Risk Of Body Weight Gain Research Articles

Eating behaviors associated with weight gain among university students worldwide and treatment interventions: A systematic review

Introduction: Emerging adulthood has been described as a period of risk for body weight gain. Several studies have indicated that the positive or negative health behaviors established during this stage, tend to prevail the rest of life. However, there are discrepancies in published studies on weight change in freshmen and there are disagreements on weight gain predictors. The present study reviewed the literature with the aim of knowing the eating behaviors associated with weight gain in university students. Method: A systematic search was conducted in three databases according to the PRISMA method during the months of February to November 2020. Results: 20 articles were included in the review. The main behaviors associated with weight gain were the consumption of sugary drinks, alcohol consumption, low consumption of vegetables and fruits, frequent self-consumption, eating unhealthy and low levels of food regulation.

Transitioning from basal-bolus or premix insulin therapy to a combination of basal insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist in people with type 2 diabetes.

AimsTwo fixed‐ratio combinations (FRCs) of basal insulin and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist (GLP‐1RA) are available for once‐daily use in adults with type 2 diabetes. We aimed to review the clinical evidence for the efficacy and safety of changing treatment from a basal–bolus insulin (BBI) regimen or a premix insulin to these combination treatments (fixed‐ratio or loose) and provide expert opinion on the practicalities of making such a change.MethodsRelevant clinical and trial evidence and general review articles were identified through a literature review of ProQuest (comprising BIOSIS Previews®, Current Contents® Search, Embase® and MEDLINE®) for articles published between 2009 and 2021.ResultsWe identified nine articles reporting the results of FRCs, and seven articles reporting results of loose combinations of basal insulin and GLP‐1RAs, in people who transitioned treatment from BBI or premix regimens. In most trials, combination treatment led to improved or equivalent glycaemic control, and a reduction in body weight or BMI, versus the original regimens. Some trials reported a reduction in total insulin dose. A few trials reported reduced or unchanged hypoglycaemia rates, or increased patient satisfaction, with combination therapy where these endpoints were examined. We provide guidance on transitioning of treatment and the patient types most likely to benefit.ConclusionsIn people not achieving glycaemic control with BBI or premix insulin regimens, an FRC or loose combination of basal insulin and GLP‐1RA may improve control, decrease the risk of body weight gain or hypoglycaemia and reduce the complexity of treatment.

Effects of Metformin on Reproductive, Endocrine, and Metabolic Characteristics of Female Offspring in a Rat Model of Letrozole-Induced Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome With Insulin Resistance.

The beneficial effects of metformin, especially its capacity to ameliorate insulin resistance (IR) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), explains why it is widely prescribed. However, its effect on the offspring of patients with PCOS remains uncertain. This study investigated the impact of metformin treatment on the first- and second-generation female offspring born to letrozole-induced PCOS-IR rats. Forty-five female Wistar rats were implanted with continuous-release letrozole pellets or placebo and treated with metformin or vehicle control. Rats exposed to letrozole showed PCOS-like reproductive, endocrine, and metabolic phenotypes in contrast to the controls. Metformin significantly decreased the risk of body weight gain and increased INSR expression in F1 female offspring in PCOS-IR rats, contributing to the improvement in obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and IR. Decreased FSHR expression and increased LHCGR expression were observed in F1 female rats of the PCOS-IR and PCOS-IR+Metformin groups, suggesting that FSHR and LHCGR dysfunction might promote the development of PCOS. Nevertheless, we found no significant differences in INSR, FSHR, and LHCGR expression or other PCOS phenotypes in F2 female offspring of PCOS-IR rats. These findings indicated widespread reproductive, endocrine, and metabolic changes in the PCOS-IR rat model, but the PCOS phenotypes could not be stably inherited by the next generations. Metformin might have contributed to the improvement in obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and IR in F1 female offspring. The results of this study could be used as a theoretical basis in support of using metformin in the treatment of PCOS-IR patients.

Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Risk of Weight Gain and Obesity in United States Veterans: An Observational Cohort Study.

Background:Experimental evidence and studies of children and adolescents suggest that ambient fine particulate matter [particulate matter in aerodynamic diameter ()] air pollution may be obesogenic, but the relationship between and the risk of body weight gain and obesity in adults is uncertain.Objectives:Our goal was to characterize the association between and the risks of weight gain and obesity.Methods:We followed 3,902,440 U.S. Veterans from 2010 to 2018 (median 8.1 y, interquartile range: 7.3–8.4) and assigned time-updated exposures by linking geocoded residential street addresses with satellite-based estimates of surface-level mass (at resolution). Associations with were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models for incident obesity [body mass index (] and a increase in weight relative to baseline and linear mixed models for associations with intra-individual changes in BMI and weight.Results:A higher average annual concentration was associated with risk of incident obesity [; (95% CI: 1.06, 1.11)] and the risk of a () increase in weight [ (95% CI: 1.06, 1.08)] and with higher intra-individual changes in BMI [ (95% CI: 0.139, 0.142)] and weight [ (95% CI: 0.955, 0.981)]. Nonlinear exposure–response models indicated associations at concentrations below the national standard of . As expected, a negative exposure control (ambient air sodium) was not associated with obesity or weight gain. Associations were consistent in direction and magnitude across sensitivity analyses that included alternative outcomes and exposures assigned at different spatial resolutions.Discussion: air pollution was associated with the risk of obesity and weight gain in a large predominantly male cohort of U.S. Veterans. Discussions about health effects of should include its association with obesity, and deliberations about the epidemiology of obesity should consider its association with . Investigation in other cohorts will deepen our understanding of the relationship between and weight gain and obesity. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7944

Clinical Considerations When Initiating and Titrating Insulin Degludec/Liraglutide (IDegLira) in People with Type 2 Diabetes.

Therapeutic inertia is a substantial obstacle to the initiation of insulin therapy in people with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes (T2D). This effect has in part been perpetuated by concerns over the impact of a burdensome regimen and the increased risk of hypoglycemia and body weight gain often associated with insulin use. An effective, yet simple, less burdensome regimen with a lower risk of body weight gain and hypoglycemia compared with an insulin-only regimen, may help to address these concerns more effectively. We review the available clinical and real-world data on IDegLira, a once-daily, injectable, fixed-ratio combination of insulin degludec (degludec) and the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) liraglutide, in people with T2D. Evidence from the comprehensive DUAL clinical trial program suggests an advantage of IDegLira over traditional insulin therapies in a number of clinical outcomes, including maintenance of glycemic control, achievement of glycemic targets, reducing the risk of hypoglycemia, and body weight loss. These findings were demonstrated in participants with T2D irrespective of prior GLP-1RA and insulin use. Furthermore, the individual components of IDegLira have confirmed safety (degludec) or significant benefit in terms of improvement of cardiovascular risk (liraglutide). As an injectable therapy that is simple to titrate, IDegLira has the potential to optimize the ability to achieve relevant glycemic targets, and offers a suitable treatment option for people with T2D requiring insulin therapy who are at risk of hypoglycemia or weight gain.

Impact of Nutrient Type and Sequence on Glucose Tolerance: Physiological Insights and Therapeutic Implications.

Pharmacological and dietary interventions targeting postprandial glycemia have proved effective in reducing the risk for type 2 diabetes and its cardiovascular complications. Besides meal composition and size, the timing of macronutrient consumption during a meal has been recently recognized as a key regulator of postprandial glycemia. Emerging evidence suggests that premeal consumption of non-carbohydrate macronutrients (i.e., protein and fat “preloads”) can markedly reduce postprandial glycemia by delaying gastric emptying, enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin release, and decreasing insulin clearance. The same improvement in glucose tolerance is achievable by optimal timing of carbohydrate ingestion during a meal (i.e., carbohydrate-last meal patterns), which minimizes the risk of body weight gain when compared with nutrient preloads. The magnitude of the glucose-lowering effect of preload-based nutritional strategies is greater in type 2 diabetes than healthy subjects, being comparable and additive to current glucose-lowering drugs, and appears sustained over time. This dietary approach has also shown promising results in pathological conditions characterized by postprandial hyperglycemia in which available pharmacological options are limited or not cost-effective, such as type 1 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and impaired glucose tolerance. Therefore, preload-based nutritional strategies, either alone or in combination with pharmacological treatments, may offer a simple, effective, safe, and inexpensive tool for the prevention and management of postprandial hyperglycemia. Here, we survey these novel physiological insights and their therapeutic implications for patients with diabetes mellitus and altered glucose tolerance.

Relationship between rice consumption and body weight gain in Japanese workers: white versus brown rice/multigrain rice.

Increasing obesity rates have driven research into dietary support for body weight control, but previous studies have only assessed changes in body weight of ±3 kg. We investigated the relationships between white or brown/multi-grain rice consumption and 1-year body weight gain ≥3 kg in Japanese factory workers (n = 437). Routine medical check-up data from a 1-year nutrition and lifestyle cohort study were analysed. Participants were divided into white rice and brown/multi-grain rice consumption groups and further classified by tertile of rice consumption. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed by tertile. At 1 year, high white rice consumption was significantly associated with increased risk of body weight gain ≥3 kg compared with low white rice consumption, maintained after adjustment for age, sex, and consumption of other obesogenic foods (p = 0.034). In the brown/multi-grain rice consumption group, however, there was no significant difference in risk between high and low consumption, even after multi-variate adjustment (p = 0.387). The consumption of white rice, but not brown rice/multi-grain rice, was positively correlated with the risk of a 1-year body weight gain of 3 kg or more. This suggests that brown rice/multi-grain rice consumption is useful for body weight control among Japanese workers.

Targeted search of hypoglycemic agents among N-substituted isoindoline-1,3-diones and its analogues

It is known, that increasing of glucose level in the blood is an important factor at the risk of vascular complications in diabetes mellitus type 2 development. Taking this into account, short-acting priming regulators of glycemia (meglitinides) are designed, such as tableted sugar-reducing drugs with short acting insulin secretion stimulation. They are characterized by a slight decrease of glycohemoglobin content, the risk of body weight gain and decrease of efficacy during long-term usage despite their effectiveness. The solution of this problem can be as following: the creation of more effective drugs, which would contain known antidiabetic “pharmacophore” fragments able to provide a long-term hypoglycemic effect and having a polyvectoral mechanism of activity and effect both on symptoms of the disease and on disease etiology. The aim of the work is targeted search of hypoglycemic isoindoline-1,3-dione derivatives and its hydrogenated analogues based on rational design, structural similarity to metglitinides, molecular docking and traditional pharmacological screening. Materials and methods : laboratory utensils and organic solvents, “Stuart Scientific SMP30” melting point apparatus, ELEMENTAR vario EL Cube elemental analyzer, Bruker ALPHA FT-IR spectrometer, Varian-Mercury 400 1 H NMR spectrometer, Agilent 1100 Series liquid chromatograph, Marvin Sketch 17.21, AutoDockTools-1.5.6, Discovery Studio 4.0. Results . The targeted search of hypoglycemic agents among N -substituted isoindoline-1,3-diones and its analogues based on the structural similarity with existing active pharmaceutical ingredients, using molecular docking and traditional pharmacological screening was performed in the work. Mentioned compounds were synthesized by the refluxing of phthalic anhydride and its analogs with aminoalkyl-(alkaryl-,aryl-)carboxylic acids in the medium of the acetic acid. It was shown, that refluxing of 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-epoxyisobenzofuran-1,3-dione with glycine under the given conditions resulted the retro Diels-Alder reaction and formation of ( Z )-4-((carboxymethyl)amino)-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid. Elemental analysis, chromatomass-, IR- and 1 H-NMR spectral methods were used to prove the structure and individuality of the synthesized compounds. Conclusion . A number of compounds were synthesized and chemically modified. Research of their hypoglycemic activity was carried out, that raveled a number of high active substances. Certain “structure – activity relations” were established and the perspective directions of their further chemical modification were substantiated.

High dietary protein intake is associated with an increased body weight and total death risk

High dietary protein diets are widely used to manage overweight and obesity. However, there is a lack of consensus about their long-term efficacy and safety. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of long-term high-protein consumption on body weight changes and death outcomes in subjects at high cardiovascular risk. A secondary analysis of the PREDIMED trial was conducted. Dietary protein was assessed using a food-frequency questionnaire during the follow-up. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for protein intake in relation to the risk of body weight and waist circumference changes, cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular death, cancer death and total death. Higher total protein intake, expressed as percentage of energy, was significantly associated with a greater risk of weight gain when protein replaced carbohydrates (HR: 1.90; 95%CI: 1.05, 3.46) but not when replaced fat (HR: 1.69; 95%CI: 0.94, 3.03). However, no association was found between protein intake and waist circumference. Contrary, higher total protein intake was associated with a greater risk of all-cause death in both carbohydrate and fat substitution models (HR: 1.59; 95%CI: 1.08, 2.35; and HR: 1.66; 95%CI: 1.13, 2.43, respectively). A higher consumption of animal protein was associated with an increased risk of fatal and non-fatal outcomes when protein substituted carbohydrates or fat. Higher dietary protein intake is associated with long-term increased risk of body weight gain and overall death in a Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk.

Factors influencing adherence to regular exercise in middle-aged women: a qualitative study to inform clinical practice.

BackgroundAbout half of women decrease their regular exercise during middle age. Concurrently, they experience a reduction in basal metabolic rate and loss of lean muscle as they transition to menopause. The combined effects place these women at increased risk for body weight gain and associated co-morbidities. Further research is required to better assess their barriers to regular exercise and to develop more applied knowledge aimed to improve the applicability of clinical interventions aimed at this population. The main aim of this study was to identify enablers and barriers influencing adherence to regular exercise in middle-aged women who exercise.MethodsAn interpretive description qualitative study was conducted using individual interviews. The two key questions were focused on planning to engage in physical activity and succeeding or planning to engage in physical activity and not succeeding. Inductive content analysis was used.ResultsFifty-three women interviewed were aged 40–62 years and experiencing mild to moderate menopausal symptoms. Six broad themes influencing adhering to regular exercise were: routine, intrinsic motivation, biophysical issues, psychosocial commitments, environmental factors, and resources. Common sub-themes were identified as enabling factors: daily structure that incorporated physical activity (broad theme routine), anticipated positive feelings associated with physical activity (intrinsic), and accountability to others (psychosocial). Other common sub-themes identified as barriers were disruptions in daily structure (routine), competing demands (routine) and self-sacrifice (psychosocial).ConclusionsThe most common barrier middle-aged women describe as interfering with adhering to regular exercise was attributable to the demands of this life stage at home and with others. Lack of time and menopausal symptoms were not identified as the common barriers. To support women to adhere to regular exercise, healthcare professionals should consider a narrative approach to assessing barriers and focus on enablers to overcoming identified barriers.

Pesticides in mixture disrupt metabolic regulation: In silico and in vivo analysis of cumulative toxicity of mancozeb and imidacloprid on body weight of mice

Pesticides acting as endocrine disrupting chemicals disrupt the homeostasis of body metabolism. The present study elucidated that the low dose coexposure of thyroid disrupting dithiocarbamate fungicide mancozeb (MCZ) and neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid (IMI) during lactation increased the risk of body weight gain in mice later in life. Body weight gain has been linked to pesticide-induced hypothyroidism and hyperprolactinemia and alteration of lipid profiles. In vivo results were substantiated with in silico molecular docking (MD) analysis that predicted the binding affinity of pesticides with thyroid hormone receptors (TRα and TRβ) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), the major nuclear receptors of peripheral fat metabolism. Binding potency of MCZ and IMI was compared with that of T3, and its antagonist ethylene thiourea (ETU) as well as PPARγ agonist (rosiglitazone) and antagonist (HL005). MD simulation predicted that both MCZ and IMI may compete with T3 for binding with TRs. Imidazole group of IMI formed hydrogen bonds with TRs like that of ETU. MCZ may compete with rosiglitazone and HL005 for PPARγ, but IMI showed no affinity. Thus while both MCZ and IMI could disrupt the TRs functioning, MCZ alone may affect PPARγ. Coexposure of pesticides decreased the plasma thyroid hormones and increased the cholesterol and triglyceride. Individual pesticide exposure in low dose might not exert the threshold response to affect the receptors signaling further to cause hormonal/metabolic impairment. Thus, cumulative response of the mixture of thyroid disrupting pesticides can disrupt metabolic regulation through several pathways and contribute to gain in body weight.

Bodyweight gain under pregabalin therapy in epilepsy: Mitigation by counseling patients?

To evaluate bodyweight gain during pregabalin therapy for epilepsy and the utility of a short counseling program to prevent this side effect. Randomized controlled trial on the effects of extended versus standard patient counseling on the risk of bodyweight gain with 3- and 6-month follow-up including a consecutive sample of adult outpatients with epilepsy eligible for pregabalin add-on treatment (N=98). The seizure response rate was about 30%, the seizure freedom rate was 5% at the 6-month follow-up (intent-to-treat sample, N=98). The median bodyweight gain for the according-to-protocol sample (N=62) was 4.0 kg with no effect of extended counseling. Bodyweight gain was correlated with number of anticonvulsant drugs (r=.32, p<.05). Pregabalin treatment is associated with a high risk for bodyweight gain which in part depends on total anticonvulsant drug load. This side effect cannot be prevented by extended patient counseling within a standard clinical setting.

Olanzapine: interpreting the label change

Olanzapine: interpreting the label change

Reduced sympathetic nervous activity. A potential mechanism predisposing to body weight gain.

The sympathetic nervous system is recognized to play a role in the etiology of animal and possibly human obesity through its impact on energy expenditure and/or food intake. We, therefore, measured fasting muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in the peroneal nerve and its relationship with energy expenditure and body composition in 25 relatively lean Pima Indian males (means +/- SD; 26 +/- 6 yr, 82 +/- 19 kg, 28 +/- 10% body fat) and 19 Caucasian males (29 +/- 5 yr, 81 +/- 13 kg, 24 +/- 9% body fat). 24-h energy expenditure, sleeping metabolic rate, and resting metabolic rate were measured in a respiratory chamber, whereas body composition was estimated by hydrodensitometry. Pima Indians had lower MSNA than Caucasians (23 +/- 6 vs 33 +/- 10 bursts/min, P = 0.0007). MSNA was significantly related to percent body fat in Caucasians (r = 0.55, P = 0.01) but not in Pimas. MSNA also correlated with energy expenditure adjusted for fat-free mass, fat mass, and age in Caucasians (r = 0.51, P = 0.03; r = 0.54, P = 0.02; and r = 0.53, P = 0.02 for adjusted 24-h energy expenditure, sleeping metabolic rate, and resting metabolic rate, respectively) but not in Pima Indians. In conclusion, the activity of the sympathetic nervous system is a determinant of energy expenditure in Caucasians. Individuals with low resting MSNA may be at risk for body weight gain resulting from a lower metabolic rate. A low resting MSNA and the lack of impact of MSNA on metabolic rate might play a role in the etiology of obesity in Pima Indians.