Risk Of Bacterial Contamination Research Articles

Antimicrobial envelopes and endocarditis: innovative solutions for CIEDs infection

Abstract Introduction Endocarditis recurrence in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) remains a serious concern, demanding effective preventive measures. There is not always the possibility of extraction with a contralateral implant or the implantation of innovative devices. In recent years, two innovative technologies, TYRX and CanGaroo, have emerged as promising solutions to reduce the risk of endocarditis recurrence and improve patient outcomes. TYRX and CanGaroo are two cutting-edge medical technologies designed to address a critical concern in the management of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs): the prevention and treatment of infected pockets. Both TYRX and CanGaroo offer unique approaches to mitigate this risk and improve patient outcomes. The TYRX is composed of a mesh envelope containing two antimicrobial agents, minocycline, and rifampin, that providing local and sustained delivery of antimicrobial agents directly at the device pocket. Instead, the primary function of the CanGaroo is to create a physical barrier between the CIED and the surrounding tissues, reducing the risk of bacterial contamination. The CanGaroo is particularly valuable in cases where patients have a higher risk of endocarditis recurrence due to underlying health conditions, compromised immune systems, or previous episodes of infection. By minimizing the direct contact between the CIED and adjacent tissues, the CanGaroo helps reduce the risk of bacterial adherence and biofilm formation. Objectives Educate the patient and caregiver to recognize signs of infection and avoid contamination. Improve training and education of cardiology nurse specialists for the prevention and recurrence of endocarditis on intra-operative management using these new devices and the post-operative course. Materials and Methods Database research and field evaluations. Outcome and Discussion TYRX and CanGaroo are groundbreaking technologies that demonstrate the potential to reduce the recurrence of endocarditis in patients with CIEDs. Their innovative designs and positive clinical outcomes highlight their importance as valuable tools in infection prevention strategies for CIED recipients. Conclusion Both TYRX and CanGaroo offer innovative approaches to prevent endocarditis recurrence in patients with CIEDs. By utilizing their unique mechanisms, these devices contribute to a multi-pronged infection prevention strategy. The TYRX envelope's localized antimicrobial delivery and the CanGaroo envelope's physical protection complement standard infection control measures during implantation. It is important to note that while TYRX and CanGaroo offer significant advances in infection prevention, they are not standalone solutions. A comprehensive approach, including stringent infection control protocols, patient selection, and diligent post-implantation monitoring, is crucial in reducing the risk of endocarditis recurrence effectively.tryx

Platelet Storage—Problems, Improvements, and New Perspectives

Platelet transfusions are routine procedures in clinical treatment aimed at preventing bleeding in critically ill patients, including those with cancer, undergoing surgery, or experiencing trauma. However, platelets are susceptible blood cells that require specific storage conditions. The availability of platelet concentrates is limited to five days due to various factors, including the risk of bacterial contamination and the occurrence of physical and functional changes known as platelet storage lesions. In this article, the problems related to platelet storage lesions are categorized into four groups depending on research areas: storage conditions, additive solutions, new testing methods for platelets (proteomic and metabolomic analysis), and extensive data modeling of platelet production (mathematical modeling, statistical analysis, and artificial intelligence). This article provides extensive information on the challenges, potential improvements, and novel perspectives regarding platelet storage.

Analysis of Microbiological Hazards in Turmeric Tamarind Traditional Drink Products

Turmeric tamarind is a traditional drink with a sour and sweet taste traditionally made on a household scale. This drink is popular among the community, students, and local tourists from various regions visiting Yogyakarta. Due to its relatively simple production process and potentially suboptimal hygiene standards, the risk of bacterial contamination remains a concern for public health. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the presence or absence of bacterial contaminants, namely Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp and Staphylococcus aureus according to SNI 2019 standards. Samples were obtained from 11 locations of turmeric tamarind drink sales and inoculated into Chromocult Coliform Agar (CCA) differential selective medium, Salmonella Sigella Agar (SSA), and Baird Parker Agar (BPA) for E. coli isolation, Salmonella sp, and S. aureus, respectively. Subsequently, colonies were prified and screened through biochemical tests such as IMViC, Urease test, and sugar fermentation test for lactose, maltose, and glucose. Suspected isolates were also confirmed using API 20E and API STAPH tests. The results showed that E. coli, Salmonella sp, and S. aureus were not reported while Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp pneumoniae 1, Citrobacter freundii, Staphylococcus xylosus, and Staphylococcus lentus were obtained.

Evaluation of bacterial contamination and medium-term oncological outcomes of intracorporeal anastomosis for colon cancer: A propensity score matching analysis.

Although intracorporeal anastomosis (IA) for colon cancer requires longer operative time than extracorporeal anastomosis (EA), its short-term postoperative results, such as early recovery of bowel movement, have been reported to be equal or better. As IA requires opening the intestinal tract in the abdominal cavity under pneumoperitoneum, there are concerns about intraperitoneal bacterial infection and recurrence of peritoneal dissemination due to the spread of bacteria and tumor cells. However, intraperitoneal bacterial contamination and medium-term oncological outcomes have not been clarified. To clarify the effects of bacterial and tumor cell contamination of the intra-abdominal cavity in IA. Of 127 patients who underwent laparoscopic colon resection for colon cancer from April 2015 to December 2020, 75 underwent EA (EA group), and 52 underwent IA (IA group). After propensity score matching, the primary endpoint was 3-year disease-free survival rates, and secondary endpoints were 3-year overall survival rates, type of recurrence, surgical site infection (SSI) incidence, number of days on antibiotics, and postoperative biological responses. Three-year disease-free survival rates did not significantly differ between the IA and EA groups (87.2% and 82.7%, respectively, P = 0.4473). The 3-year overall survival rates also did not significantly differ between the IA and EA groups (94.7% and 94.7%, respectively; P = 0.9891). There was no difference in the type of recurrence between the two groups. In addition, there were no significant differences in SSI incidence or the number of days on antibiotics; however, postoperative biological responses, such as the white blood cell count (10200 vs 8650/mm3, P = 0.0068), C-reactive protein (6.8 vs 4.5 mg/dL, P = 0.0011), and body temperature (37.7 vs 37.5 °C, P = 0.0079), were significantly higher in the IA group. IA is an anastomotic technique that should be widely performed because its risk of intraperitoneal bacterial contamination and medium-term oncological outcomes are comparable to those of EA.

Fospropofol disodium versus propofol for long-term sedation during invasive mechanical ventilation: A pilot randomized clinical trial

Study objectiveFospropofol disodium is a propofol prodrug that is water-soluble and has a reduced risk of bacterial contamination and hypertriglyceridemia compared with propofol. Prior to implementing a large randomized trial, we investigated the feasibility, initial efficacy, and safety of fospropofol disodium compared with propofol in long-term mild-to-moderate sedation in intensive care units (ICUs). DesignSingle-centered, prospective, unblind, randomized, parallel-group clinical trial. SettingThe general ICU of university-affiliated teaching hospital. PatientsAdult patients (n = 60) expected to have mechanical ventilation for >24 h were enrolled and randomly assigned to the fospropofol or propofol group.Interventions: The fospropofol group received continuous fospropofol disodium infusions and the propofol group received continuous propofol infusions. The sedation goal was a score of −3 to 0 on the Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS). MeasurementsThe primary outcome was the percentage of time spent in the target sedation range without rescue sedation. Safety outcomes were based on adverse events. Blood samples were collected to measure formate concentration in plasma. Main resultsThe median dose was 4.33 (IQR, 3.08–4.94) mg/kg/h in the fospropofol group and 1.96 (IQR, 1.44–2.94) mg/kg/h in the propofol group. The median percentage of time spent in the target RASS range without rescue sedation was identical in both groups, with 83.33% (IQR, 74.43%–100.00%) in the fospropofol group and 83.33% (IQR, 77.45%–100.00%) in the propofol group (p = 0.887). At least one adverse event was identifed in 23 (76.7%) fospropofol patients and 27 (90.0%) propofol patients. The most common adverse events were tachycardia and hypotension. No paresthesia, catheter-related bloodstream infection or propofol infusion syndrome in both groups was reported. Three patients in the fospropofol group had mild hypertriglyceridemia, and nine patients in propofol group had hypertriglyceridemia (mild in eight patients and moderate in one patient) (10% versus 30%, p = 0.104). The formate concentration in plasma was very low, and no significant difference was identified at any time point between the two groups. ConclusionsFospropofol disodium appears to be a feasible, effective and safe sedative for patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation with long-term sedation.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Citrobacter freundii Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Fresh Vegetables

Thai farmers rely on manure-based fertilizers and irrigation water for plant cultivation, which poses a potential risk of bacterial contamination in their vegetables for sale. The objective of this study was to detect the contamination and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Citrobacter freundii in 80 samples of ready-to-eat vegetables from various food vendors in Bang Phli district, Samut Prakan Province. E. coli was found in 5 (6.25%) of the vegetable samples and C. freundii was found in 15 (18.75%) of the samples, while Salmonella spp. was not detected in any of the vegetable samples. Most E. coli isolates were found in basil samples whereas most of C. freundii were isolated from sprouts. The results of antimicrobial susceptibility tests of both E. coli and C. freundii against 8 antimicrobial agents using the disk diffusion method revealed that the isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested. This study highlights the presence of bacterial contamination in ready-to-eat fresh vegetables, which stems from the use of manure fertilizers. This practice could be a significant source of important enteric pathogens, posing substantial health risks to consumers.

Bacterial contamination of autologous blood in reinfusion in neurosurgery: a phenomenon or a problem?

To analyze safety of blood reinfusion with white blood cell filtration and X-ray irradiation for blood decontamination in neurosurgery. The study included 57 patients with various neurosurgical diseases. We used intraoperative blood reinfusion in all patients considering high predictable risk of major blood loss due to neurosurgical diseases, features of neoplasm topography, anamnesis and examination data. Microbiological examination of autologous blood was carried out at different stages before reinfusion. Bacterial contamination of autologous blood samples was observed in 42% of patients. Enlargement of surgical access to paranasal sinuses in patients with craniofacial lesions poses a potential risk of bacterial contamination of autologous blood. Additional methods of decontamination including white blood cell filtration and X-ray irradiation reduced bacterial load. The above-mentioned methods were less effective for decontamination of microflora not typical for human skin compared to saprophytic ones. There were no postoperative infectious complications. Combination of white blood cell filtration and X-ray irradiation reduces bacterial contamination and increases safety of reinfusion although these methods do not completely free autologous blood from opportunistic microorganisms. Decontamination quality significantly depended on microflora and surgical approach.

Apoptotic Pathway Inhibition in Cold-Stored Platelet Concentrates Facilitates Retained Ability to Form Thrombi

Introduction: Platelet concentrates (PCs) are used to treat or prevent bleeding in patients with impaired platelet function or after injury. However, the standard storage of PCs at room-temperature (RT) increases the risk of bacterial contamination and is associated with reduced platelet functionality due to storage lesions. Our group reported that cold-stored PCs have better functionality compared to RT-stored PCs but reduced in vivo circulation time due to cold-induced apoptosis. In order to investigate cold-stored PCs hemostatic functionality with and without apoptosis inhibition, we established an ex vivo model simulating physiological conditions of blood flow to evaluate the contribution of cold-stored PCs in thrombus formation. Methods: Apheresis-derived PCs were stored for 1, 4, 7 and 10 days under agitation at 4°C or RT either with or without the apoptosis inhibitor G04 (RhoA GTPase inhibitor). Next, PCs were stained with CD41 antibody, recalcified and incubated with TRAP6 (thrombin receptor-activating peptide 6) to initiate thrombus formation. Platelet-depleted whole blood samples from healthy donors were spiked-in with PCs and administered to the microfluidic channels of the ex vivo system (Bioflux), under physiological shear pressure. After five minutes of perfusion the resulting thrombi were imaged and analyzed. Ability to form thrombi was further assessed by thromboelastography and impedance aggregometry. Results: Platelets from 24h storage PCs showed stable thrombus formation upon activation with TRAP6. Unstimulated platelets did not form any thrombi during the entire period of perfusion. To evaluate the effect of cold storage on platelet functions we analyzed the extent of thrombus formation of PCs stored at RT and 4°C upon CD41 staining. Our results indicate that cold-stored platelets form larger clots under flow conditions and maintain higher functionality compared to PCs stored at RT. Moreover, incubation of cold-stored PCs with the apoptosis inhibitor G04 improved ex vivo thrombus formation compared to PCs stored without the inhibitor, without inducing any adverse effects (Figure 1). Conclusion: The results indicate that our ex vivo assay, which simulates PC transfusion in thrombocytopenic patients, is suitable to test the hemostatic functions of PCs under physiological flow conditions. We demonstrated that PCs stored at 4°C show better thrombus formation ability upon stimulation by agonists compared to RT-stored PCs and that the ability to form clots under shear stress is still preserved after incubation with the apoptosis inhibitor. To conclude, cold-storage of PCs in combination with apoptosis inhibition is a promising stragedy to reduce the risk of bacterial contamination and prolong in vivo survival time while preserving platelet's hemostatic functionality.

Safety and Efficacy of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Heating Units.

Patient temperature during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is commonly managed by dedicated heating units (HUs) that are integrated into ECMO circuitry. Currently, no HU has received approval for ECMO by the FDA in the United States. Older FDA-approved HUs have been implicated in life-threatening patient infections and are no longer manufactured or available for use in the United States. We performed laboratory tests to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Micro-Temp and the HTP-1500 HU systems that are potentially suitable for use in ECMO and describe our initial experience with the HTP-1500 HU after being placed in clinical service. Both units demonstrated similar heating efficacy, with the HTP-1500 achieving steady-state temperature approximately 5 h earlier than the Micro-Temp. Microorganisms were detected in the water compartment of all HUs prior to and after performing the manufacturer's recommended cleaning procedure, and after implementation of the HTP-1500 into clinical use we observed a decrease in the rate of bloodstream infection/ECMO days which did not reach statistical significance. Based on the results of this analysis and our institutional experience, we believe that integration of the HTP-1500 HU, an easily replaceable HU, into ECMO systems may reduce the risk of bacterial contamination and thus nosocomial infection when the devices are cleaned and maintained according to manufacturer's guidelines.

О микробиоме глазной поверхности

The latest molecular biology methods, in particular, bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing, makes it possible to reveal the diversity of the ocular surface microbiota and expand the list of the most common types identified by cultural methods. Most metagenomic sequencing results confirm that Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium, and Staphylococcus are dominant on the healthy ocular surface. However, the obtained data point to differences in the microbial spectrum among people. Factors explaining this variability are currently unknown, in particular, to what extent it is related to people and their environment, and to what extent they are artificial, i.e. brought in from outside. Describing the microorganisms on the ocular surface is not easy due to the possible risk of bacterial contamination. More research is needed, including better experimental studies, to avoid bias in the study of the role of the ocular surface microbiome in relation to healthy and pathological conditions. In particular, the study of strain heterogeneity, overlaps, taxonomic composition and functional profile of the healthy eye surface microbiome are important for drug development, especially those based on probiotics, for the treatment of eye diseases. Key words: ocular surface of a healthy person, ocular microbiome, ocular microbiota, microbial flora, cultural method, identification by the 16S rRNA marker gene, metagenomic sequencing

The safety of at home powdered infant formula preparation: A community science project.

Formula fed infants experience gastrointestinal infections at higher rates than breastfed infants, due in part to bacteria in powdered infant formula (PIF) and bacterial contamination of infant feeding equipment. The United Kingdom National Health Service (UK NHS) has adopted the World Health Organization recommendation that water used to reconstitute PIF is ≥70°C to eliminate bacteria. We used community science methods to co-design an at home experiment and online questionnaire ('research diary') to explore the safety of PIF preparation compared to UK NHS guidelines. 200 UK-based parents of infants aged ≤12 months were recruited; 151 provided data on PIF preparation, and 143 were included in the analysis of water temperatures used to reconstitute PIF. Only 14.9% (n = 11) of 74 PIF preparation machines produced a water temperature of ≥70°C compared with 78.3% (n = 54) of 69 kettle users (p < 0.001). The mean temperature of water dispensed by PIF preparation machines was 9°C lower than kettles (Machine M = 65.78°C, Kettle M = 75.29°C). Many parents did not always fully follow NHS safer PIF preparation guidance, and parents did not appear to understand the potential risks of PIF bacterial contamination. Parents should be advised that the water dispensed by PIF preparation machines may be below 70°C, and could result in bacteria remaining in infant formula, potentially leading to gastrointestinal infections. PIF labelling shouldadvise that water used to prepare PIF should be ≥70°C and highight the risks of not using sufficiently hot water, per WHO Europe advice. There is an urgent need for stronger consumer protections regarding PIF preparation devices.

Cold-stored platelets for acute bleeding in cardiac surgical patients: a narrative review.

Cold-stored platelets (CSP) are an increasingly active topic of international research. They are maintained at 1-6°C, in contrast to standard room-temperature platelets (RTP) kept at 20-24°C. Recent evidence suggests that CSP have superior hemostatic properties compared with RTP. This narrative review explores the application of CSP in adult cardiac surgery, summarizes the preclinical and clinical evidence for their use, and highlights recent research. A targeted search of MEDLINE and other databases up to 24 February 2022 was conducted. Search terms combined concepts such as cardiac surgery, blood, platelet, and cold-stored. Searches of trial registries ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were included. Articles were included if they described adult surgical patients as their population of interest and an association between CSP and clinical outcomes. References of included articles were hand searched. When platelets are stored at 1-6°C, their metabolic rate is slowed, preserving hemostatic function for increased storage duration. Cold-stored platelets have superior adhesion characteristics under physiologic shear conditions, and similar or superior aggregation responses to physiologic agonists. Cold-stored platelets undergo structural, metabolic, and molecular changes which appear to "prime" them for hemostatic activity. While preliminary, clinical evidence supports the conduct of trials comparing CSP with RTP for patients with platelet-related bleeding, such as those undergoing cardiac surgery. Cold-stored platelets may have several advantages over RTP, including increased hemostatic capacity, extended shelf-life, and reduced risk of bacterial contamination. Large clinical trials are needed to establish their potential role in the treatment of acutely bleeding patients.

A loophole in soap dispensers mediates contamination with Gram-negative bacteria.

Liquid soap dispensers are widely used in domestic and clinical settings. In previous studies, the risk of bacterial contamination of refillable systems was pointed out and a bacterial contamination rate of 25%, with values of up to 108 colony-forming units/mL (CFU/mL), was reported. However, the route of contamination remains elusive. To address this point, we determined the microbial contamination of refillable standard pump dispensers and nonrefillable press-dispenser systems. Following the collection of 104 liquid soap dispensers from hotel rooms across Germany, bacterial counts were determined. Isolates of samples containing nonfastidious Gram-negative(lac-) bacteria were further analyzed by the Vitek 2 system for the determination of species. 70.2% of the refillable pump dispensers (mean total bacterial count = 2.2 × 105 CFU/mL) but only 10.6% of the nonrefillable press dispensers, were contaminated (mean total bacterial count = 1.5 × 101 CFU/mL). Of samples containing nonfastidious Gram-negative(lac-) bacteria, Pluralibacter gergoviae was present in 41.7%, Pseudomonads (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida) in 25%, Serratia marcescens in 16.7%, and Klebsiella oxytoca and Pasteurella testudinis in 8.3%. After the initial assessment, we contaminated different dispensing systems with P. aeruginosa/P. gergoviae, to reveal the route of contamination and identied the pressure release of standard pump dispensers as the loophole for microbial contamination.

Machine Learning for Improved Detection of Pathogenic E. coli in Hydroponic Irrigation Water Using Impedimetric Aptasensors: A Comparative Study.

Reuse of alternative water sources for irrigation (e.g., untreated surface water) is a sustainable approach that has the potential to reduce water gaps, while increasing food production. However, when growing fresh produce, this practice increases the risk of bacterial contamination. Thus, rapid and accurate identification of pathogenic organisms such as Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is crucial for resource management when using alternative water(s). Although many biosensors exist for monitoring pathogens in food systems, there is an urgent need for data analysis methodologies that can be applied to accurately predict bacteria concentrations in complex matrices such as untreated surface water. In this work, we applied an impedimetric electrochemical aptasensor based on gold interdigitated electrodes for measuring E. coliO157:H7 in surface water for hydroponic lettuce irrigation. We developed a statistical machine-learning (SML) framework for assessing different existing SML methods to predict the E. coliO157:H7 concentration. In this study, three classes of statistical models were evaluated for optimizing prediction accuracy. The SML framework developed here facilitates selection of the most appropriate analytical approach for a given application. In the case of E. coliO157:H7 prediction in untreated surface water, selection of the optimum SML technique led to a reduction of test set RMSE by at least 20% when compared with the classic analytical technique. The statistical framework and code (open source) include a portfolio of SML models, an approach which can be used by other researchers using electrochemical biosensors to measure pathogens in hydroponic irrigation water for rapid decision support.

Overview of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Orthopaedic and Cardiac Procedures.

Antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) in surgical procedures is commonly used to prevent infections that may occur after operations. There are multiple factors that can contribute to increased risk of postsurgical complications that include prolonged hospitalization, reoperation, and readmissions. One of the strategies of decreasing the risk of bacterial contamination and developing infections is preprocedural antibiotic administration. When selecting an appropriate antibiotic, it is important to take into account surgery type and patient's characteristics which would also impact timing of administration and prophylaxis duration. Although surgical AP is significant for avoiding bacterial complications, it is also associated with some drawbacks such as increased antibiotic resistance and development of adverse reactions. Therefore, it is important to assess risks and benefits and select the most appropriate antibiotic regimen before initiating AP.

EVALUATION OF THE HEALTH QUALITY OF PLANTAIN BANANA CHIPS SOLD IN COCODY (ABIDJAN, COTE DIVOIRE): CASE OF COLIFORMS AND AEROBIC MESOPHILIC GERMS

In Abidjan, the economic capital of Cote dIvoire, chips of plantain banana are widely consumed foods. They are generally products of satisfactory quality regarding their cooking temperature in oil (200°C). However, the lack of hygiene during their packaging and display on roadsides can lead to a risk of bacterial contamination that may cause food poisoning. For contributing to the microbiological quality of these chips and guarantying the health of consumers, a search for faecal germs of contamination was carried out on these foods. The study was performed on 30 samples of plantain chips, including 15 ripe and 15 unripe, from 15 sellers randomly chosen in theCocody area. Microbiological standards were used to count the total flora, total coliforms, faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli likely to be present in these samples. The pH, moisture content and dry matter content also were measured. The experimentsrevealeda very satisfactory microbiological quality for all the samples of chips except 2 samples of unripe chips related to their very high load of faecal coliforms. The high dry matter rate (97.47 – 97.4%), slight acid pH (5.94 – 5.63) and low acidity rate (0.47 – 0.50 mEq/100g) of these samples facilitated contamination by faecal coliforms following a lack of hygiene of the saleswoman and her working environment. These results encourage the consumption of ripe chips as well as compliance with hygiene measures for reducing the exposure risk to food poisoning.

Platelet Storage: Time to Rethink the Cold

Platelet concentrates (PCs) are widely used in transfusion medicine for therapeutic purposes and their demand is constantly on the rise. Current storage regulations make this product highly susceptible to bacterial contaminations and platelet storage lesions (PSL) causing the need for alternative storage methods to be considered. The implementation of cold storage not only reduces unnecessary wastage of valuable donations and overall costs but also decreases both the risk of bacterial contamination and the occurrence of PSL. The current study aimed at determining how a prolonged cold storage may affect PCs. This was accomplished by investigating two different PC cohorts of 10 units each. One of the cohorts, labelled as ‘Room Temperature’, was stored at 22℃±2℃ for 5 days and then transferred to a temperature of 4℃±2℃. The other cohort, labelled as ‘Cold’, was stored directly at 4℃±2℃. Both cohorts were stored for a total of 21 days and platelet indices, platelet counts, pH, and platelet factor IV (PF4) were measured at different time intervals. Sterility was performed on Day 21. The key findings showed no significant difference in mean platelet count, platelet distribution width (PDW), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet-large cell ratio (P-LCR), and plateletcrit (PCT) between the two cohorts. On the other hand, a significant difference in mean pH and PF4 resulted between the two cohorts. Moreover, no significant difference in mean platelet count, and PCT was found between Days 1, 5, or 10, and Day 21 in both cohorts. However, an overall significant difference in mean PDW, MPV, P-LCR and pH was discovered between Days 1 and 21, Days 5 and 21, and Days 10 and 21 in both cohorts. Regards PF4, a significant difference was detected between Days 1 and 21, and Days 10 and 21; however, no significant difference was found between Days 5 and 21 in both cohorts. Corynebacterium freneyi and Microbacterium liquefaciens, were cultured from 1 unit of the room temperature cohort after it was flagged positive during the sterility testing. In conclusion, through the implementation of a delayed cold storage system, PCs can be safely administered to the patient.

Novel Protocol for the Preparation of Porcine Bone Marrow Primary Cell Culture for African Swine Fever Virus Isolation.

Isolation of African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a critical step towards the identification, titration, characterization, and even modification of the virus. Therefore, it is important to identify a suitable cell line that supports the efficient replication of ASFV for these purposes. This should be achieved even when starting with a low virus load, as in the case of isolating the virus from field samples. This article presents a detailed protocol on the preparation of porcine bone marrow primary (PBMP) cell culture, which has a high sensitivity towards ASFV, resulting in high viral yields with a minimal risk of bacterial contamination.

Rancang Bangun Wastafel Multifungsi Untuk Tempat Perlindungan Hewan Fie Fie Jo

Fie Fie Joe animal shelter employees and visitors often physically contact animals while feeding, playing with, or cleaning animals and their cages. In order to prevent virus and bacteria transmission, animal shelters require everyone to wash their hands after visiting the outdoor area. The Fie Fie Jo shelter, however, faced two main problems. First, only one hand-washing station is available in their facility, allowing possible viruses or bacteria to be transmitted through physical contact with other people or objects before entering the indoor facility. Second, their staff took a long time to bathe the animals in their enclosures since there was no washing station in the outdoor area. Therefore, this outreach program aims to design and build a multi-purpose washing station for the outdoor area that can be operated by a foot pedal so that users do not need to touch the faucet physically. The washing station has additional features such as a large tub that can also be used for bathing animals, a tissue holder, and a garbage disposal to help make it easier and faster to bathe several animals simultaneously. The method used during the outreach program includes conducting a survey, performing a design process, and demonstrating how to use and maintain the multi-purpose washing station. To assess the success of this program, the Fie Fie Jo owner and employees were asked to fill out a questionnaire. The results showed that they were more than satisfied with the demonstration and performance of the washing station. The presence of the multi-purpose washing station can improve productivity and reduce the risk of viruses and bacterial contamination of the Fie Fie Joe animal shelter employees and visitors.

Closed system production of serum eye drops using dockable saline.

A fully closed system solution to manufacture serum eye drops using diluted serum has remained elusive, necessitating production steps to mitigate bacterial contamination risks in a clean suite environment, hampering production efficiency amid growing demand. We describe our recent implementation of a fully closed manufacturing process at New Zealand Blood Service. A dockable format for sterile saline manufactured to custom specifications configured with a 15-cm tubing to enable sterile connections was sourced from a local pharmaceutical manufacturer. From a total of 30,168 eye drop vials manufactured since implementation, the average production time was reduced by up to 45% performed in the general laboratory environment, attributed to eliminating processes performed in a clean suite. No bacterial contamination was observed, demonstrating robust sterile connections. Dockable saline takes serum eye drops manufactured from a functionally closed system to a fully closed system, thereby enhancing patient safety, significantly reducing manufacturing time and cost and transforming production from a highly restrictive process into a portable workflow that is simple, practical and effective.