Risk Of Pneumonia In Patients Research Articles

Aetiological agents of pneumonia among HIV and non-HIV infected children in Ghana: A case-control study.

Pneumonia is the leading cause of death in children, however, the microbial aetiology of pneumonia is not well elucidated in low- and middle-income countries. Our study was aimed at determining the microbial aetiologies of childhood pneumonia and associated risk factors in HIV and non-HIV infected children. We conducted a case-control study that enrolled children with pneumonia as cases and non-pneumonia as controls from July 2017 to May 2020. Induced sputum and blood samples were investigated for microbial organisms using standard microbiological techniques. DNA/RNA was extracted from sputum samples and tested for viral and bacterial agents. Four hundred and four (404) subjects consisting of 231 (57.2%) cases and 173 (42.8%) controls were enrolled. We identified a significant (p = 0.011) proportion of viruses in cases (125; 54.1%, 95%CI: 47.4-60.7) than controls (71; 33.6%, 95%CI: 33.6-48.8) and these were mostly contributed to by Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Staphylococcus aureus (16; 4.0%), Klebsiella spp. (15, 3.7%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (8, 2.0%) were the main bacterial agents identified in sputum or induced sputum samples. HIV infected children with viral-bacterial co-detection were found to have very severe pneumonia compared to those with only viral or bacterial infection. Indoor cooking (OR = 2.36; 95%CI:1.41-3.96) was found to be associated with pneumonia risk in patients. This study demonstrates the importance of various microbial pathogens, particularly RSV, in contributing to pneumonia in HIV and non-HIV paediatric populations. There is a need to accelerate clinical trials of RSV vaccines in African populations to support improvement of patient care.

Association between Increased Risk of Pneumonia with ICS in COPD: A Continuous Variable Analysis of Patient Factors from the IMPACT Study.

Despite the proven benefits of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)-containing triple therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), clinicians limit patient exposure to ICS due to the risk of pneumonia. However, there are multiple factors associated with the risk of pneumonia in patients with COPD. This posthoc analysis of IMPACT trial data aims to set the risks associated with ICS into a context of specific patient-related factors that contribute to the risk of pneumonia. The 52-week, double-blind IMPACT trial randomized patients with symptomatic COPD and ≥1 exacerbation in the prior year 2:2:1 to once-daily fluticasone furoate (FF)/umeclidinium (UMEC)/vilanterol (VI), FF/VI or UMEC/VI. Annual rate of on-treatment pneumonias in the intent-to-treat population associated with age, body mass index (BMI), percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1) and blood eosinophil count (BEC) was evaluated. This analysis revealed that the annual rate of pneumonia showed the lowest risk at the age of 50years. The 95% confidence intervals (CI) between ICS-containing and non-ICS containing treatments diverged in ages > 63years, suggesting a significantly increased ICS-related risk in older patients. In contrast, the annual rate of pneumonia rose in both groups below BMI of 22.5kg/m2, but above that, there was no relationship to pneumonia rate and no differential effect between the two groups. The relationship between BEC and pneumonia was flat up to > 300/µL cells with ICS-containing treatment and then rose. In contrast, the rate of pneumonia with non-ICS containing treatment appeared to increase at a lower level of BEC (~ 200/µL). There was little evidence of a differential effect of older age, lower BMI, lower FEV1 and BEC on the pneumonia rate between ICS-containing and non-ICS containing treatments. This analysis points to the need for a balanced approach to risk versus benefit in the use of ICS-containing treatments in COPD. IMPACT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02164513.

Assessment of sarcopenic obesity as a predictor of pneumonia in patients with stable schizophrenia—A prospective study

The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) and the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) recently released the first international consensus on the diagnostic criteria for Sarcopenic obesity (SO). The present study aimed to explore the ability of SO to predict the risk of pneumonia in patients with stable schizophrenia. This was a prospective study involving hospitalized patients with schizophrenia aged ≥50 years from two mental health centers in western China. Baseline patient data were collected from September 1 to September 30, 2020. Follow-up data on pneumonia were collected from October 2020 to October 2022. The diagnosis of SO was based on the ESPEN/EASO criteria. Patients were assessed for handgrip strength (HGS), skeletal muscle mass/weight (SMM/W), and fat mass percentage (FM%). Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the effect of SO on the risk of pneumonia in patients with stable schizophrenia. A total of 320 patients with stable schizophrenia were included. Of these, 74 (23.13%) were diagnosed with SO, while 117 (36.56%) developed pneumonia. Compared with patients in the non-low HGS, non-low HGS+non-low SMM/W (or non-low HGS+low SMM/W or low HGS+non-low SMM/W) and non-SO groups, the proportions of patients with pneumonia in the low HGS (42.3% vs. 25.9%, p=0.004), low HGS+low SMM/W (45.3% vs. 33.3%, p=0.048), and SO (47.3% vs. 33.3%, p=0.029) groups, respectively, were higher. However, there was no difference in the proportion of patients with pneumonia in the low SMM/W group and the obese group compared with the non-low SMM/W and non-obese groups. Further logistic regression analysis after adjustment for potential influencing factors showed that compared with the non-low HGS group, patients in the low HGS group had a higher risk of pneumonia (OR=1.892, 95%CI: 1.096-3.264). SO defined according to the ESPEN/EASO criteria was not found to be significantly associated with the development of pneumonia in patients with stable schizophrenia. Further verification of these results is needed with larger sample sizes and the establishment of a cutoff value for this population.

The role of transcranial direct current stimulation in diminishing the risk of pneumonia in patients with dysphagia: A double-blinded randomized clinical trial.

Background: Dysphagia can be a life-threatening issue for post-stroke patients, with aspiration pneumonia (AP) being a common risk. However, there is hope through the potential combination of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and classical behavior therapy. Our study aims to investigate the effectiveness of this combination in diminishing the risk of AP in patients with dysphagia who suffered from stroke. Methods: In this randomized, parallel-group, blinded clinical trial, 48 patients were allocated into the sham group (speech therapy + 30 seconds of tDCS) and the real group (speech therapy + 20 minutes of tDCS). We used the Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability (MASA) as an assessment tool. We assessed patients at baseline, one day after treatment, and at a one-month follow-up. Results: Groups showed no significant difference at baseline. After treatment, the real group showed a significant difference in the severity risk of AP (P = 0.02); the same was for the follow-up (P = 0.04). The number of patients showing severe risk of AP was higher in the sham group after treatment (n = 13, 54.20%) and at follow-up (n = 4, 18.20%) than the real group (n = 4, 16.70%; n = 1, 4.50%, respectively). None of the patients reported the history of AP at any stage of assessment. Conclusion: Although the results were more promising in the real group than the sham group in reducing the risk of AP, both techniques can prevent AP. Therefore, we recommend early dysphagia management to prevent AP regardless of the treatment protocol.

Sodium Valproate Use in Japanese Patients with Schizophrenia and Coronavirus Disease Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Pneumonia.

Schizophrenia is a known risk factor for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection and severity, and certain psychotropic drugs have been linked to increased mortality in infected patients with schizophrenia. However, little evidence exists regarding this risk. We retrospectively examined the association between mood stabilizers and the risk of pneumonia in patients with schizophrenia. This study included 99 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who were infected with COVID-19 in 2022 and met the inclusion criteria. After conducting propensity score matching to align patient backgrounds and concomitant medications, we assessed the impact of mood stabilizers, specifically sodium valproate, on the risk of pneumonia development. Univariate analysis revealed that patients with schizophrenia and COVID-19 who developed pneumonia were more likely to be older (64.5 [14.2] vs. 57.4 [11.5] years, p = 0.008) and using sodium valproate (44.4% vs. 16.7%, p = 0.004). Even after propensity score matching, patients who developed pneumonia were still more likely to be receiving sodium valproate than not (58.8% vs. 20.0%, p = 0.003). Sodium valproate use may be a risk factor for the development of pneumonia in patients with chronic schizophrenia who are infected with COVID-19 during long-term hospitalization.

Inhaled corticosteroids and adverse outcomes among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a population-based cohort study.

While inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) may increase pneumonia risk in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the impact of ICS on pneumonia outcomes is debated. We examined whether ICS use is associated with adverse outcomes among COPD patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Population-based cohort study of all COPD patients with an incident hospitalization for CAP between 1997 and 2013 in Northern Denmark. Information on medications, COPD severity, comorbidities, complications, and death was obtained from medical databases. Adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) for pleuropulmonary complications, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, and 30-day mortality in current and former ICS users were compared with those in non-users, using regression analyzes to handle confounding. Of 11,368 COPD patients with CAP, 6,073 (53.4%) were current ICS users and 1,733 (15.2%) were former users. Current users had a non-significantly decreased risk of pleuropulmonary complications [2.6%; aRR = 0.82 (0.59-1.12)] compared to non-users (3.2%). This was also observed among former users [2.5%; aRR = 0.77 (0.53-1.12)]. Similarly, decreased risks of ICU admission were observed among current users [aRR = 0.77 (0.57-1.04)] and among former users [aRR = 0.81 (0.58-1.13)]. Current ICS users had significantly decreased 30-day mortality [9.1%; aRR = 0.72 (0.62-0.85)] compared to non-users (12.6%), with a stronger association observed among patients with frequent exacerbations [0.58 (0.39-0.86)]. No significant association was observed among former ICS users [0.89 (0.75-1.05)]. Our results suggest a decreased risk of death with ICS use among COPD patients admitted for CAP.

Development and Validation of a Prediction Model of the Risk of Pneumonia in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

To establish a prediction model of pneumonia risk in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients to reduce unnecessary chest CT scans. The model was constructed based on a retrospective cohort study. We selected SARS-CoV-2 test-positive patients and collected their clinical data and chest CT images from the outpatient and emergency departments of Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, China. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression were utilized to identify predictors of pneumonia risk for patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. These predictors were then incorporated into a nomogram to establish the model. To ensure its performance, the model was evaluated from the aspects of discrimination, calibration, and clinical validity. In addition, a smoothed curve was fitted using a generalized additive model (GAM) to explore the association between the pneumonia grade and the model's predicted probability of pneumonia. We selected 299 SARS-CoV-2 test-positive patients, of whom 205 cases were in the training cohort and 94 cases were in the validation cohort. Age, CRP natural log-transformed value (InCRP), and monocyte percentage (%Mon) were found to be valid predictors of pneumonia risk. This predictive model achieved good discrimination of AUC in the training and validation cohorts which was 0.7820 (95% CI: 0.7254-0.8439) and 0.8432 (95% CI: 0.7588-0.9151), respectively. At the cut-off value of 0.5, it had a sensitivity and specificity of 70.75% and 66.33% in the training cohort and 76.09% and 73.91% in the validation cohort, respectively. With suitable calibration accuracy shown in calibration curves, decision curve analysis indicated high clinical value in predicting pneumonia probability in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. The probability of pneumonia predicted by the model was positively correlated with the actual pneumonia classification. This study has developed a pneumonia risk prediction model that can be utilized for diagnostic purposes in predicting the probability of pneumonia in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.

Xiang-Sheng-PoDi-Wan May Reduce the Risk of Pneumonia retain-->in Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

Pneumonia is a serious complication in patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP). Traditional Chinese medicine Xiang-Sheng-PoDi-Wan plays a role in promoting health and may reduce pneumonia rates in those with UVFP. The study aimed to evaluate Xiang-Sheng-PoDi-Wan treatment's effectiveness in preventing pneumonia hospitalization in patients with UVFP. We analyzed a cohort of two million participants from 2000 to 2018 from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. We identified patients with UVFP (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code 478.32) and documented outpatient, inpatient, and treatment records from the first diagnosis until hospitalization due to pneumonia, death, or the end of the study. We calculated the incidence of pneumonia and compared the risk of pneumonia in patients receiving Xiang-Sheng-PoDi-Wan treatment or conventional treatment and tracked the use of speech therapy. We used the Cox proportional regression model to estimate the hazard ratio with a 95% confidence interval. Our corrected covariants include age, gender, degree of urbanization, insured amount, and disease comorbidity. The use of Xiang-Sheng-PoDi-Wan was associated with a lower risk of hospitalization for pneumonia in UVFP patients, with an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 0.40 (0.21-0.77). The combination of Xiang-Sheng-PoDi-Wan and speech therapy could further reduce the risk of pneumonia hospitalization (aHR=0.25 [0.02-0.82]). UVFP patients with comorbidities such as respiratory cancer 0.34 (0.12-0.98) or diabetes (aHR=0.30 [0.09-0.96]) had higher rates of pneumonia hospitalization. The results suggest that Xiang-Sheng-PoDi-Wan may play a role in UVFP patients to reduce the long-term risk of pneumonia.

The Effect of Inhaled Corticosteroids on Pneumonia Risk in Patients With COPD-Bronchiectasis Overlap: A UK Population-Based Case-Control Study

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) increase the risk of pneumonia in COPD and commonly are used in patients with COPD-bronchiectasis overlap. Is the risk of pneumonia associated with ICS further heightened in COPD-bronchiectasis? Electronic health care records (from 2004-2019) were used to obtain a cohort of patients with COPD and a nested case-control group (age and sex matched 1:4). Analyses were conducted to determine the risk of hospitalization for pneumonia in COPD associated with ICS use in those with bronchiectasis. Findings were confirmed by several sensitivity analyses. Additionally, a smaller nested case-control group containing only patients with COPD-bronchiectasis overlap and those with recent blood eosinophil counts (BECs) was used to determine any association with BEC. Three hundred sixteen thousand six hundred sixty-three patients were eligible for the COPD cohort; bronchiectasis significantly increased the risk of pneumonia (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.24; 95%CI, 1.15-1.33). In the first nested case-control group of 84,316 patients with COPD, ICS was found to increase the odds of pneumonia (adjusted OR [AOR], 1.26; 95%CI, 1.19-1.32) only if used in the previous 180days. However, bronchiectasis was a significant modifier such that ICS use did not augment further the already elevated bronchiectasis-associated pneumonia risk (COPD-bronchiectasis: AOR, 1.01; 95%CI, 0.8-1.28; no bronchiectasis: AOR, 1.27; 95%CI, 1.20-1.34). Several sensitivity analyses and a second smaller nested case-control group confirmed these findings. Finally, we found that BEC modified the ICS-associated pneumonia risk in COPD-bronchiectasis overlap, where lower BEC was associated significantly with pneumonia (BEC≤ 3× 109/L: AOR, 1.56; 95%CI, 1.05-2.31; BEC > 3× 109/L: AOR, 0.89; 95%CI, 0.53-1.24). ICS use does not augment further the already increased risk of hospitalization for pneumonia associated with concomitant bronchiectasis in patients with COPD.

Traditional Chinese medicine use is associated with lower risk of pneumonia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a population-based retrospective cohort study.

Objectives: To investigate the association between traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapy and the risk of pneumonia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods: This population-based control study analyzed the data retrieved from the National Health Insurance Research database in Taiwan. From a cohort of 2 million records of the 2000-2018 period, 9,714 newly diagnosed patients with SLE were initially included. 532 patients with pneumonia and 532 patients without pneumonia were matched 1:1 based on age, sex, and year of SLE diagnosis using propensity score matching. The use of TCM therapy was considered from the SLE diagnosis date to the index date and the cumulative days of TCM therapy were used to calculate the dose effect. Conditional logistic regression was used to investigate the risk of pneumonia infection. Furthermore, to explore the severity of pneumonia in SLE, sensitivity analyses were performed after stratification using the parameters of emergency room visit, admission time, and antibiotic use. Results: TCM therapy for >60days could significantly reduce the risk of pneumonia in patients with SLE (95% CI = 0.46-0.91; p = 0.012). Stratified analysis showed that TCM use also reduced the risk of pneumonia in younger and female patients with SLE by 34% and 35%, respectively. TCM for >60days significantly reduced the risk of pneumonia in the follow-up periods of >2, >3, >7, and >8years. In addition, the exposure of TCM for >60days reduced the risk of pneumonia in patients with SLE who were treated with antibiotics for moderate or severe pneumonia. Finally, the study found that using formulae to tonify the kidney for more than 90days and formulae to activate blood circulation for less than 30days could significantly reduce the risk of pneumonia infection in patients with SLE. Conclusion: TCM use is associated with a lower risk of pneumonia among patients with SLE.

Increased thoracic fluid content is associated with higher risk for pneumonia in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis

Background Pneumonia is the most common infectious disease in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). The aim of this study is to determine the possible predictive value of thoracic fluid content (TFC) for pneumonia in this population. Method Clinical data were recorded for 1412 MHD patients who were hospitalized for certain comorbidities or complications. Each patient underwent an impedance cardiography (ICG) examination before next dialysis session after admission. Patients were divided into Having-, Will-have-, and Non-pneumonia groups based on whether they had pneumonia at the time of ICG examination after the admission and within five months after the examination. Hemodynamic parameters and other clinical data were compared and analyzed. Results Patients who were going to develop pneumonia were older, and had a higher proportion of diabetes, poorer nutritional status, a higher level of inflammatory, poorer cardiac function, and more fluid volume load than those who did not develop pneumonia. Multivariate binary logistic analysis revealed that for each 1/KΩ increase in TFC and 1 increase in neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the risk of the development of pneumonia increased by 3.1% (p ˂ 0.01) and 7.2% (p = 0.035), respectively, whereas for each 1 g/L increase in hemoglobin and 1 g/L increase in serum albumin, the risk of the development of pneumonia decreased by 1.3% (p = 0.034) and 5% (p = 0.048), respectively. Conclusions TFC, NLR, hemoglobin, and serum albumin were independent risk factors for the development of pneumonia in MHD patients. Given the advantages of ICG, TFC can be used clinically as a helpful predictor of pneumonia in MHD patients.

Effect of zinc supplement on patients with trauma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This study aimed to assess the effect of zinc supplementation, with or without other antioxidants and trace elements, on clinical outcomes in patients with trauma. A systematic review was conducted for adult patients with acute trauma who had been admitted to the hospital. Those who sustained burn injuries were excluded. Studies in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase from 1990 to 2022 regarding the additional nutrition supplementation of zinc to patients, either in a single-agent or combined regimen, were included. Comparisons were made between the zinc supplement group and those who received a placebo or regular treatment. The primary outcomes of the study were mortality rate, length of hospital stay, and incidence of pneumonia. Seven studies qualified for the meta-analysis. Of the 594 patients eligible for analysis, 290 and 304 were in the zinc supplementation and control groups, respectively. The meta-analysis revealed that zinc supplementation was associated with a lower risk of pneumonia in patients with acute trauma than in the control group (odds ratio [OR], 0.506; 95% CI = 0.292-0.877; P = 0.015; heterogeneity, I2 = 12.7%). Zinc supplementation did not influence the mortality rate (OR, 0.755; 95% CI = 0.492-1.16; P = 0.612; heterogeneity, I2 = 0%) or the length of hospital stay (standard difference in means, -0.24; 95% CI = -0.544 to 0.063; P = 0.121; heterogeneity, I2 = 45.0%). Zinc supplementation, with or without other antioxidants and trace elements, in patients with trauma was associated with a lower incidence of pneumonia.

Inhaled corticosteroids is not associated with the risk of pneumonia in asthma.

The introduction of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) for the management of asthma has led to a decrease in acute exacerbation of asthma. However, there are concerns regarding the safety of long-term ICS use, particularly pneumonia. Growing evidence indicates that ICS use is associated with an increased risk of pneumonia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, whereas the risk in patients with asthma remains unclear. This review discusses the effect of ICS on pneumonia among patients with asthma to update the existing literature. Asthma is associated with an increased risk of pneumonia. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this association, including that asthma impairs the clearance of bacteria owing to chronic inflammation. Therefore, controlling airway inflammation with ICS may prevent the occurrence of pneumonia in asthma. In addition, two meta-analyses investigating randomized control trials showed that ICS use was associated with a protective effect against pneumonia in asthma.

Thiazolidinediones lower the risk of pneumonia in patients with type 2 diabetes.

We conducted this study to compare the risk of pneumonia between thiazolidinedione (TZD) use and nonuse in persons with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We identified 46,763 propensity-score matched TZD users and nonusers from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2017. The Cox proportional hazards models were used for comparing the risk of morbidity and mortality associated with pneumonias. Compared with the nonuse of TZDs, the adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) for TZD use in hospitalization for all-cause pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia, invasive mechanical ventilation, and death due to pneumonia were 0.92 (0.88-0.95), 0.95 (0.91-0.99), 0.80 (0.77-0.83), and 0.73 (0.64-0.82), respectively. The subgroup analysis revealed that pioglitazone, not rosiglitazone, was associated with a significantly lower risk of hospitalization for all-cause pneumonia [0.85 (0.82-0.89)]. Longer cumulative duration and higher cumulative dose of pioglitazone were associated with further lower adjusted hazard ratios in these outcomes compared to no-use of TZDs. This cohort study demonstrated that TZD use was associated with significantly lower risks of hospitalization for pneumonia, invasive mechanical ventilation, and death due to pneumonia in patients with T2D. Higher cumulative duration and dose of pioglitazone were associated with a further lower risk of outcomes.

Exploring the Influence of Dysphagia and Tracheostomy on Pneumonia in Patients with Stroke: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Pneumonia is common in patients with tracheostomy and dysphagia. However, the influence of dysphagia and tracheostomy on pneumonia in patients with stroke remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the risk factors related to pneumonia, and the association between dysphagia, tracheostomy and pneumonia in patients with stroke was investigated. Patients with stroke who experienced tracheostomy and dysphagia were included and divided into two groups based on record of pneumonia at discharge. Clinical manifestations and physical examination were used to diagnose pneumonia, whereas clinical swallowing examination, and videofluoroscopy swallowing studies (VFSS) were used to evaluate swallowing function. There were significant differences between the pneumonia group and the no pneumonia group in total tracheostomy time (6.3 ± 5.9 vs. 4.3 ± 1.7 months, p = 0.003), number of instances of ventilator support (0.41 ± 0.49 vs. 0.18 ± 0.38, p = 0.007), PAS score (5.2 ± 1.92 vs. 4.3 ± 1.79, p = 0.039), impaired or absent cough reflex (76.4 vs. 55.6%, p = 0.035), oropharyngeal phase dysfunction (60.6 vs. 40.8%, p = 0.047), length of hospital stay (36.0 ± 7.2 vs. 30.5 ± 11.7 days, p = 0.025) and direct medical costs (15,702.21 ± 14,244.61 vs. 10,923.99 ± 7250.14 United States dollar [USD], p = 0.042). Multivariate logistic regression showed that the total tracheostomy time (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.966-12.922, p = 0.001), impaired or absent cough reflex (95% CI, 0.084-0.695, p = 0.008), and oropharyngeal phase dysfunction (95% CI, 1.087-8.148, p = 0.034) were risk factors for pneumonia. Spearman's correlation analysis demonstrated that PAS scores were significantly correlated with cough reflex dysfunction (r = 0.277, p = 0.03), oropharyngeal phase dysfunction (r = 0.318, p < 0.01) and total tracheostomy time (r = 0.178, p = 0.045). The oropharyngeal phase dysfunction was significantly correlated with cough reflex (r = 0.549, p < 0.001) and UES opening (r = 0.643, p < 0.01). Tracheostomy and dysphagia increased the risk of pneumonia in patients with stroke. Total tracheostomy time, duration of ventilator support, degree of penetration and aspiration, and oropharyngeal phase dysfunction are risk factors. Given this, we also found that there may be a correlation between tracheostomy and dysphagia.

Radiographic Phenotypes Affect the Risk of Inhaled Corticosteroid-Associated Pneumonia in Patients with COPD.

PurposeFew studies have reported the association between the radiographic characteristics and the development of pneumonia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) treated with inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs). Our study aimed to assess the effect of radiographic phenotypes on the risk of pneumonia in patients treated with ICSs.Patients and MethodsThis study retrospectively analysed all patients with COPD treated with ICSs in a subset of the Korea Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders Subgroup Study registry between January 2017 and December 2019. The association between radiographic phenotypes including the presence and severity of emphysema, airway wall thickening, or bronchiectasis on chest computed tomography were determined visually/qualitatively and the risk of pneumonia was analyzed using the Cox regression model.ResultsAmong the 90 patients with COPD treated with ICSs, 41 experienced pneumonia more than once during the median follow-up of 29 (interquartile range, 8–35) months. In univariate Cox regression analysis, older age, longer use of ICSs, use of fluticasone propionate or metered dose inhaler, and severe exacerbation events increased the risk of pneumonia. In multivariate analysis, the presence of emphysema (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]=3.73, P=0.033), severity measured using the visual sum score (mild-to-moderate, aHR=8.58, P=0.016; severe, aHR=3.58, P=0.042), Goddard sum score (mild-to-moderate, aHR=3.31, P=0.058; severe, aHR=5.38, P=0.014), and the upper lobe distribution of emphysema (aHR=3.76, P=0.032) were associated with a higher risk of pneumonia. Subtypes of centrilobular and panlobular emphysema had a higher risk of pneumonia compared with paraseptal emphysema (aHR=3.98, P=0.033; HR=3.91, P=0.041 vs HR=2.74, P=0.304). The presence of bronchiectasis (aHR=2.41, P=0.02) and emphysema/bronchiectasis overlap phenotype (aHR=2.19, P=0.053) on chest CT was a risk factor for pneumonia in this population. However, severity of bronchiectasis and the presence or severity of bronchial wall thickening according to the visual sum score were not associated with the risk of pneumonia.ConclusionAmong patients with COPD treated with ICSs, radiographic phenotypes including the presence of emphysema, bronchiectasis or emphysema/bronchiectasis overlap phenotype, severity with emphysema, subtypes of centrilobular or panlobular emphysema, and upper lobe distribution of emphysema may help predict the risk of pneumonia.

Association between the mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and calf circumference (CC) screening indicators of sarcopenia with the risk of pneumonia in stable patients diagnosed with schizophrenia.

AimHere, we investigate the relationship between mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and calf circumference (CC) screening indicators of sarcopenia and the risk of pneumonia in stable patients diagnosed with schizophrenia.MethodThe study is prospective and includes inpatients with schizophrenia from two mental health centers in Western China. The studied screening indicators, MUAC and CC were assessed in standing patients. The relationship between MUAC and CC as sarcopenia screening indicators with the risk of pneumonia in patients with schizophrenia was analyzed by performing a statistical logistic regression analysis.ResultFor this study, 339 patients with schizophrenia, aged 50 years and over were recruited. Moreover, four patients with pneumonia that occurred within 1 week of the relapse of schizophrenia were excluded. As a result, only 335 patients were included in the analysis. Pneumonia has been reported in 82 (24.5%) of all included patients with schizophrenia. Our data analysis confirmed that in the male patients, the higher CC was associated with a lower risk of pneumonia (odds ratio [OR] = 0.751, 95% CI: 0.635–0.889). We have divided men into two cohorts following the values of CC. Our analysis further showed that the patients with CC ≥ 34 cm had a lower risk of pneumonia in men (OR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.163–0.795).ConclusionWe demonstrate that CC is associated with pneumonia risk in stable men with schizophrenia.

Predictive Ability of Systemic Inflammation Response Index for the Risk of Pneumonia in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

Introduction: Several studies have examined the crucial role of inflammatory indexes such as the ratio of monocyte and lymphocyte (MLR), systemic-immune-inflammation-index, and the ratio of neutrophil and lymphocyte (NLR) in stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP). However, the function of the systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) in SAP is not known. This study investigated whether SIRI at admission could predict the incidence of SAP in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Patients and Methods: 2,802 AIS patients collected from 2013 to 2021 were divided into the SAP and non-SAP groups. The predictive performance of SIRI in SAP was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve. Multivariate regression analysis and the restricted cubic spline (RCS) were performed to explore the relationship between SIRI and SAP risk. Results: The SIRI at admission in SAP patients was significantly higher than that in non-SAP patients (median [IQR]: 3.75 [2.05, 6.99] vs. 1.51 [0.94, 2.62], p < 0.001). SIRI had a predictive ability for predicting the incidence of SAP with area under the curve of 0.757, better than NLR and MLR (both p < 0.05). SIRI ≥2.74 was an independent risk factor for the incidence of SAP (odds ratio: 5.82, 95% confidence interval: 4.54, 7.49, p < 0.001). The RCS model showed an increasing trend of the SAP risk with the increase of SIRI. Conclusion: SIRI showed a good predictive value for SAP. In clinical practice, AIS patients with high SIRI levels (SIRI ≥2.74) should be aware of the risk of SAP.

Human genetic factors associated with pneumonia risk, a cue for COVID-19 susceptibility.

Pneumonia, an acute respiratory tract infection, is one of the major causes of mortality worldwide. Depending on the site of acquisition, pneumonia can be community acquired pneumonia (CAP) or nosocomial pneumonia (NP). The risk of pneumonia, is partially driven by host genetics. CYP1A1 is a widely studied pulmonary CYP family gene primarily expressed in peripheral airway epithelium. The CYP1A1 genetic variants, included in this study, alter the gene activity and are known to contribute in lung inflammation, which may cause pneumonia pathogenesis. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis to establish the possible contribution of CYP1A1 gene, and its three variants (rs2606345, rs1048943 and rs4646903) towards the genetic etiology of pneumonia risk. Using PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed and meta-analysed case-control studies, evaluating risk of pneumonia in patients carrying the risk alleles of CYP1A1 variants. Heterogeneity across the studies was evaluated using I2 statistics. Based on heterogeneity, a random-effect (using maximum likelihood) or fixed-effect (using inverse variance) model was applied to estimate the effect size. Pooled odds ratio (OR) was calculated to estimate the overall effect of the risk allele association with pneumonia susceptibility. Egger's regression test and funnel plot were used to assess publication bias. Subgroup analysis was performed based on pneumonia type (CAP and NP), population, as well as age group. A total of ten articles were identified as eligible studies, which included 3049 cases and 2249 healthy controls. The meta-analysis findings revealed CYP1A1 variants, rs2606345 [T vs G; OR = 1.12 (0.75–1.50); p = 0.02; I2 = 84.89%], and rs1048943 [G vs T; OR = 1.19 (0.76–1.61); p = 0.02; I2 = 0.00%] as risk markers whereas rs4646903 showed no statistical significance for susceptibility to pneumonia. On subgroup analysis, both the genetic variants showed significant association with CAP but not with NP. We additionally performed a spatial analysis to identify the key factors possibly explaining the variability across countries in the prevalence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a viral pneumonia. We observed a significant association between the risk allele of rs2606345 and rs1048943, with a higher COVID-19 prevalence worldwide, providing us important links in understanding the variability in COVID-19 prevalence.

Metformin use and the risk of bacterial pneumonia in patients with type 2 diabetes

Persons with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have neutrophil dysfunction with a higher risk of infection than those without diabetes. We conducted this study aiming to compare the risk of pneumonia between metformin use and nonuse in persons with T2D. We identified 49,012 propensity score-matched metformin users and nonusers from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2017. We used the Cox proportional hazards model to compare the risks of pneumonia and respiratory death. The mean (SD) age of the participants was 57.46 (12.88) years, and the mean follow-up time for metformin users and nonusers was 5.47 (3.71) years and 5.15 (3.87) years, respectively. Compared with the nonuse of metformin, the adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) for metformin use in bacterial pneumonia, invasive mechanical ventilation, and respiratory cause of death were 0.89 (0.84–0.94), 0.77 (0.73–0.82), and 0.64 (0.56–0.74), respectively. A longer cumulative duration of metformin use had further lower adjusted hazard ratios in these risks compared with nonuse. In patients with T2D, metformin use was associated with significantly lower risks of bacterial pneumonia, invasive mechanical ventilation, and respiratory cause of death; moreover, longer metformin use duration was associated with lower hazard ratios of these risks.