Risk Of Post-thrombotic Syndrome Research Articles

Postthrombotic Syndrome and Chronic Pulmonary Embolism after Obstetric Venous Thromboembolism.

While the majority of venous thromboembolism (VTE) during pregnancy events resolve with anticoagulation, long-term complications may occur including (1) postthrombotic syndrome and (2) chronic pulmonary embolism. The objective of this study was to determine risk of these two complications. A retrospective cohort study using the MarketScan databases was performed on deliveries from 2008 to 2014. We identified women aged 15 to 54 years diagnosed with acute VTE during pregnancy, the delivery hospitalization, or ≤60 days postpartum who received at least one prescription postpartum for anticoagulants. Risks of (1) chronic PE and (2) postthrombotic syndrome were evaluated for women at 6, 12, 24, and 60 months after delivery hospitalization through 2017 via the International Classification of Diseases, 9th/10th Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Of 4,267 of 4,128,900 pregnancies complicated by VTE, the majority had DVT alone (61.8%, n = 2,637), while 25.8% had PE alone (n = 1,103) and 12.4% (n = 527) had both DVT and PE. Of the entire cohort, 3,328 retained insurance coverage at 6 months, 2,823 at 12 months, 2,161 at 24 months, and 831 at 60 months. Restricted to DVT, risk of postthrombotic syndrome was 0.7% at 6 months (n = 17), 1.1% at 12 months (n = 22), 1.7% at 24 months (n = 26), and 2.7% at 60 months (n = 16). Among women with PE diagnoses, the risk of chronic PE was 2.4% at 6 months (n = 30), 3.3% at 12 months (n = 36), 4.2% at 24 months (n = 36), and 7.2% at 60 months (n = 24). In comparison to the general population, the risk of postthrombotic syndrome was lower. In comparison, the risk of chronic PE was similar to the estimates in the general population at comparable time points after PE events. For women with obstetric PE, it may be appropriate to be vigilant for findings and symptoms associated with chronic PE. · Risk of postthrombotic syndrome after obstetric deep vein thrombosis is low.. · Risk of chronic pulmonary embolism may approximate that in the general population.. · Overall risk of chronic complications after obstetric VTE was relatively low..

Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Imaging Predicts Vein Wall Scarring and Statin Benefit in Murine Venous Thrombosis.

The postthrombotic syndrome is a common, often morbid sequela of venous thrombosis (VT) that arises from thrombus persistence and inflammatory scarring of juxtaposed vein walls and valves. Noninvasive 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging can measure neutrophil inflammation in VT. Here, we hypothesized (1) early fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) VT inflammation can predict subsequent vein wall scarring (VWS) and (2) statin therapy can reduce FDG-PET VT inflammation and subsequent VWS. C57BL/6J mice (n=75) underwent induction of stasis-induced VT of the inferior vena cava or jugular vein. Inferior vena cava VT mice (n=44) were randomized to daily oral rosuvastatin 5 mg/kg or saline starting at day -1. Subgroups of mice then underwent FDG-PET/CT 2 days after VT induction. On day 14, a subset of mice was euthanized, and VWS was assessed via histology. In vitro studies were further performed on bone marrow-derived neutrophils. Statin therapy reduced early day 2 FDG-PET VT inflammation, thrombus neutrophil influx, and plasma IL (interleukin)-6 levels. At day 14, statin therapy reduced VWS but did not affect day 2 thrombus mass, cholesterol, or white blood counts, nor reduce day 2 glucose transporter 1 or myeloperoxidase expression in thrombus or in isolated neutrophils. In survival studies, the day 2 FDG-PET VT inflammation signal as measured by mean and maximum standardized uptake values predicted the extent of day 14 VWS (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve =0.82) with a strong correlation coefficient (r) of r=0.73 and r=0.74, respectively. Mediation analyses revealed that 40% of the statin-induced VWS reduction was mediated by reductions in VT inflammation as quantified by FDG-PET. Early noninvasive FDG-PET/CT imaging of VT inflammation predicts the magnitude of subsequent VWS and may provide a new translatable approach to identify individuals at risk for postthrombotic syndrome and to assess anti-inflammatory postthrombotic syndrome therapies, such as statins.

Синдром Педжета–Шреттера у пациентки, занимающейся водными видами спорта

This article describes a case of Paget-Schroetter syndrome in a female water polo player. The condition was associated with strenuous exercise. The initial treatment strategy was limited to a 14-day heparin regimen followed by a course of diosmin and sulodexide. The article discusses the high risk of post-thrombotic syndrome in this cohort of patients and the rationale for a surgical intervention.

Risk for post-thrombotic syndrome after lower-limb deep vein thrombosis: location of the thrombus or residual thrombi?

Many works aimed to determine factors that influence the onset of postthrombotic syndrome after an acute episode of deep venous thrombosis. We aimed to compare the prognostic value of the most proximal extent of thrombus (proximal and distal DVT) versus the residual thrombosis as identified by venous ultrasonography performed during follow-up. We conducted a retrospective study of prospectively collected 1183 consecutive cohort patients in the RIETE registry after a first episode of deep venous thrombosis and assessed for postthrombotic syndrome after 12 months. Multivariate analysis revealed that: residual thrombosis (OR 1.40; 95% CI 0,88-2,21), the presence of cancer (OR 1.38; 95% CI: 0,64-2,97), immobility (OR 1.31; 95% CI 0,70-2,43) and estrogen-containing drugs use (OR 2.08, 95% CI 0,63-6,83), all had a predictive value for the occurrence of PTS. Our study results revealed that ultrasound finding of residual thrombosis is more predictive than proximal location of thrombus for postthrombotic syndrome after episode of deep venous thrombosis. Real life data from a large group of patients from the RIETE registry substantiates that.

Long-term Risk of Postthrombotic Syndrome After Symptomatic Distal Deep Vein Thrombosis: The CACTUS-PTS Study

This 6-year follow-up study demonstrated that the risk of post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) was lower in patients with isolated calf vein deep venous thrombosis (DVT), and anticoagulation did not provide any clear prevention benefit.

Factors associated with the development of post-thrombotic syndrome in patients with iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis who underwent catheter-directed thrombolysis.

To identify predictors of post-thrombotic syndrome in patients with iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis who underwent catheter-directed thrombolysis. Fifty-two consecutive patients who underwent catheter-directed thrombolysis were included in this retrospective study. In addition to catheter-directed thrombolysis, aspiration thrombectomy or stent placement was performed if needed. At six months, duplex ultrasound was performed to assess iliofemoral patency and deep venous reflux. Post-thrombotic syndrome was assessed using the clinical, etiologic, anatomic, and pathophysiologic classification (post-thrombotic syndrome present ≥3 on a scale from 0 to 6). Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify predictors of post-thrombotic syndrome. Median follow-up was 52 months and post-thrombotic syndrome developed in nine patients (17.3%). In univariate analysis, stent placement (odds ratio 0.16, p = 0.022) was negatively associated with post-thrombotic syndrome, whereas iliofemoral venous obstruction with reflux at six months (OR 6.08, p = 0.037) was positively associated with post-thrombotic syndrome. Multivariate analysis indicated that stent placement was associated with reduced risk of post-thrombotic syndrome (OR 0.17, p = 0.043), and iliofemoral obstruction with reflux was associated with increased risk (OR 6.67, p = 0.046). Stent placement and iliofemoral venous obstruction with reflux, respectively, were important protective and risk factors for post-thrombotic syndrome in patients who underwent catheter-directed thrombolysis.

Long‐term risk of postthrombotic syndrome after symptomatic distal deep vein thrombosis: The CACTUS‐PTS study

BackgroundAfter a proximal lower limb deep vein thrombosis (DVT; involving popliteal veins or above), up to 40% of patients develop postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) as assessed by the Villalta scale (VS). Poor initial anticoagulant treatment is a known risk factor for PTS. The risk of developing PTS after isolated distal DVT (infra‐popliteal DVT without pulmonary embolism), and the impact of anticoagulant treatment on this risk, are uncertain. MethodsLong‐term follow‐up of CACTUS double‐blind trial comparing 6 weeks of s.c. nadroparin (171 IU/kg/d) versus s.c. placebo for a first symptomatic isolated distal DVT. At least 1 year after randomization, patients had a PTS assessment in clinic or by phone using the VS. ResultsAfter a median follow‐up of 6 years, PTS was present in 30% (n = 54) of the 178 patients who had a PTS assessment. PTS was moderate or severe in 24% (n = 13) of cases. There was no statistically significant difference in prevalence of PTS in the nadroparin versus placebo groups (29% versus 32%, P = .6), except in patients without evidence of primary chronic venous insufficiency (9% versus 24%, P = .04). Rates of venous thromboembolism recurrence during follow‐up in the nadroparin and placebo groups were, respectively, 8% (n = 7) and 14% (n = 13; P = .2). ConclusionAfter a first isolated distal DVT, the risk of PTS is substantial but much lower than that reported after proximal DVT. Anticoagulation with nadroparin doesn't provide any clear benefit to prevent PTS, except in patients without preexisting chronic venous insufficiency. Anticoagulation might be associated with a lower risk of venous thromboembolism recurrence.

112: Obstetric thromboembolism and risk for post-thrombotic syndrome in months and years after delivery

112: Obstetric thromboembolism and risk for post-thrombotic syndrome in months and years after delivery

The direct oral anticoagulants may also be effective against the risk of post-thrombotic syndrome.

The direct oral anticoagulants may also be effective against the risk of post-thrombotic syndrome.

Midterm Results of DVT Treatment: Comparison of Medical and Interventional Modalities

Introduction: The interventional and medical treatment modalities used in the treatment of iliofemoral venous thrombosis were analyzed in terms of outcome, efficiency and the risk of postthrombotic syndrome were analyzed. Methods: Patients who were treated for iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis (DVT) by means of medial and interventional methods were retrospectively analyzed from hospital records and phone interviews. The interventional group (Group I) consisted of 35 patients and the medically treated group (Group M) consisted of 182 patients. The average age of the patients in Group I and Group M were 49.8±16.7 (20-89) and 51.4±18.4 (15-96), respectively (p=0.628). Patients having DVT as provoked/unprovoked, Lower Extremity Thrombosis (LET) scale, final Venous Clinical Severity Scores (VCSS) and Villalta scores in the final interviews were recorded. The LET classification was made based on the initial Doppler USG results. Results: No patients had any mortality in the acute period. Follow-up was complete in 107 patients. The average duration of follow-up was 2.6±2.5 years (1 month-19.7 years), adding up to a total of 278.5 patient/years. The follow-up duration was Group I had more number of proximal involvement according to LET classification (p=0.0001). The rate of recurrent DVT was 22.9% (8 cases) and 13.9% (23 cases) in Group I and Group M, respectively (p=0.198). The average recurrence-free survival durations in Group I and Group M were 1.6±1.8 and 2.2±3.3 years, respectively (p=0.130). The 1- and 2-years recurrence-free survival rates in Group I and Group M were 80.0%±8.1%, 73.3%±9.8% and 92.9%±2.2%,%85.9%±3.7%; respectively (p=0.479) (Graph-1). None of the Group I patients had pulmonary emboli (PE) during follow-up. In Group M, 5 patients had PE during follow-up (p=0.614). The 1, 2 years PE-free survival rate in Group M was 97.1%±2.0% and at 5 years 87.9%±6.6%. The difference between groups were nonsignificant (p=0.312). In the final controls, average Villalta scores in Group I and Group M were 3.0±2.6 (0-11) and 3.0±2.6 (0-11), respectively (p=0.013). The number of patients with Villalta scores >5 were 1 in Group I (3.4%) and 32 in Group M (41.0%) (p=0.0001). The average VCSS were statistically different in Group I and Group M (2.6±3.5 (0-16) and 4.4±3.6 (0-18), respectively) (p=0.027). Anticoagulant related bleeding complications occurred in 8 patients in Group I (27.6%) and in 32 patients in Group M (41.0%) (p=0.195). Conclusion: Although the results of ATTRACT Trial caused a significant debate, interventional treatment after DVT results in lower VCSS and Villalta scores at 2 years. The rate of posthrombotic syndrome is significantly low in patients who received interventional treatment. Interventional therapy options in iliofemoral DVT offers persistent advantage in mid-term follow-up. Disclosure: Nothing to disclose

The risk of post-thrombotic syndrome in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis treated with the direct oral anticoagulants.

The novel direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) have been shown to be at least as effective as and safer than conventional anticoagulants for the initial and long-term treatment of venous thromboembolic disorders. However, the rate of post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) in patients with deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) treated with the DOACs is unknown. With the adoption of the Villalta scale, we assessed the rate of PTS at the end of the follow-up period in a consecutive series of 309 outpatients with acute proximal DVT who had received at least 3 months of treatment with a DOAC and had been followed-up for up to 3 years. The rate of PTS development was compared with that recorded in a historical cohort of 1036 consecutive patients who had been treated with vitamin K antagonists (VKA) and had received a similar follow-up examination. Logistic regression analysis, including propensity scoring to adjust for differing probabilities of undergoing VKA/DOAC, was used to identify predictors of PTS. PTS developed in 87 patients (28.2%) treated with the DOACs (severe in 12), and in 443 patients (42.8%) treated with VKAs (severe in 61). After adjusting for estimated propensity score, age, gender, concomitant symptoms of pulmonary embolism, duration of anticoagulation and development of residual vein thrombosis, the risk of PTS in the DOAC-treated patients was reduced by 54% in comparison to patients treated with conventional anticoagulation (odds ratio 0.46; 95% CI 0.33 to 0.63). We conclude that in comparison to VKAs, the use of the direct oral anticoagulants has the potential to offer a more favorable prognosis in terms of PTS development.

Pre-Clinical Model to Study Recurrent Venous Thrombosis in the Inferior Vena Cava.

Patients undergoing deep vein thrombosis (VT) have over 30% recurrence, directly increasing their risk of post-thrombotic syndrome. Current murine models of inferior vena cava (IVC) VT model host one thrombosis event. We aimed to develop a murine model to study IVC recurrent VT in mice. An initial VT was induced using the electrolytic IVC model (EIM) with constant blood flow. This approach takes advantage of the restored vein lumen 21 days after a single VT event in the EIM demonstrated by ultrasound. We then induced a second VT 21 days later, using either EIM or an IVC ligation model for comparison. The control groups were a sham surgery and, 21 days later, either EIM or IVC ligation. IVC wall and thrombus were harvested 2 days after the second insult and analysed for IVC and thrombus size, gene expression of fibrotic markers, histology for collagen and Western blot for citrullinated histone 3 (Cit-H3) and fibrin. Ultrasound confirmed the first VT and its progressive resolution with an anatomical channel allowing room for the second thrombus by day 21. As compared with a primary VT, recurrent VT has heavier walls with significant up-regulation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), elastin, interleukin (IL)-6, matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), MMP2 and a thrombus with high citrullinated histone-3 and fibrin content. Experimental recurrent thrombi are structurally and compositionally different from the primary VT, with a greater pro-fibrotic remodelling vein wall profile. This work provides a VT recurrence IVC model that will help to improve the current understanding of the biological mechanisms and directed treatment of recurrent VT.

Rivaroxaban Versus Warfarin and Risk of Post-Thrombotic Syndrome Among Patients with Venous Thromboembolism

BackgroundThe effectiveness of rivaroxaban to reduce post-thrombotic syndrome in patients with venous thromboembolism is largely unknown. We compared rates of post-thrombotic syndrome in patients given rivaroxaban versus warfarin in a cohort of patients with incident venous thromboembolism receiving routine clinical care. MethodsWe linked Danish nationwide registries to identify all patients with incident venous thromboembolism who were new users of rivaroxaban or warfarin and compared rates of post-thrombotic syndrome using an inverse probability of treatment-weighting approach to account for baseline confounding. ResultsWe identified 19,957 oral anticoagulation–naive patients with incident venous thromboembolism treated with warfarin or rivaroxaban (mean age, 64 years; 48% were female, 45.5% had pulmonary embolism). The propensity-weighted rate of post-thrombotic syndrome at 3 years follow-up was 0.53 incidents per 100 person-years with rivaroxaban versus 0.55 per 100 person-years with warfarin, yielding a hazard rate of 0.88 (95% confidence interval, 0.66-1.17). This association remained consistent across types of venous thromboembolism (deep venous thrombosis vs pulmonary embolism, and provoked vs unprovoked venous thromboembolism) and when censoring patients with recurrent venous thromboembolism. ConclusionsIn this clinical practice setting, rivaroxaban was associated with lower but statistically nonsignificant rates of post-thrombotic syndrome, which did not appear to be mediated only by an effect on recurrent venous thromboembolism.

Catheter-Directed Therapy Options for Iliofemoral Venous Thrombosis.

Proximal deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is linked to a 50% risk of pulmonary embolism and a 50% risk of postthrombotic syndrome. This article reviews catheter-directed thrombolysis options for iliofemoral DVT and discusses the risks, benefits, and techniques commonly used in performing endovascular procedures for iliofemoral DVT.

Comparison of Direct Iliofemoral Stenting Following AngioJet Rheolytic Thrombectomy vs Staged Stenting After AngioJet Rheolytic Thrombectomy Plus Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis in Patients With Acute Deep Vein Thrombosis

Purpose: To compare the treatment outcomes in patients with acute proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and iliofemoral stenosis who underwent either direct stenting after AngioJet rheolytic thrombectomy or staged stenting after AngioJet thrombectomy plus catheter-directed thrombolysis with urokinase. Methods: From June 2014 to February 2016, 91 DVT patients underwent 2 treatments for duplex-verified iliofemoral stenosis: direct stenting (n = 46; mean age 54.8 years; 32 men) or staged stenting (n = 45; mean age 56.5 years; 27 men). The degree of patency after thrombectomy or thrombolysis was evaluated using the Venous Registry Index (VRI), while the risk of postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) was evaluated according to the Villalta scale. Patients were followed with periodic duplex ultrasound scans up to 1 year. Results: The technical success rates were 100% in both groups; there was no 30-day mortality. Immediate (24-hour) clinical improvement was achieved in 42 (91%) of 46 direct group patients vs 33 (73%) of 45 staged group patients (p<0.001). A significant reduction (p<0.001) in the length of hospital stay was noted in the direct group (4.59±0.91) compared with that in the staged group (5.8±1.6). The stents used in the direct group were longer but with similar diameter compared with the staged group. The thrombolysis rates were 81.50%±5.76% in the direct group and 85.67%±3.84% in the staged group (p<0.001). The VRIs declined (improved) significantly in both groups (11.68±1.92 to 3.21±1.44 in the direct group and 12.17±2.29 to 2.36±1.19 in the staged group, both p<0.001). The Villalta scores were significantly better in the staged group (p<0.001). Recurrent DVT occurred in 2 patients in the direct group. The primary patency rates at 1 year were 93.5% in the direct group and 97.8% in the staged group (p=0.323). Conclusion: Both direct and staged stenting are effective treatment modalities for patients with acute proximal DVT. Compared with staged stenting, direct stenting provides similar treatment success and a significant reduction in the length of hospital stay; however, it has lower thrombolysis efficacy, and the risk of PTS at 1 year is greater with direct stenting.

Reduced Plasma Fibrin Clot Permeability and Susceptibility to Lysis Are Associated With Increased Risk of Post-Thrombotic Syndrome

Reduced Plasma Fibrin Clot Permeability and Susceptibility to Lysis Are Associated With Increased Risk of Post-Thrombotic Syndrome

Long-term outcome after pregnancy-related venous thrombosis

There is limited knowledge of the long-term outcomes after pregnancy-related venous thrombosis (VT). Cohort studies monitoring long-term complications have never been conducted in this population, and the present evidence is based on data from a few observational studies. The risk of post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) as a long-term complication after deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in pregnancy is considerable. It is most pronounced in women with a proximal DVT occurring postpartum. Quality of life (QOL) is reduced, but limited to women who develop PTS. Mortality is higher than in the general population during the first year after acute thrombosis, but not thereafter, and the long-term risk of cancer does not seem to be increased. The long-term risk of recurrent VT, subsequent arterial thrombosis, or chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is unknown and more research is highly warranted.

Thromboprophylaxis use in medical inpatients and the impact of electronic risk assessment tool

▪Introduction:VTE is the third most common cause of hospital related deaths and the most common preventable cause of hospital death. Population based studies have continually emphasized the rising prevalence of VTE. As per data from CDC, VTE complicated about 550,000 hospitalizations each year in adults >18yrs. The prevalence was much higher in adults >60yrs and female sex. Pulmonary embolism accounts for about 5-10% of hospital deaths and the case fatality rates of DVT ranges between 1-10% mainly due to fatal PE and is highest in those with malignancies. VTE is associated with long term risks of post thrombotic syndrome and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension which contributes significantly to patient morbidity and cost of management.The ENDORSE trial assessed the proportion of at-risk medical patients who received thromboprophylaxis and determined that 39.5% (6119 out of 15487 patients) received ACCP-recommended VTE prophylaxis. The most effective strategies to improve prophylaxis consist of a system for reminding clinicians to assess patients for VTE risk, either electronic decision-support systems or paper-based reminders. In a recent study electronic VTE risk assessment tool (elVis) on VTE prophylaxis in hospitalised patients improved the prophylaxis rates by 5.0% amongst all patients and by 10.7% amongst high risk patients.Materials and Methods:This was a retrospective study to assess the effectiveness of a VTE (Venous Thrombo Embolism) risk assessment tool as part of the in hospital quality control initiative. A total of 400 charts were reviewed; 200 prior to implementation of the risk assessment tool, and 200 after. Patients with incomplete or missing data were excluded. A total of 388 patients were included in the study (Fig 1). These patients were randomly picked in the pre and post implementation phases of the study (April 2011 and October 2011 respectively). The hospital committee designed the risk assessment tool based on the ACCP guidelines with few modifications individualized to our patient population.The tool was an automatic and mandatory pop op that would guide the admitting resident in making a decision about VTE prophylaxis. After the tool was implemented (July 2011), all house staff were educated on its use by a dedicated lecture during a noon conference session.Results:Demographics and results of the study are shown via the following table: Table 1Pre-VTE toolPost-VTE toolNumber of patients189199Male47.9%49.7%Moderate –High Risk57.1%61.3%Individual Risk FactorsPrior VTE13.7%15.7%Chronic Pulm Disease17.9%19.1%Chronic Heart Failure14.4%16.9%Long term immobility11.7%17.4%Obesity37.2%34.3%Thrombophilia1.2%1.1%Malignancy4.6%4.7%Contraindications to anticoagulation19.04%19.06%Treatment Correctness56.3%80.3%Conclusions:This study gives us insight that VTE risk assessment tool accompanied with staff education improves VTE prophylaxis in at risk medicine inpatients. Study also confirms that incorporation of VTE prophylaxis guidelines in routine clinical practice can be assisted by electronic assessment and decision support tools. DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis for Proximal DVT: Still Too Risky

Patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) are at high risk for postthrombotic syndrome (PTS), even if they receive systemic anticoagulation

PM.80 Retrievable Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Philtres in Pregnancy – A Case Series and Review of the Literature

We report 3 cases of retrievable IVC philtres in pregnancy and performed a systematic review of the literature to determine the indications, success and complications rates for these devices in...