Risk Of Developing Metabolic Syndrome Research Articles

Determination of the association of some polymorphisms with metabolic syndrome in residents of the city of Nur-Sultan

Aim: Metabolic syndrome develops as a result of a combined effect of environmental factors and genetics. Therefore, this study is an attempt to detect polymorphisms that influence the development of metabolic syndrome among people of reproductive age in the case of Nur-Sultan. Material and methods:128 polymorphisms were selected from those involved in metabolic disorders in other studied populations; further, their effect on developing metabolic syndrome in the focused group was studied. The study involved 717 respondents aged 18 to 49 with an average age of 40.2 years. Out of them, 243 participants were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome with IDF criteria. Results: Based on the study results, five polymorphisms that influence the development of metabolic syndrome were found: rs7903146, rs157582, rs 4506565, rs7578597, rs4072037. T allele in polymorphisms as rs 7903146 ​​- 1.56 (СI 1.14-2.14; p = 0.004), rs 157582 - 1.54 (СI 1.16-2.04; p = 0.001), rs 4506565 - 1.5 (СI 1.1-2.03; p = 0.007), rs 7578597 - 1.59 (СI 1.02-2.46; р = 0.016) increases the risk of metabolic syndrome development approximately by 1.5 times according to the additive model, whereas C allele by polymorphism rs 4072037 does the risk of MS development by 1.99 (СI 1,1-3,6; р = 0,016) times according to the recessive model. Conclusion: The identified five polymorphisms make it possible to assess the risks of MS and associated diseases. Keywords: metabolic syndrome, polymorphism, allele, genotype

Potential Effects of Soy Isoflavones on the Prevention of Metabolic Syndrome.

Isoflavones are polyphenols primarily contained in soybean. As phytoestrogens, isoflavones exert beneficial effects on various chronic diseases. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of death due to arteriosclerosis in individuals with various pathological conditions, including obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. Although the health benefits of soybean-derived isoflavones are widely known, their beneficial effects on the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome are incompletely understood. This review aims to describe the association between soybean-derived isoflavone intake and the risk of metabolic syndrome development. We reviewed studies on soy isoflavones, particularly daidzein and genistein, and metabolic syndrome, using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. We describe the pathological characteristics of metabolic syndrome, including those contributing to multiple pathological conditions. Furthermore, we summarize the effects of soybean-derived daidzein and genistein on metabolic syndrome reported in human epidemiological studies and experiments using in vitro and in vivo models. In particular, we emphasize the role of soy isoflavones in metabolic syndrome-induced cardiovascular diseases. In conclusion, this review focuses on the potential of soy isoflavones to prevent metabolic syndrome by influencing the onset of hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and arteriosclerosis and discusses the anti-inflammatory effects of isoflavones.

1,25-Dihidroksikolekalsiferol: Metabolik Sendrom ve Obezite Üzerindeki Etkiler: Geleneksel Derleme

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a medical term used for a combination of abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose homeostasis and hypertension, of which its prevalence is increasing in the world. Insulin resistance (IR) and abdominal obesity are considered to be the main reasons for metabolic syndrome development. It is also thought that 1,25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol (vitamin D, calcitriol) deficiency generates a risk of metabolic syndrome development. Maintaining a balanced calcium and phosphorus level is the main function of vitamin D. Vitamin D also affects the cardiovascular system, immune system, intestines, brain and pancreas. Vitamin D metabolizing enzymes and vitamin D receptors exist in some cell groups including diverse immune cells such as B cells, T cells, monocytes and antigen presenting cells. Vitamin D deficiency occurs as a consequence of obesity and it is also a risk factor for the development of obesity. The mechanisms underlying the association between obesity and vitamin D deficiency is not fully understood however, the sequestration theory is the most accepted theory that may explain why obese individuals have lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (calcidiol) levels. In addition, calcitriol deficiency may result in adipogenesis by increasing lipogenesis, inducing catecholamine levels and enhancing parathyroid hormone levels. In this review, the relationship between vitamin D deficiency, MetS, obesity and IR is to be reviewed. In addition, possible underlying mechanisms between these disorders and vitamin D deficiency will be examined.

Association between Birth weight and Metabolic Syndrome

Objective: This study examined the effects of high birth weight (HBW), >4 kg and low birth weight (LBW), <2.5 kg, on an individual’s risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS) later in life; with consideration of both maternal and individual lifetime behavioral, social, and environmental factors. Methods: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) dataset was used to identify individuals with MetS and individuals who reported either HBW or LBW. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between LBW and HBW with MetS, while controlling for various social and demographic factors of participants and parents. Results: The study population was 55% female, 22% African-American, with an average age of 63 years. The prevalence of reported LBW among males and females was 1.7% and 4.6%, respectively. The prevalence of reported HBW among males and females was 8.7% and 5.0%, respectively. A relationship between LBW and future risk of MetS was attenuated by pertinent socioeconomic and lifestyle-related risk factors that defined both the participant and their familial influence, particularly maternal age at the time of birth. An association between HBW and MetS was not found. Conclusions: This work does not support an association between HBW nor LBW with adult MetS. The development of MetS may be associated with subject’s socioeconomic and lifestyle factors.

Prosopis nigra fruits waste characterization, a potential source of functional ingredients for food formulations

Prosopis nigra fruits are consumed in Argentina principally as fine flour. The plant material with the highest granulometry is considered a waste. Metabolites such as phenolics compounds, fibers, and proteins obtained from vegetable by-products or waste can be used as ingredients for new functional foods. The present study describes the characterization of P. nigra fruits waste to use as non-conventional sources of potential functional ingredients. The waste material with particle sizes >149 μm was processed to obtain powders with different granulometry named F1 (>840 μm), F2 (840-500 μm), and F3 (500-149 μm). All powders have a high fiber and fructose content. F3 have a homogeneous aspect with a high mesocarp proportion, mainly rich in free and bound phenolic compounds, C-glycosides derivates from apigenin, fibers, potassium and iron. Also, its phenolic enriched extract shows high antioxidant activity and inhibitory activity of enzymes related to carbohydrate metabolism (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). F1 were less homogeneous and were enriched in sucrose and fructose, digestible starch and phenolic components, showed antioxidant capacity and high effectiveness as lipase inhibitor. Therefore, the powder obtained from P. nigra fruits waste has a great potential to be a novel renewable, sustainable, and low-cost raw material for the production of food formulations to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome development.

Early detection of insulin resistance in children with different types of intrauterine growth restriction

Relevance of the research. Intrauterine growth restriction in children is associated with an increased risk of insulin resistance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus later in life. The influence of type of intrauterine growth restriction and the mechanisms of insulin resistance are still unknown; the role of catch-up growth in this process is controversial.&#x0D; The aim of the study was to identify insulin resistance in children with different types of intrauterine growth restriction and to analyze the role of catch-up growth in this process.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The research involved 95 newborns, which were divided into groups based on birth weight and length: 60 newborns with intrauterine growth restriction (group I – 31 with asymmetrical intrauterine growth restriction; group II – 29 with symmetrical intrauterine growth restriction) and control group (group III) – 35 newborns without intrauterine growth restriction. Children also were divided into groups according to the presence of catch-up growth to 3 months old. The levels of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, growth hormone were measured in cord blood at birth and in blood serum at 3 months old. Glucose levels were measured in serum and insulin resistance index “the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance” (HOMA-IR) was calculated in children at 3 months.&#x0D; Results. The children with intrauterine growth restrictioncompared to control group had significantly lower levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 in cord blood. The differences between types of intrauterine growth restrictionhave been observed: children with symmetrical intrauterine growth restriction had higher levels of growth hormone, insulin and HOMA-IR then in asymmetrical one. Correlations between insulin and glucose in children with symmetrical intrauterine growth restriction were absent unlike to asymmetrical intrauterine growth restriction (+0.61). The negative role of catch-up growth in insulin resistance development has been defined: it was related to hyperinsulinemia and increased the frequency of insulin resistance in children either in asymmetrical or in symmetrical intrauterine growth restriction, but more in symmetrical one.&#x0D; Conclusion. Children with symmetrical intrauterine growth restriction especially with catch-up growth are at the highest risk of metabolic syndrome development in later life and require increased monitoring by pediatricians and endocrinologists.

Ocena ryzyka rozwoju zespołu metabolicznego u osób w średnim wieku

Zespół metaboliczny charakteryzuje się jednoczesnym występowaniem powiązanych ze sobą nieprawidłowości metabolicznych takich jak: otyłość, nieprawidłowa tolerancja glukozy, nadciśnienie tętnicze oraz zaburzenia lipidowe, które zwiększają ryzyko cukrzycy typu 2 oraz chorób układu krążenia. Najczęściej występującymi elementami zespołu metabolicznego u osób w średnim wieku jest nadmierna masa ciała oraz nadciśnienie tętnicze. Nieprawidłowy sposób żywienia może wpływać na zaburzenia gospodarki węglowodanowej oraz przyczyniać się do powstawania otyłości i nadciśnienia tętniczego, a tym samym sprzyjać występowaniu zespołu metabolicznego.&#x0D; Słowa kluczowe: zespół metaboliczny, otyłość, nadciśnienie tętnicze, sposób żywienia

Metabolic syndrome in overweight or obese children and adolescents based on own material.

AimTo assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) components in overweight or obese children and adolescents, as well as analyze the risk factors of its occurrence.Material and methodsThe study was conducted in a group of 70 children and adolescents aged 5-18 hospitalized in the Department of Gastroenterology, Allergology and Pediatrics, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital – Research Institute in Lodz (Poland) based on the results of medical histories, physical examination, biochemical investigation, and calculation of the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index.ResultsMS was diagnosed in 14 children (20%). The most common abnormalities besides obesity included: decreased High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (n=13, 92.9%), increased triglycerides (TG) concentrations (n=10, 71.4%) and arterial hypertension (n=10, 71,4%). Among all the children, insulin resistance was diagnosed in 29 subjects (41.4%). The results of univariate logistic regression showed that the occurrence of lipid disorders, obesity, hypertension and diabetes in their parents, as well as the duration of pregnancy, birth weight, or breastfeeding were not associated with the risk of MS development in the subjects (p>0.05). However, in the study group, 92.9% of subjects had one or more particular risk factor for MS development.ConclusionsBesides visceral obesity, lipid disorders were the most frequently observed components of MS in the subjects analyzed, which may have prognostic significance. The occurrence of one or more MS risk factors in almost all of the children studied indicates the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in the studied group in the future.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПЕРЕБІГУ ВАГІТНОСТІ У ЖІНОК ГРУПИ ВИСОКОГО РИЗИКУ РОЗВИТКУ ПІЗНЬОГО ГЕСТОЗУ НА ТЛІ МЕТАБОЛІЧНОГО СИНДРОМУ (огляд літератури)

Виникнення пізнього гестозу є однією із актуальних проблем сучасного акушерства. Незважаючи на значні досягнення в діагностиці, профілактиці та лікуванні прееклампсії, гестоз і надалі залишається грізним захворюванням другої половини вагітності. Водночас, кількість акушерських ускладнень у вагітних жінок пов’язана також із такою медикосоціальною проблемою як метаболічний синдром. Вивчення ролі метаболічного синдрому в патогенезі розвитку захворювань набуває все більшого значення у всіх галузях медицини. Основними факторами ризику в розвитку метаболічного синдрому є: дисліпідемія, ожиріння, артеріальна гіпертензія та гіперглікемія натще. Їх виникнення пов’язують із впливом наступних стресових чинників: тютюнокурінням, незбалансованим харчуванням, малорухомим способом життя та іншими. При цьому значна когорта вчених підтримує гіпотезу, що ризик розвитку метаболічного синдрому визначають вже на перинатальному етапі.

Relationship between serum uric acid levels and metabolic syndrome in Chinese premenopausal women, postmenopausal women, and men

Objective The study was conducted to investigate the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and hyperuricemia in Chinese community residents, and to assess differences of menopausal status and genders in the relationship between MS and serum uric acid (SUA) levels. Methods A total of 10 191 subjects (5 838 postmenopausal women, 726 premenopausal women, and 3 627 men) were recruited in this cross-sectional study. All participants received standard questionnaire survey, physical examination, oral glucose tolerance test, and laboratory examination (serum uric acid, serum lipid, liver and kidney functions). MS was diagnosed according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Hyperuricemia was defined as SUA>420 μmol/L for men and>360 μmol/L for women. Results The prevalence of hyperuricemia was 14.4% in men, 11.8% in postmenopausal women, and 6.2% in premenopausal women. The prevalence of MS was 35.2% in men, 46.2% in postmenopausal women, and 28.9% in premenopausal women. The body mass index, waist circumference, and triglycerides levels were most strongly associated with SUA levels in all groups, while the correlation coefficients of these factors were higher in females than those in males. Individuals in the highest SUA quartile had 3.538-fold, 2.088-fold, and 1.404-fold increased risk of MS as compared with those in the lowest quartile in premenopausal women, postmenopausal women, and men, respectively. The risks of developing each components of MS in females were higher than those in males. Conclusions There is an association between SUA level and MS, and the relationships between SUA levels and MS were much closer in females than those in males. Individuals with higher SUA levels were more likely to develop MS and its components than those with lower SUA levels. Premenopausal women with high level of SUA may have the highest risk of developing MS in Chinses community residents. (Chin J Endocrinol Metab, 2017, 33: 1031-1037) Key words: Metabolic syndrome; Serum uric acid; Hyperuricemia; Gender; Menopausal status

Aripiprazole-induced adverse metabolic alterations in polyI:C neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia in rats

Schizophrenia appears to be linked to higher incidence of metabolic syndrome even in the absence of antipsychotic treatment. Atypical antipsychotics substantially differ in their propensity to induce metabolic alterations. Aripiprazole is considered to represent an antipsychotic drug with low risk of metabolic syndrome development. The aim of this study was to evaluate metabolic phenotype of neurodevelopmental polyI:C rat model and assess metabolic effects of chronic aripiprazole treatment with regard to complex neuroendocrine regulations of energy homeostasis. Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (polyI:C) was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 8 mg/kg in 10 ml on gestational day 15 to female Wistar rats. For this study 20 polyI:C and 20 control adult male offspring were used, randomly divided into 2 groups per 10 animals for chronic aripiprazole treatment and vehicle. Aripiprazole (5 mg/kg, dissolved tablets, ABILIFY®) was administered once daily via oral gavage for a month. Altered lipid profile in polyI:C model was observed and a trend towards different dynamics of weight gain in polyI:C rats was noted in the absence of significant antipsychotic treatment effect. PolyI:C model was not associated with changes in other parameters i.e. adipokines, gastrointestinal hormones and cytokines levels. Aripiprazole did not influence body weight but it induced alterations in neurohumoral regulations. Leptin and GLP-1 serum levels were significantly reduced, while ghrelin level was elevated. Furthermore aripiprazole decreased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our data indicate dysregulation of adipokines and gastrointestinal hormones present after chronic treatment with aripiprazole which is considered metabolically neutral in the polyI:C model of schizophrenia.

Association of aging-related obesity and metabolic syndrome in men

A study that involved 253 men (age 22–74 years) revealed an increase in the intensity of fat tissue accumulation at the beginning of the first period of middle age already; the increase was associated with the transition from the predominance of the gynoid type of obesity to that of the android type. The increase in the incidence of both individual components of metabolic syndrome and the syndrome as a whole was most pronounced in men in the second period of middle age, whereas the frequency of occurrence of such syndrome components as hypertriglyceridemia, low level of HDL cholesterol, and hyperglycemia was lower in the elderly. The value of the index of visceral obesity was significantly higher in men with the android type of obesity in all of the studied age groups. Thus, the risk of metabolic syndrome development in men with the gynoid type of obesity is lower than in men with the android type of obesity, regardless of the age of the subjects.

Arginine and Aerobic Training Prevent Impairment in Endothelial Function in Rats Under High Risk to Develop Metabolic Syndrome

It is not elucidated if aerobic training and arginine supplementation can have similar protective effects in individuals with constant exposure to the triggering agent of the metabolic syndrome, with the presence of subclinical alterations, but without the presence of cardiovascular disease. So the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of arginine supplementation and aerobic training on vascular reactivity of rats under high risk of metabolic syndrome development. Wistar rats, males, adults were, initially, divided in two groups Control group (C; drinking water) and Fructose group (F; water with 10% fructose), after two weeks the F group was divided into four others groups: Fructose group (F), that continued with the same treatment, Fructose Arginine group (FA), Fructose Training group (FT) and Fructose Training Arginine group (FTA) same as F group, adding aerobic training on a treadmill and/or arginine supplementation by gavage (800mg/kg BM/day), in the last 8 weeks. There were no differences in body mass gain and caloric intake between groups (P&gt;0.05). It was observed higher serum insulin in F group compared to control group after two (P=0.046) and ten weeks (P=0.014), while it was not observed any difference between the other groups compared to C group. In relation to serum triacylglycerol levels, after two weeks, there was no difference (P=0.154) between C and F groups. After ten weeks the F group presented higher triacylglycerol concentration (P&lt;0.01) compared to C group and the training normalized this increased, however arginine supplementation had no effect on this parameter. The malondialdehyde serum concentration, an oxidative stress marked, had the same pattern as the triacylglycerol. Concerning vascular reactivity, there was no difference after two weeks of treatment. While at the end of protocol, the F group exhibited increased vasoconstrictory reactivity (P&lt;0.01) to phenylephrine when compared to C and to trained groups (FT and FTA). The F group also presented an impaired endothelial vasodilator response to acetylcholine compared to other groups and the arginine supplementation and the aerobic training were able to prevent this impaired response. Thus aerobic training prevents the metabolic alterations, the hypereactivity to phenylephrine and the endothelial damage of rats with high risk to develop metabolic syndrome, while arginine supplementation was capable only to prevent the endothelial damage in this experimental model, with no potentiating effect.Support or Funding InformationCAPES, CNPq, FAPERJ e FINEP.

Systematic Review of the Relation Between Intestinal Microbiota and Toll-Like Receptors in the Metabolic Syndrome: What Do We Know So Far?

IntroductionMetabolic syndrome is an emerging problem in developed countries and presents itself as a potential threat worldwide. The role of diabetes, dyslipidaemia and hepatic steatosis as pivotal components of the metabolic syndrome is well known. However, their common persistent chronic inflammation and its potential cause still elude. This systematic review aims to present evidence of the mechanisms that link the intestinal microbioma, innate immunity and metabolic syndrome. MethodsA comprehensive research was made using PubMed database and 35 articles were selected. ResultsWe found that metabolic syndrome is associated to increased levels of innate immunity receptors, namely, Toll-like receptors, both in intestine and systemically and its polymorphisms may change the risk of metabolic syndrome development. Microbioma dysbiosis is also present in metabolic syndrome, with lower prevalence of Bacteroidetes and increased prevalence of Firmicutes populations. The data suggest that the link between intestinal microbiota and Toll-like receptors can negatively endanger the metabolic homeostasis. ConclusionCurrent evidence suggests that innate immunity and intestinal microbiota may be the hidden link in the metabolic syndrome development mechanisms. In the near future, this can be the key in the development of new prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to treat metabolic syndrome patients.

Snacking between main meals is associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome in a Mediterranean cohort: the SUN Project (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra).

To evaluate the association of snacking between main meals with the risk of developing metabolic syndrome. A dynamic prospective cohort study (the SUN Project; Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra). Snack consumption was evaluated using the question: 'Do you have the habit of snacking between main meals?' Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the updated harmonizing criteria. We estimated multivariable-adjusted relative risks (RR) of metabolic syndrome and their 95 % confidence intervals using Poisson regression models. An exploratory factor analysis was also used to identify patterns of snacking. University of Navarra, Spain. The study included 6851 university graduates, initially free of metabolic syndrome, and followed-up them for a median of 8·3 years. Among our participants, 34·6% reported usual snacking between main meals. The cumulative incidence of metabolic syndrome was 5·1 % (9·5% among men and 2·8% among women). Snacking between main meals was significantly associated with higher risk for developing metabolic syndrome after multivariable adjustment (RR=1·44; 95%CI 1·18, 1·77). Higher adherence to an 'unhealthy snacking pattern' was also independently associated with increased incidence of metabolic syndrome (fourth quartile of adherence compared with non-snacking: RR=1·68; 95% CI 1·23, 2·29; P for trend <0·001). Our findings suggest that avoidance of snacking between main meals can be included among the preventive approaches to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome development, especially when snacks contain foods of poor nutritional quality.

Metabolic syndrome among Jaffna Tamil community, Sri Lanka.

Aim:The prevalence and associated risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MS) among adults over 18 years old in Jaffna district.Materials and Methods:It was community-based cross-sectional descriptive study. Multistage stratified cluster sampling technique was employed. An interviewer administered questionnaire was used to obtain the relevant information. Waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure (BP) measurements were recorded. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triacylglycerols were analyzed by the enzymatic colorimetric assay using semi-automated analyzer (Teco Diagnostics TC-3300). International Diabetic Federation guideline for Asians was used to identify MS.Results:Sample response rate was 95.3% and of them, 43.8% (n = 224) was male. The prevalence of central obesity (WC for male ≥90 cm, female ≥80 cm) was 23.9%. Raised FPG (≥100 mg/dL, or previously diagnosed diabetes mellitus), hypertriacylglycerolemia (≥150 mg/dl), low level of HDL cholesterol (<40 mg/dL in males, <50 mg/dL in females), and raised BP (systolic BP ≥130 or diastolic BP ≥85 mmHg or previously diagnosed hypertension) were found in 23.9%, 25%, 79.3%, and 36.6% of the participants. The prevalence of MS was 15.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 12.8–19.3) and it was 17.4% in males and 14.6% in females. Participants living in the urban area had a higher prevalence of MS when compared with participants in a rural area (P = 0.015). Older age (P < 0.001) was a risk factor for development of MS. Smoking (P = 0.005) was a risk factor for the development of MS. Participants having sedentary, moderately active, and highly active lifestyle had the prevalence of MS 20.6% (95% CI: 13.2–29.7), 14.7% (95% CI: 10.6–19.5), and 14.7% (95% CI: 9.3–21.6), respectively (P = 0.247).Conclusion:Older age, urban living, and smoking carry a higher risk for development of MS among Jaffna Tamil community.

Effects of apolipoprotein A5 haplotypes on the ratio of triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the risk for metabolic syndrome in Koreans

BackgroundSingle-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) around the apolipoprotein A5 gene (APOA5) have pleiotropic effects on the levels of triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). APOA5 SNPs have also been associated with metabolic syndrome (MS). Here, we constructed haplotypes with SNPs spanning APOA5 and ZNF259, which are approximately 1.3 kb apart, to perform association analyses with the risk for MS and the levels of TG and HDL-C in terms of a TG:HDL-C ratio.MethodsThe effects of three constructed haplotypes (TAA, CGG, and CGA, in the order of rs662799, rs651821, and rs6589566) on the TG:HDL-C ratio and MS were estimated using multiple regression analyses in 2,949 Koreans and in each gender separately (1,082 men and 1,867 women).ResultsThe haplotypes, CGG and CGA, were associated with the TG:HDL-C ratio and the risk of MS development in both genders. That is, the minor alleles of the rs662799 and rs651821 in APOA5, irrespective of which allele was present at rs6589566, had the marked effects. Interestingly, a C–G–A haplotype at these three SNPs had the most marked effects on the TG:HDL-C ratio and the risk of MS development in women.ConclusionsWe have identified the novel APOA5-ZNF259 haplotype manifesting sex-dependent effects on elevation of the TG:HDL-C ratio as well as the increased risk for MS.

Study on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among diabetic population

To observe the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) among people with diabetes. 9 275 diabetic patients (FPG was ≥7.0 mmol/L or FPG < 7.0 mmol/L but diagnosed as diabetes or having history of diabetes, or were under hypoglycemic agents treatment) of 101 510 employees of Kailuan group who took physical check-up between 2006 and 2007, were recruited to take part in this study. Using the latest defined diagnostic criteria on MS from the 2010 hypertension guidelines, prevalence of MS among the population was analyzed, according to age and gender. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to test the relevant factors of MS. There were 6 105 cases with MS among the population with the prevalence as 65.8% (female:70.0%, male:64.9%). Stratified by age and gender, the prevalence rates of MS among young-age group, middle-age group and elderly group were 59.7%, 66.0% and 68.8%, respectively. The prevalence in males among the three groups was 61.4%, 64.9% and 67.0% , respectively. The prevalence rates in females among the three groups were 50.3%, 70.7% and 78.8%, respectively. Stratified by age and gender, the prevalence of waist abnormal in female was the highest (100.0%) in the youth group that with MS. However, the prevalence of dyslipidemia appeared the highest (86.3%) in males. In the elderly group with MS, the prevalence of abnormal blood pressure was the highest in both males and females, up to 96.0%. Results from multi-factor logistic regression analysis showed that cigarette smoking would increase the risk of developing MS in the youth group (OR = 1.89, 95%CI:1.09-3.28) and the risk of developing MS of man was lower than women in the middle-aged group (OR = 0.77, 95% CI:0.67-0.89; OR = 0.48, 95% CI:0.35-0.66). In the diabetic population, MS prevalence in female appeared to be higher than in males. The prevalence of MS tended to increase with age. Cigarette smoking could increase the risk of MS in the youth group.

Preventive role of exercise training in autonomic, hemodynamic, and metabolic parameters in rats under high risk of metabolic syndrome development

High fructose consumption contributes to metabolic syndrome incidence, whereas exercise training promotes several beneficial adaptations. In this study, we demonstrated the preventive role of exercise training in the metabolic syndrome derangements in a rat model. Wistar rats receiving fructose overload in drinking water (100 g/l) were concomitantly trained on a treadmill (FT) or kept sedentary (F) for 10 wk. Control rats treated with normal water were also submitted to exercise training (CT) or sedentarism (C). Metabolic evaluations consisted of the Lee index and glycemia and insulin tolerance test (kITT). Blood pressure (BP) was directly measured, whereas heart rate (HR) and BP variabilities were evaluated in time and frequency domains. Renal sympathetic nerve activity was also recorded. F rats presented significant alterations compared with all the other groups in insulin resistance (in mg · dl(-1) · min(-1): F: 3.4 ± 0.2; C: 4.7 ± 0.2; CT: 5.0 ± 0.5 FT: 4.6 ± 0.4), mean BP (in mmHG: F: 117 ± 2; C: 100 ± 2; CT: 98 ± 2; FT: 105 ± 2), and Lee index (in g/mm: F = 0.31 ± 0.001; C = 0.29 ± 0.001; CT = 0.27 ± 0.002; FT = 0.28 ± 0.002), confirming the metabolic syndrome diagnosis. Exercise training blunted all these derangements. Additionally, FS group presented autonomic dysfunction in relation to the others, as seen by an ≈ 50% decrease in baroreflex sensitivity and 24% in HR variability, and increases in sympathovagal balance (140%) and in renal sympathetic nerve activity (45%). These impairments were not observed in FT group, as well as in C and CT. Correlation analysis showed that both Lee index and kITT were associated with vagal impairment caused by fructose. Therefore, exercise training plays a preventive role in both autonomic and hemodynamic alterations related to the excessive fructose consumption.

Sarcopenia: characteristics, mechanisms and functional significance

Sarcopenia reflects a progressive withdrawal of anabolism and an increased catabolism, along with a reduced muscle regeneration capacity. Muscle force and power decline more than muscle dimensions: older muscle is intrinsically weak. Sarcopenic obesity (SO) among the elderly corroborates to the loss of muscle mass increasing the risk of metabolic syndrome development. Recent studies on the musculoskeletal adaptations with ageing and key papers on the mechanisms of muscle wasting, its functional repercussions and on SO are included. Neuropathic, hormonal, immunological, nutritional and physical activity factors contribute to sarcopenia. Selective fast fibre atrophy, loss of motor units and an increase in hybrid fibres are typical findings of ageing. Satellite cell number decreases reducing muscle regeneration capacity. SO promotes further muscle wasting and increases risk of metabolic syndrome development. The proportion of fast to slow fibres seems maintained in old age. In elderly humans, nuclear domain is maintained constant. Basal protein synthesis and breakdown show little changes in old age. Instead, blunting of the anabolic response to feeding and exercise and of the antiproteolytic effect of insulin is observed. Further understanding of the mechanisms of sarcopenia requires disentangling of the effects of ageing alone from those of disuse and disease. The causes of the greater anabolic resistance to feeding and exercise of elderly women need elucidating. The enhancement of muscle regeneration via satellite cell activation via the MAPK/notch molecular pathways seems particularly promising.