological impact on the river system. Future ongoing and planned water resource developments will exacerbate the pressure on the lake. Without careful management, these changes are likely to have severe morphological, ecological and social consequences.

Laboratory Study on Synthesis of Geopolymer Fly ash sand

Abstract Sand is a naturally occurring resource that’s often employed in the field of civil engineering. Natural river sand is become harder to come by as a result of increased building activity. This is leading to several environmental issues, including erosion, landslides, tsunamis, river bank scoring, etc. Therefore, the creation of an alternate granular material is required to meet the required demand for natural river sand Geopolymers are utilized as an alternative binder material since they are three-dimensional alumina silicate frameworks with extremely high mechanical strength. Although the direct application of fly is widely recognized in practice, fly ash granule production and its applications are not. This artificial sand is being created utilizing fly ash, industrial waste, and a laboratory-scale disc granulator that uses geopolymerization. byproduct with different NaOH molarities and Na2SiO3 alkaline binders. This study’s primary goal is to create fly ash sand (GPS) and evaluate it using an index and engineering properties of river sand that is naturally occurring. These properties include water absorption, specific surface area, optimal and maximum dry density, grain size distribution, angle of shearing resistance, permeability, and more, in addition to geoenvironmental characteristics like pH, EC, and TDS. The findings indicated that GPS can be utilized as a building material in place of NRS since it interprets the same qualities as that of natural river sand.

Evaluation of Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions in a Single Cylinder Four-Stroke Diesel Engine Using Biodiesel Derived from Chicken Waste with Additives

Biodiesel is a renewable, locally generated fuel made from vegetable oils, trans fats, or recycled restaurant grease for use in diesel automobiles and other diesel-powered equipment. The physical qualities of biodiesel are comparable to those of petroleum diesel. Biodiesel is used in compression-ignition engines in the same way as petroleum diesel. Biofuel can be made from biomass, but according to the Indian National Policy on Biofuels, biofuel extraction from edible oils is not permitted because it would result in a massive increase in consumer goods prices and perhaps lead to product scarcity. Hence, there is a need to search for alternative biofuel so that it does not affect our nation's national policy. Recently there has been a drastic increase in the consumption of chicken grown in farms. There is a huge problem in disposing of their waste. One major difficulty in waste treatment is poultry manure, often known as slaughter waste. This waste is sometimes dumped on wastelands, roadsides, and the banks of rivers, lakes, and ponds. This creates more sanitary problems for society. According to polls, poultry feces begin to decompose in around three hours. The odor of butcher's waste causes a lot of pollution in the air, as well as an increase in the density of bacteria in the atmosphere. Measures have been taken by the government for the safe disposal of these wastes. One of the major ways of disposal is to recycle this chicken slaughter waste in a useful manner so that it can serve society in a positive way. This could be done by converting this waste into fuel through various processes such as rendering, hydrolysis, extraction, acid esterification, alkaline transesterification, and finally by the extraction process. This produced fuel could be blended with existing diesel in varying concentrations and used in diesel engine-powered vehicles. In this work, the fuel is extracted from the chicken waste and blended with pure diesel and an Al2O3 additive in various proportions. These combinations are then tested on a single-cylinder diesel engine for fuel consumption and emission analysis. The results exhibited an overall better performance when compared to pure diesel.

Enhancing streamflow prediction in the Wujiang River basin: a two-stage decomposition approach with deep learning integration

ABSTRACT Global climate change and human activities have profoundly impacted the geological and hydrological processes in watersheds, increasing the challenges in streamflow prediction. In this study, we propose a streamflow prediction model based on deep learning and dual-mode decomposition specifically tailored for the Wujiang River basin, a significant tributary on the southern bank of the upper Yangtze River. This model effectively addresses the prediction error issue caused by high-frequency components through dual-mode decomposition of time-series data. The results demonstrate that employing the coupled complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN)–variational mode decomposition (VMD)–temporal convolutional network (TCN)–long short-term memory network (LSTM) model reduces prediction errors by at least 35% compared to single decomposition models. Furthermore, compared to individual TCN or LSTM models, the TCN–LSTM coupled model exhibits greater stability and higher prediction accuracy during training, with reductions in mean absolute error and root mean square error by 43.13 and 24.57%, respectively. This model holds promising prospects for application and can provide crucial insights for water resource management.