Risk Of Addictive Behavior Research Articles

Prevalence and correlates of addictive behaviours among adolescents in Chandigarh, North India

ABSTRACT Objective The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of addictive behaviors among in-school and out-of-school adolescents of age 13–19 years in Chandigarh, India. Methods Problem Behavior Theory (PBT) was used to identify the risk and protective factors for addictive problem behaviors among adolescents. Results A total of 1634 adolescents were included from in-school (n = 1134) and out-of-school (n = 500) categories. The prevalence of addictive behaviors was 19.1% (current smoking 6%, alcohol drinking 6.1%, and drug use 7%) among adolescents aged 13 to 19. Significant predictors of smoking were being male (aOR = 4.43; 95%CI: 1.92,10.20; p < .001) and having a working father (aOR = 3.19; 95%CI: 1.10, 9.20; p < .05). Total protective score [smoking: aOR = 0.99; 95% CI:0.97, 0.99: p < .05; alcohol use: aOR:0.98;95% CI:0.97,0.99; p < .01; drug use: OR:0.99, 95%CI: 0.98,0.99; p < .05] and total risk score [smoking: aOR = 1.14; 95%CI:1.11, 1.17: p < .001; alcohol use: aOR:1.10;95% CI:1.07,1.12; p < .001; drug use: aOR:1.05, 95%CI: 1.04,1.06 p < .001] were significantly associated with all three addictive behaviors. Conclusions The current study’s findings can inform the development of intervention programs focusing on both adolescents and communities (social environment surrounding adolescents) to enhance the protection of adolescents at risk for addictive behaviors.

Adverse childhood experiences and risky behaviours in two Tunisian University Hospitals

Abstract Introduction According to the Health Word Organization (WHO), adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have several harmful outcomes on mental health in adolescence and later life. We aimed at investigating the relationship between ACEs and risky behaviors among Tunisian health professionals. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted between November 2018 and March 2019 among health care workers in two University Hospitals in Tunisia. We assessed exposure to violence in the hospital, behavioral (cyberaddiction) and chemical addiction (tobacco and alcohol use). ACEs were screened using the Arabic validated version of the Adverse childhood experiences-International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) developed by the WHO. Results A total of 546 health professionals were enrolled with a mean age of 34.5 ± 9.6 years and a majority being female (70%). Almost 34.8% were doctors. The majority of them (67.3%) reported exposure to physical violence at work by patient or their families. The most common hazardous practice was internet addiction (18.5%) followed by tobacco use (13.2%). All health risk behaviors were significantly more prevalent among males and youth (&amp;lt;35 years) (p &amp;lt; 0.01). After adjustment for violence at work and socidemographic characteristics, logistic regression revealed that ACEs especially physical violence (OR = 1.8; IC [1.1-2.9]), emotional abuse (OR = 4.5 [1.2-16.6]) and bullying (OR = 2.6 [1.6-4.2]) increase the risk of the adoption of addictive behaviors among health caregivers. Conclusions Policy makers might implement collaborative interventions with psychiatrics targeting the prevention of early life adversities, this could be helpful to delay the onset of risky behaviors. Key messages Exposure to early life adversities increase the risk of addictive behaviors among health caregivers. Collaborative interventions with psychiatrics targeting screening childhood adversities could be helpful to delay the onset of risky behaviours.

The association between type of trauma, level of exposure and addiction

Exposure to trauma is considered a risk factor for the development of addictive disorders. Currently, there is a knowledge gap concerning specific links between types and levels of exposure to traumatic events and addiction.In this study we explored the associations between interpersonal trauma and risk of addictive behaviors, stratified by type of trauma (physical, weapon, sexual assault, and combat) and level of exposure (direct/indirect), focusing on a wide range of substances and behaviors. Data from an online representative sample of 4025 respondents were collected, including the Life Events Checklist (LEC-5), substance use disorders and behavioral addictions metrics, and sociodemographic data. Substantial differences were found between specific types of trauma and risk of addiction. Among those exposed to sexual assault, the risk of alcohol use disorder was found to 15.4%, 95%CI[14.4–16.4%], compared to 12.1%,95%CI[11.3–12.8] among those exposed to combat-related trauma. Both direct and indirect exposure to trauma were found to be significantly related with risk of addiction. While direct exposure was most highly associated with addictions across several types of trauma, in the case of combat-related trauma, indirect exposure was more highly associated with alcohol and pornography addiction (14.5%,95%CI[13.2–15.8%] and 10.0%, 95%CI[6.3–15.0%], respectively) compared to direct exposure (10.7%,95%CI[9.9–11.6%] and 7.4%, 95%CI[4.7–11.6%], respectively). Our findings emphasize the strong association between all types of trauma and the risk of several specific substance and behavioral addictions. Specifically, the role of indirect exposure to trauma is highlighted.

A Clinical Case Study on the Developmental Process of Addictive Behaviors from a Psychological Perspective: Proposal of Early Prevention Probability

This article aimed at building a comprehensive hypothesis on the origin and developmental process of addictive behaviors based on facts obtained from the author’s clinical experience. A woman with a variety of addictive behaviors was introduced as an instance. Not only childhood adversity which contribution already had been proven in the development of addiction, the author also focused on psycho-social obstruction during adolescence, more specifically, that of constructing peer relationships as well as that of renewing the relationship with parents crucial for passing through the second individuation process (Blos, 1967). Furthermore, how the obstruction related to the adversity during early life was discussed. At the end of the article, reference was made to possible benefits in adulthood brought about by intervening with adolescents who are at high risk of addictive behaviors.

Interaction of Socioeconomic Status with Risky Internet Use, Gambling and Substance Use in Adolescents from a Structurally Disadvantaged Region in Central Europe.

Background and aims: The current level of knowledge concerning the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on internet use, gambling, and substance use in structurally disadvantaged regions is scarce. The objective of this study was an investigation of the relationship between SES and risky internet use, gambling and substance use in a structurally disadvantaged region in Central Europe. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among high school students (n = 1063) in a Czech structurally disadvantaged region in autumn 2017. Binary Logistic Regression models were applied to data from the modified Excessive Internet Use scale (mEIUS), a standard tool for measuring the risk of addictive behavior on the internet and the risk of excessive gaming. Other data were collected using the Lie/Bet (problematic gambling), CAGE (acronym of the key words: cut, angry, guilty and eye-opener), and the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) (problematic alcohol/cannabis use) tools. Results: There were statistically significant differences between at-risk and not-at-risk groups in addictive behavior on the internet and gaming, while none were found in problematic gambling. Individual dimensions of SES showed significant effects on substance use. Regarding parenting styles, significant differences were found only in the risk of addictive behavior on the internet or gaming between the authoritarian and authoritative styles. Being engaged in behavioral addictions with one´s parents increased the odds of the behavioral addiction risk and decreased the odds of the substance addiction risk. Engagement with one´s parents in substance addictions decreased the odds of the behavioral addiction risk and increased the odds of the substance addiction risk. Discussion and Conclusions: The results point at specific relations between SES and the risk of addictive behaviors on the internet and gaming within structurally disadvantaged regions. The results of SES and/or structurally disadvantaged region measures obtained in research, policy-making, and care-provision may improve the focus of actions taken.

ДІАГНОСТИЧНІ КРИТЕРІЇ НЕВРАСТЕНІЇ З ПІДВИЩЕНИМ РИЗИКОМ АДИКТИВНОЇ ПОВЕДІНКИ

Мета: визначити клінічні особливості та закономірність формування неврастенії з підвищеним ризиком адиктивної поведінки.Матеріали та методи: клініко-психопатологічне дослідження; система AUDIT–подібних тестів для комплексної оцінки адиктивного статусу; клінічний опитувальник для виявлення та оцінки невротичних станів.Результати. Таким чином, за результатами проведеного дослідження пацієнтів з неврастенією що поєднана з адитивними порушеннями, характеризує затяжний тип формування невротичного розладу, наявність емоційно-ізоляційних психотравмуючих факторів, широкий спектр клініко-психопатологічних симптомів, з домінуванням сомато-вегетативних та депресивних проявів, а також представленість в синдромальной структурі провідного астенічного синдрому на тлі сомато-вегетативного, дисфоричного або депресивного синдромів. В якості найбільш інформативних маркерів наявності адикцій у хворих на неврастенію виділено наявність затяжного початку хвороби (МІ=0,83) та дисфоричного синдрому (МІ=0,8).В формуванні невротичних розладів з адикціями були задіяні переважно поєднання гострих та хронічних психотравмуючих чинників з різних сфер життєдіяльності людини; окрім цього значна доля в формуванні неврозів з адикціями належала емоційно-ізоляційним психотравмуючим чинникам, що пов’язані з переживанням відчуття самотності та відчуженості.Висновок. Отримані дані можуть бути використані для удосконалення програм діагностики, профілактики та терапії хворих на невростенію.

Disruption of Reward Processing in Addiction

Disrupted reward processing, mainly driven by striatal dysfunction, is a key characteristic of addictive behaviors. However, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have reported conflicting results, with both hypoactivations and hyperactivations during anticipation and outcome notification of monetary rewards in addiction. To determine the nature and direction of reward-processing disruptions during anticipation and outcome notification of monetary rewards in individuals with addiction using image-based meta-analyses of fMRI studies. Relevant publications were identified searching PubMed (inclusion until March 2015) using the following terms: reward, fMRI, substance use, cocaine, cannabis, opiates, alcohol, nicotine, smokers, gambling, gamblers, gaming, and gamers. Authors of included articles were contacted to obtain statistical fMRI maps. Inclusion criteria: reward task involving monetary reward anticipation and/or outcome; participants showing addictive behaviors; and healthy control group. Exclusion criteria: participants aged younger than 18 years; recreational substance use or gambling; participants at risk for addictive behaviors; and studies using the same patient data as other included studies. Study procedures were conducted in accordance with the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. Using Seed-based d Mapping software, meta-analyses were performed using random-effect nonparametric statistics with group whole brain T-maps from individual studies as input. Analyses were performed across all addictions and for substance and gambling addictions separately. Group differences (individuals with addiction vs control individuals) in reward-related brain activation during reward anticipation and outcome using fMRI (planned before data collection). Twenty-five studies were included in the meta-analysis, representing 643 individuals with addictive behaviors and 609 healthy control individuals. During reward anticipation, individuals with substance and gambling addictions showed decreased striatal activation compared with healthy control individuals. During reward outcome, individuals with substance addiction showed increased activation in the ventral striatum, whereas individuals with gambling addiction showed decreased activation in the dorsal striatum compared with healthy control individuals. Striatal hypoactivation in individuals with addiction during reward anticipation and in individuals with gambling addiction during reward outcome is in line with the reward-deficiency theory of addiction. However, the combination of hypoactivation during reward anticipation and hyperactivation during reward outcome in the striatum of individuals with substance addiction may be explained using learning-deficit theory.

The role of genetic factors in the formation of dependence on opiates

Sociological surveys show that the average age of drug users in recent years has drastically decreased from 18 years to 13 years. Among children of aged from 5 to 7 years the episodes of drug use have been reported. At the same time their parents addicts contribute to this. Statistics show that more than 60 % of drug addicts are young people aged from 17 to 35 years. More than 20 % are children, students, and only 15 % are people older than 35 years. The use by mother during pregnancy psychoactive substances (PAS) is one of the major risk factor for congenital addiction. The most important risk factors for drug abuse are genetic ones. There are two main genetically dependent factors. The first factor is genetically determined high level of the dopamine which encourage a person on a constant search for new sensations, dissatisfaction peace, and search risky situations. The second one is a low level of the hormone serotonin which results in depression in stressful situations. The stressful situations become very deep. Certain factors increase the risk of addictive behavior of offspring may appear at birth. Many people who started the abuse at early age consciously preferred drug to alcohol. That is the adoption of alcohol caused them to aversion to alcohol because of the memories of his father-alcoholic. However based on the biological characteristics while it is not so easy to predict the likelihood of addiction and clearly define in advance the tendency or, on the contrary, human resistance to drug intoxication and dependence.

Использование тестов, современных компьютерных технологий и обработки информации в системе диагностики и профилактики аддиктивного поведения (краткий обзор литературы)

This article discusses the possibility of the effectiveness of the application of diagnostic methodologies to identify the propensity to addiction, examines the possibility of using modern computer technologies in the diagnosis and prevention of addiction, the formation of health-promoting behaviours. The author presents a review of modern tests, computer programs and computer technology that allows not only to evaluate the likely risk of addictive behavior, but also to suggest corrective measures with regard to personal, social, biological factors influencing the formation of addictive behavior. Each of the analyzed test methods is based on a large theoretical and empirical base. Test methods were tested for validity and reliability, and offer computer technologies and systems of processing of the received information are detailed instructions. The author has made an attempt to classify a number of methods and technologies for diagnosis of deviant forms of behaviour, to highlight their specificity, to identify opportunities and constraints. Studied computer techniques and traditional tests can be used as an independent diagnostic tools of various types of addictive behavior, can be included in the scorecard addicting behavior in general.

Neurogenetic and epigenetic correlates of adolescent predisposition to and risk for addictive behaviors as a function of prefrontal cortex dysregulation.

As addiction professionals, we are becoming increasingly concerned about preteenagers and young adults' involvement with substance abuse as a way of relieving stress and anger. The turbulent underdeveloped central nervous system, especially in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), provides impetus to not only continue important neuroimaging studies in both human and animal models, but also to encourage preventive measures and cautions embraced by governmental and social media outlets. It is well known that before people reach their 20s, PFC development is undergoing significant changes and, as such, hijacks appropriate decision making in this population. We are further proposing that early genetic testing for addiction risk alleles will offer important information that could potentially be utilized by their parents and caregivers prior to use of psychoactive drugs by these youth. Understandably, family history, parenting styles, and attachment may be modified by various reward genes, including the known bonding substances oxytocin/vasopressin, which effect dopaminergic function. Well-characterized neuroimaging studies continue to reflect region-specific differential responses to drugs and food (including other non-substance-addictive behaviors) via either "surfeit" or "deficit." With this in mind, we hereby propose a "reward deficiency solution system" that combines early genetic risk diagnosis, medical monitoring, and nutrigenomic dopamine agonist modalities to combat this significant global dilemma that is preventing our youth from leading normal productive lives, which will in turn make them happier.

EPA-0911 – Impulsivity in bipolar disorder: clinical and environmental aspects. about 50 cases.

Background Impulsivity is recognized as a predisposing factor for addictive and suicidal behavior in bipolar patients. We aim to study the impact of childhood traumatic experiences on the development of impulsive behavior in patients with bipolar disorder and the particularties of these patients Methods Case-control study during a period of six months. Euthymic patients with bipolar disorder were enrolled. The two groups were compared by the scores of the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-10) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Results The total impulsivity scores of motor and cognitive impulsivity in subjects with bipolar disorder were higher than in control subjects (with respectively p=0,001 ; p=0,005 ; p=0,002). There was a statistically significant difference between bipolar patients and controls regarding the CTQ total (p Conclusion It is interesting to routinely use impulsivity scales (especially the BIS) and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire as indicators of high risk of addictive behavior in bipolar patients. This is paramount in order to develop appropriate therapeutic measures for this group of patients, often responding poorly to standard care.

Addiction aux jeux vidéo : des enfants à risque ou un risque pour tous les enfants ?

With the rapid growth in the number of children and adolescents having access to videogames, there is a risk of addictive behavior, especially among those with underlying mental illnesses. Yet there is no consensual definition of videogame addiction. Depression, anxiety disorders and hostility are all associated with overuse, but attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most significant predictor.

Recent advances in understanding the personality underpinnings of impulsive behavior and their role in risk for addictive behaviors.

Impulsivity has been a widely explored construct, particularly as a personality-based risk factor for addictive behaviors. The authors review evidence that (a) there is no single impulsivity trait; rather, there are at least five different personality traits that dispose individuals to rash or impulsive action; (b) the five traits predict different behaviors longitudinally; for example, the emotion-based urgency traits predict problematic involvement in several risky behaviors and sensation seeking instead predicts the frequency of engaging in such behaviors; (c) the traits can be measured in preadolescent children; (d) individual differences in the traits among preadolescent children predict the subsequent onset of, and increases in, risky behaviors including alcohol use; (e) the traits may operate by biasing the learning process, such that high-risk traits make high-risk learning more likely, thus leading to maladaptive behavior; (f) the emotion-based urgency traits may contribute to compulsive engagement in addictive behaviors; and (g) there is evidence that different interventions are appropriate for the different trait structures.

Effects of dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) and transporter (SLC6A3) polymorphisms on smoking cue-induced cigarette craving among African-American smokers.

Cue-induced craving for addictive substances has long been known to contribute to the problem of persistent addiction in humans. Research in animals over the past decade has solidly established the central role of dopamine in cue-induced craving for addictive substances, including nicotine. Analogous studies in humans, however, are lacking, especially among African-American smokers, who have lower quit rates than Caucasian smokers. Based on the animal literature, the study's objective was to test the hypothesis that smokers carrying specific variants in dopamine-related genes previously associated with risk for addictive behaviors would exhibit heightened levels of cigarette craving following laboratory exposure to cues. To this end, cigarette craving was induced in healthy African-American smokers (n=88) through laboratory exposure to smoking cues. Smokers carrying either the DRD2 (D2 dopamine receptor gene) TaqI A1 RFLP or the SLC6A3 (dopamine transporter gene) 9-repeat VNTR polymorphisms had stronger cue-induced cravings than noncarriers (Ps <0.05 and 0.01, respectively). Consistent with the separate biological pathways involved (receptor, transporter), carriers of both polymorphisms had markedly higher craving responses compared to those with neither (P<0.0006), reflecting additive effects. Findings provide support for the role of dopamine in cue-induced craving in humans, and suggest a possible genetic risk factor for persistent smoking behavior in African-American smokers.

Assessment and classification of patients with psychiatric and substance abuse syndromes. 1989.

Patients with both mental illness and substance abuse pose a major clinical challenge to mental health and substance abuse clinicians. The literature seems to support the hypothesis that mental illness and substance abuse occur together more frequently than chance would predict. Assessment and classification of these patients should be guided by clinicians' needs to make meaningful therapeutic judgments and to communicate effectively with each other in coordinating treatment. Different phases of treatment require different approaches to assessment and classification. In initial classification, the clinician should recognize the problem of dual diagnosis and resist premature assumptions about which diagnosis is primary. Long-term treatment and rehabilitation may require systematic evaluation of alternative clinical by potbeses about why a patient exhibits both disorders. This approach eventually may lead to better ways to assess, classify, and treat these difficult patients.