Risk Of Acute Respiratory Infection Research Articles

Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of acute respiratory infections in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) have a substantial impact on morbidity, healthcare utilization, and functional decline among older adults. Therefore, we systematically reviewed evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the efficacy and safety of vitamin D supplementation in preventing ARIs in older adults. PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched until 1 February 2024. RCTs evaluating the use of vitamin D supplements to protect older adults from ARIs were included. Two reviewers independently screened papers, extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias. Data were summarised as relative risks (RRs) or odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Random effects meta-analyses were used to synthesise the results. GRADE was used to evaluate the quality of evidence. All the analysis were performed with Stata version 17. Twelve trials (41552 participants) were included in the meta-analysis. It showed that vitamin D supplementation probably does not reduce the incidence of ARIs (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.97-1.02, I2 = 0%; moderate certainty). No significant effect of vitamin D supplementation on the risk of ARI was observed for any of the subgroups defined by baseline 25(OH)D concentration, control treatments, dose frequency, study duration, and participants' condition. However, there was a possibility, although not statistically significant, that vitamin D may reduce the risk of ARI in patients with a baseline 25(OH)D concentration <50 nmol/L (OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.79-1.04, I2 = 14.7%). Additionally, vitamin D supplements might result in little to no difference in death due to any cause, any adverse event, hypercalcinemia, and kidney stones. Vitamin D supplementation among older adults probably results in little to no difference in the incidence of ARIs. However, further evidence is needed, particularly for individuals with vitamin D deficiency and populations residing in low and middle income countries. This study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023451265).

Respiratory viral infections before the COVID-19 in Portugal: A single center study

ObjectivesWe aimed to describe the respiratory viruses (RV) found in respiratory samples from patients admitted to Hospital de São Bernardo, Setúbal, Portugal, between October 2019 and March 2020, and to correlate these with clinical features. DesignThis retrospective study explored 948 fresh frozen naso/oropharyngeal swabs, tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. ResultsRhinovirus/enterovirus, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) were the most prevalent RV. Half of the patients fulfilled the acute respiratory infection (ARI) and/or influenza-like illness (ILI) criteria, with increasing age significantly reducing the risk of ARI and/or ILI. Hospital admission was more frequently observed in symptomatic patients, but the length of stay and mortality were significantly lower. Most (96.5 %) patients had a main respiratory diagnosis. In adults, the most prevalent was pneumonia, which particularly affected older patients, while in children, the most common was bronchiolitis. The number of hospital admissions was high. Sudden onset, shortness of breath, older age, and hRSV detection significantly increased the risk of hospital admission overall. In bronchiolitis, female gender significantly increased the risk of hospital admission, while older age significantly reduced this risk. Twenty patients died within the first month of sampling, and all were older adults. Older age and male gender significantly increased the risk of death. ConclusionsRespiratory viral infections can have a significant clinical impact, particularly in young infants with bronchiolitis and older adults with pneumonia. This study provides the first snapshot of the respiratory viral infections just before the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in Portugal, providing relevant clinical insights.

Binary Logistic Regression Analysis in Determining Risk Factors of Acute Respiratory Infection (IRA) on Under-Five Children

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is a prevalent ailment and stands as one of the primary causes of mortality among children under the age of five. As reported by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, ARI predominantly affects children aged one to four years, with an incidence rate of 13.7%. Binary logistic regression is utilized to predict the likelihood of ARI occurrences in children under five, employing a linear combination of log-odds pertaining to suspected contributory factors. This study aims to evaluate the risk factors associated with ARI and develop an optimal logistic regression model by analyzing data from 166 participants who visited the Tarus regional health center between July 21 and September 1, 2023. Factors considered in this research as predictors for ARI (dependent variable ) include Immunization Status (X1), exposure to cigarette smoke at residence (X2), exposure to wood smoke at residence (X3), exclusive breastfeeding (X4), and nutritional status (X5). The final analysis revealed that incomplete immunization, exposure to cigarette smoke, and exposure to wood smoke at residence significantly heighten the risk of ARI. The most fitting logistic model obtained was expressed as logit (π_ijk)=-1.1051+1.2297X1+0.8709X2+1.31085X3.

Infant feeding patterns and risk of acute respiratory infections in Baghdad/Iraq

Background: exclusive breastfeeding has been shown to protect infants from contracting various diseases. The aims of this study were: to examine the relationships between infant feeding patterns and the risk of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI), and to assess the importance of some factors that can increase such risk. Methods: a case-control study was carried out during the period between February 1st 2005 - May 1st 2005. The study included 137 infants who were hospitalized in the Children Welfare Teaching Hospital for ARIs during the period of study (a case definition of acute lower respiratory infection as given by the WHO (1995) was used). The Control group included 157 healthy infants who were randomly selected from two primary health care centers of the AI-Karkh sector of Baghdad for immunization. The risk of various factors thought to be associated to ARI were studied, these being: non-modifiable (age, gender, birth order, parent education, crowded residence, family history of asthma and history of ARIs in household members in previous 2 weeks) and modifiable (short duration of breastfeeding, cigarette smoking in proximity to the infant, delayed immunization and malnutrition). Logistic regression was used to adjust for confounders and for calculating adjusted odds ratios. Results: formula fed infants had a 2.7 times higher risk (CI:1.6-4.68) for ARIs compared to breast fed infants. Infants who had undergone a short duration of breastfeeding (&lt;3 months) had a 1.4 times increased risk or ARI (CI: 0.89—2.23). Additional factors that were associated with higher ARIs were, female gender (OR= 2.0, CI:1.3-3.3), low educational level of mothers (OR= 6.4, CI:3.2-12.7) and fathers (OR=4.5, CI:2.27-8.78), crowded residence (OR= 4.5, CI: 2.6-7.8), positive history of ARIs in household members in the 2 weeks prior to the study (OR= 5.5, CI:3.3-9.3), family history of asthma (OR = 2.6, CI:1.4-4.9), and daily smoking of ≥7 cigarettes in proximity to the infant (OR = 2.0, CI:1.1-3.4). Age, birth order, delayed immunization and malnutrition, were not found to significantly increase the infants’ risk of ARIs. Multiple logistic regression showed that ARIs in household members during the 2 weeks prior to the study, low educational level of mothers, short duration of breastfeeding, living in a crowded residence, and family history of asthma or allergy were all significantly associated with an increase in the risk of ARIs. Conclusions: short duration of breastfeeding is the only modifiable factor which showed a significant relationship with ARIs. The Promotion of breastfeeding is highly recommended as a strategy to reduce the risk of ARIs in infants.

Determinants of the Incidence of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) in Children Under Five at the Getengan Community Health Center, Tana Toraja Regency

Introduction: Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) remain one of the main health problems among toddlers in Indonesia, including in Tana Toraja Regency. The objective of the study was to identify the determinants of the incidence of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) on Toddlers at Getengan Health Center Tana Toraja Regency.&#x0D; Methods: The study used a cross-sectional study research design. It was conducted in January 2024. The sample of the study consisted of mothers who had toddlers aged 1-5 years and visited the Getengan Health Center about 320 toddlers. The sampling technique was carried out by using purposive sampling. Data was collected through interviews using a previously validated questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis.&#x0D; Results: The results of the study showed that maternal knowledge of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs), use of mosquito repellent, smoking habits in the family environment, and residential density were significant determinant factors related to the incidence of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) on toddlers at Getengan Community Health Center, Tana Toraja Regency.&#x0D; Conclusion: The implications of the study are the need to increase maternal knowledge of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs), reduce excessive use of mosquito repellent, and promote an environment free of cigarette smoke and air pollution to reduce the risk of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) on toddlers in the region

Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Libya and its relation to other health disorders

Vitamin D (VD) has a potential role in calcium homeostasis in the human body. It is also considered a strong immunomodulator, affecting both arms of the immune system (Innate and adaptive immunity). VD can also lower the risk of diabetes, improve pregnancy outcomes, reduce the risk of acute respiratory infection (e.g., COVID-19), and decrease the risk of cancer. No doubt that VD deficiency (VDD) is a health condition that spreads out all over the globe. VDD is linked to many health problems ranging from fatigue and skeleton pain to serious conditions such as rickets, osteomalacia, diabetes, autoimmune disease, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. This review aims to provide a whole picture of the status of 25- hydroxycholecalciferol [25-(OH)D] as well as the frequency of 25-(OH)D deficiency (VDD) among Libyans in various regions of the country and to discuss the correlation between VDD and other health problems. The prevalence of VDD reached up to 80% among healthy individuals in the Middle East region. Libya is a big Mediterranean country and is sunny most of the year. In the western part of Libya, particularly in Tripoli (the capital city), the prevalence of severe VDD [25-(OH)D &lt; 10 ng/mL] was as high as 50.8%, whereas only 27.5% had moderate VDD [25-(OH)D; 10-20 ng/mL]. In Benghazi (second largest city), the VDD prevalence was also high (76%). The highest prevalence of VDD was reported at 79% in the biggest southern city of Sebha. In the whole country, the VDD prevalence was high (among males and females), ranging from 45.4% to 87%, with a mean of 55.58%. The mean prevalence of VDD among males was 54.3% and for females was 53.29%. As clear from these data, VDD prevalence was high in the entire country. However, the available data were obtained from small cross-sectional studies and it becomes a necessity to conduct nationally representative studies and establish national nutrition surveys to accurately assess the prevalence of VDD. Moreover, the data included in this review invites the health authorities in Libya to take preventive measures to reduce the high prevalence of VDD, which will decrease VDD-associated health problems in the future.

Exploring the link between particulate matter pollution and acute respiratory infection risk in children using generalized estimating equations analysis: a robust statistical approach

BackgroundIndia is facing a burdensome public health challenge due to air pollution, with a particularly high burden of acute respiratory infections (ARI) among children. To address this issue, our study aims to evaluate the association between exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ARI incidence in young children in India.Materials and methodsOur study used PM2.5 data provided by the Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group at Washington University to assess the association between PM2.5 exposure and ARI incidence in 223,375 children sampled from the 2019–2021 Demographic Health Survey in India. We employed the generalized estimating equation and reported odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for a 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 and quartiles of PM2.5 exposure.ResultsEach 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 levels was associated with an increased odds of ARI (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.19–1.27). A change from the first quartile of PM2.5 (2.5–34.4 µg/m3) to the second quartile (34.5–51.5 µg/m3) of PM2.5 was associated with a two-fold change (OR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.60–2.66) in the odds of developing ARI. Similarly, comparing the first quartile to the fourth quartile of PM2.5 exposure (78.3–128.9 µg/m3) resulted in an over four-fold increase in the odds of ARI (OR: 4.45, 95% CI: 3.37–5.87).ConclusionMitigation efforts must be continued implementing higher restrictions in India and to bring new interventions to ensure safe levels of air for reducing the burden of disease and mortality associated with air pollution in India.

Risk analysis of temperature, humidity, ventilation, use of mosquito repellent, and smoking behaviour on the incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in Toddlers

Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) are commonly experienced by children, infants, and toddlers. This study analysed the relationship of several factors that cause the occurrence of ARI in Toddlers, namely temperature, humidity, exposure to cigarette smoke, and the use of mosquito repellent.&#x0D; This study used the meta-analysis method by doing a literature search and then finding the value of the effect size using JASP.&#x0D; The research with meta-analysis showed that the smoking behaviour of family members is the highest risk of ARI in toddlers with a value of PR=E1.57=4,572 (95% CI 1.28-1.77). Furthermore, ventilation is the second highest risk of ARI in toddlers, with PR=E1.36=3.896. Then the humidity condition with the value of PR=E1.31=3.706. Other variables, such as air temperature risk increasing the incidence of ARI up to 2,829 times, and mosquito coils that had an impact up to 2,293 times increased the risk of ARI in Toddlers.&#x0D; All variables can increase the risk of ARI in toddlers, with the three most potent variables being smoking behaviour, ventilation, and humidity. Other variables can still increase the risk of ARI in toddlers, but to a lesser extent

Effect of Daily Vitamin D Supplementation on Risk of Upper Respiratory Infection in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Among individuals with vitamin D deficiency, daily vitamin D supplementation appears to lower risk of acute respiratory infection. However, recent trials, in different populations and using different regimens, have yielded null results. We investigated the effect of daily vitamin D supplementation (vs placebo) on risk of upper respiratory infection (URI) in older adults. The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of supplemental vitamin D and/or omega-3 fatty acids in generally healthy men (age ≥50 years) and women (age ≥55 years). This prespecified analysis focuses on vitamin D3 (2000 IU/day) versus placebo in the 15 804 (61%) participants with baseline serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D level. The primary outcome was self-report of a recent URI at 1-year follow-up. Participants had a mean age of 68 years and 51% were women; 76% were non-Hispanic White, 16% Black, and 8% other race/ethnicity. The mean 25-hydroxyvitamin D level at baseline was 31 (standard deviation, 10) ng/mL, with <12 ng/mL in 2.4%. The overall effect of vitamin D supplementation on recent URI was nonsignificant (odds ratio [OR], 0.96 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .86-1.06]). In the prespecified subgroup of primary interest (<12 ng/mL and denied taking concurrent vitamin D), which had only 255 participants, vitamin D supplementation was nonsignificant (OR, 0.60 [95% CI, .28-1.30]). Statistical power to assess effect modification in other subgroups was limited. In older adults not selected for vitamin D deficiency, supplemental vitamin D did not lower URI risk overall. Whether effects differ in subgroups requires further study. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT01169259.

Thinking of the children: Energy poverty and acute respiratory infections among young children in South Asia

Energy poverty has been extensively studied in the literature regarding its impact on physical, mental, and maternity health as well as the social well-being of adults. However, there is still a research gap in understanding how energy poverty specifically affects the health of young children under the age of five, particularly toward the occurrence of acute respiratory infections (ARIs). To address this gap, this paper aims to clarify the link between energy poverty and acute respiratory illness among young children in South Asia. We utilized data from five demographic and health surveys conducted between 2015 and 2018, encompassing 292,196 young children. Employing the multidimensional energy poverty index and principal component analysis, we assessed energy poverty at the household level, considering indicators such as lack of electricity, clean cooking fuels, indoor smoke, and lifestyle-sustaining devices. Applying multilevel logistic and probit instrumental variable regression models, this study revealed that multidimensional energy poverty significantly triggers the risk of ARI among young children. Specifically, a 1 % increase in energy poverty leads to a 48 % increase in the odds of developing ARI among young children in South Asian households. Furthermore, regional disparities in the impact of energy poverty on respiratory infections were identified. Our findings remain robust across different methods and measures of energy poverty. The findings of this research work have a significant policy implication for ensuring sustainable energy services to improve children's health, contributing to sustainable development goals 3 (good health and well-being) and 7 (affordable and clean energy).

Randomised controlled trial of perinatal vitamin D supplementation to prevent early-onset acute respiratory infections among Australian First Nations children: the ‘D-Kids’ study protocol

IntroductionGlobally, acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. While ARI-related mortality is low in Australia, First Nations infants are hospitalised with ARIs up to...

Relationship between nutritional status, vitamin A administration, immunization status, exclusive breastfeeding with the incidence of respiratory infections in toddlers aged 0-59 months in the working area of the Nambo Health Center, Kendari City, 2023

Background: Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is an infectious disease that is often experienced by toddlers. Several efforts can be made to reduce the risk of ARI, Including nutritional status, administration of vitamin A, immunization status, and exclusive breastfeeding. The incidence of ARI in toddlers in the working area of ​​the Nambo Health Center, Kendari City, is one of the most common diseases compared to other diseases. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between nutritional status, administration of vitamin A, immunization status, and exclusive breastfeeding with the incidence of ARI in toddlers aged 0-59 months. Method: Quantitative research with a cross-sectional study design. The sample in this study were toddlers aged 0-59 months totaling 254 respondents obtained by accidental sampling technique. Nutritional status is assessed based on anthropometric data in the form of body weight/age and is interpreted with a Z-score according to WHO standards. Data was collected from respondents using a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed with the chi-square statistical test. Result: that most of the infants aged 0-59 months had normal nutritional status 87.0%, incomplete vitamin A administration 53.1%, incomplete immunization status 56.7%, exclusive breastfeeding was not given 55.9%, and most toddlers 0-59 months suffer from ISPA incidence of 57.1%. Analysis of the variable relationship obtained a p value of 0.000 (p &lt;0.05) that statistically there was no significant relationship between nutritional status and the incidence of ARI, there was a significant relationship between vitamin A administration, immunization status and exclusive breastfeeding on the incidence of ARI in toddlers 0 -59 months in the working area of ​​the Nambo Health Center. Conclusion: There is no relationship between nutritional status and the incidence of ARI, there is a relationship between vitamin A administration and the incidence of ARI, there is a relationship between the immunization status and the incidence of ARI, there is a relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of ARI.

Nutritional Status and Its Association with the Pattern and Risk of Acute Respiratory Infections among Infants in Rivers State, Nigeria: The Salient Factors and Way Out

Nutritional status measures a child’s health, in view of normal growth and development, physical activity and response to serious illness. Acute respiratory infections present diverse risks of clinical conditions among infants of varying nutritional status. The aim was to determine the extent and pattern of relationship between risk of acute respiratory infections (ARI) among infants and nutritional status. The study design was population-based case-control study of 1,100 randomly selected infants from 12 communities in 6 Local Government Areas of the 3 senatorial districts of Rivers State. The subjects were selected using multistage random sampling technique down to the community level. The characteristics of the subjects were represented using descriptive method whereas bivariate logistics regression at 5% level of significance was used to test the differences in ARI between normal nutritional status and some types of malnutritional status. Measures of size effect of ARI on nutritional status disparities were interpreted using odds ratio (OR). Pattern of ARI occurrence among infants with undernutrition status indicated by weight-for-age (15.4%) is higher in rural communities, than in urban communities (13.3%). While the difference in pattern of ARI occurrence among infants with undernutrition status indicated by weight-for-height (11.6%) is higher in urban communities, than in rural communities (9.1%). Overall, infants with underweight (weight at -2SD and below) malnutrition status from weight-for-age and wasting malnutrition status from weight-for-height had higher frequencies of occurrence of ARI, 22.9% and 26.2% respectively than their control subjects of same nutritional status of ARI, 8.7% and 15.6% respectively. Among infants of weight-for-age (≤ - 2SD) undernutrition, the odds for ARI (unadjusted) was 3.09 times higher in significance compared to infants with normal weight-for-age, OR- Unadjusted=3.09 (p&lt;0.0001,95%CI=0.227-0.478), whereas the odds for ARI (adjusted) was a significant risk lower among infants with normal weight-for-age by 70% (OR=0.31, p&lt; 0.0001, 95%CI = 0.201 – 0.475) against infants having underweight malnutrition, while infants of weight-for-height (wasting) malnutrition, the odds for ARI (unadjusted) was 1.89 times higher in significance compared to infants with normal weight-for-height, OR-Unadjusted=1.89, (p&lt;0.0001, 95% CI=0.406-0.786). These findings indicate trend of focus regarding rural and urban communities in the occurrence of ARI among infants based on under-nutritional status to effectively manage the condition, including renewed public health interventions from the prenatal period of life of the child.

Assessing the combined effect of household cooking fuel and urbanicity on acute respiratory symptoms among under-five years in sub-Saharan Africa

BackgroundThis study sought to investigate the association between urbanicity (rural-urban residency), the use of solid biomass cooking fuels and the risk of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) among children under the age of 5 in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). MethodsCross-sectional data from the most recent surveys of the Demographic and Health Survey Program conducted in 31 sub-Saharan African countries were pooled for the analysis. The outcome variables, cough and rapid short breath were derived from questions that asked mothers if their children under the age of 5 suffered from cough and short rapid breath in the past two weeks preceding the survey. To examine the associations, multivariable negative log-log regression models were fitted for each outcome variable. ResultsHigher odds ratios of cough occurred among children in urban households that use unclean cooking fuel (aOR = 1.05 95% CI = 1.01, 1.08). However, lower odds ratios were observed for rural children in homes that use clean cooking fuel (aOR = 0.93 95% CI = 0.87, 0.99) relative to children in urban homes using clean cooking fuel. We also found higher odds ratios of short rapid breaths among children in rural households that use unclean cooking fuel compared with urban residents using clean cooking fuel (aOR = 1.12 95% CI = 1.08, 1.17). ConclusionUrbanicity and the use of solid biomass fuel for cooking were associated with an increased risk of symptoms of ARIs among children under five years in SSA. Thus, policymakers and stakeholders need to design and implement strategies that minimize children’s exposure to pollutants from solid biomass cooking fuel. Such interventions could reduce the burden of respiratory illnesses in SSA and contribute to the realization of Sustainable Development Goal 3.9, which aims at reducing the number of diseases and deaths attributable to hazardous chemicals and pollution of air, water and soil.

Effect of Overcrowding on Childhood Hospital Admissions for Acute Respiratory Infection: A Matched Case–Control Study

Objective: To determine the association between in-house overcrowding and acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in children. Methods: This case-control hospital-based study wad conducted in Saidu Teaching hospital from March-2022 to December-2022. For cases we included 80 patients of age 6 to 59 months, who presented with newly diagnosed or relapsed cases of ARI. Controls were age and gender matched individuals who presented to outdoor hospital department for non-ARI evaluation and had no history of ARI since past 2 months. The in-house crowding was defined as &gt;3 persons living in one bedroom in a home. Results: Mean age in this study was 18.3±8.9 months in ARI group and 19.7±7.8 months in control group (p-value 0.41). There were higher number of patients belonging to poor class in ARI group; 36 (45%) versus 21 (26.2%) in controls, 26 (32.5%) patients in ARI and 31 (38.7%) patients in controls were belonging to middle class, 18 (22.5%) patients in ARI and 28 (35.0%) patients in control group were belonging to upper class (p-value 0.03). Majority of patients in ARI group were from rural areas; 53 (66.3%) in ARI and 37 (46.3%) in control group (p-value 0.01). In-house overcrowding was found in 19 (20%) patients in ARI group and in only 9 (11.3%) patients in control group (p-value 0.03). Conclusion: In-house crowding is significantly associated with increased risk of ARI. The issue of overcrowding in rural regions is more serious than in cities. For Pakistani populations, the problem of overcrowded housing needs to be addressed. Keywords: In-house overcrowding, Acute respiratory infections, Rural living, socio-economic status.

The Effect of Household Air Pollution Exposure on the Incidence of Acute Respiratory Infection in Children Under Five in Asia: A Meta-Analysis

ASIA is a continent with many people who still have and use biomass or solid fuel use (SFU) for cooking and various household air pollution. Previous research has mentioned the negative effects of household air pollution on the incidence of acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years. Acute respiratory diseases have even become the cause of at least 4 million deaths of children under 5 years old every year in the world. The meta-analysis aimed to estimate the correlation between household air pollution and the incidence of acute respiratory infections in children under five in ASIA. This study was a meta-analysis. Primary data is taken through the electronic databases such as: PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Springer Link and Cochrane Database. By using the search keywords "Household air pollution AND acute respiratory tract infections AND adjusted odds ratio", "indoor air pollution AND acute respiratory tract infections AND adjusted odds ratio", and "paparan asap rumah tangga DAN ISPA DAN adjusted odds ratio". Articles taken between 2013-2023. Statistical analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.3. 7 articles qualified for quantitatively analysis. The exposure of household air pollution can increases the risk of acute respiratory infections 3 times in children under five and statistically significant (OR 3.36; 95% CI: 2.96 – 3.81; p value &lt; 0.001). Exposureto household air pollution is a significant risk factor for the incidence of acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years.&#x0D;

Analysis of Risk Factors for Acute Respiratory Infection in Terms of The Physical Environment in Jatimulya Village

Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is currently a global primary health problem. WHO 2016 data shows that the incidence of ARI and the under-5 mortality rate are estimated at &gt;40/1000 live births, or 15%-20% per year in the under-five group. ARI is an inflammatory reaction in the upper or lower respiratory tract. The risk of ARI occurring depends on three factors: the individual, behaviour, and environmental conditions. Environmental factors include lighting, humidity, area of ventilation or windows, types of walls, floors, roofs, and the distance from the house to the main road. Environmental factors, especially the house’s physical condition, are closely related to the magnitude of the community's risk of ARI. This study used a cross-sectional design. It was carried out in October 2022 and involved 148 mothers with toddlers in Jatimulya Village, Bekasi Regency. The instruments used were a rolling meter, a hygrometer, and a questionnaire with univariate and bivariate analysis. A chi-square test was used to determine whether there was a relationship. From the analysis results, it was found that the window width (p = 0.000) and humidity (p = 0.000) were related to the incidence of ARI, and the results were not related to the type of house wall (p = 0.069), the type of floor of the house (p = 0.196), and the distance between the house and the main road (p = 0.144) with the incidence of ARI. There is a significant relationship between window width and humidity and the incidence of ARI in toddlers, but there is no significant relationship between the type of wall, the type of floor, or the distance from the house to the main road.

Molecular Characterization of Influenza A/H3N2 Virus Isolated from Indonesian Hajj and Umrah Pilgrims 2013 to 2014.

The Hajj and Umrah are the annual mass gatherings of Muslims in Saudi Arabia and increase the transmission risk of acute respiratory infection. This study describes influenza infection among pilgrims upon arrival in Indonesia and the genetic characterization of imported influenza A/H3N2 virus. In total, 251 swab samples with influenza-like illness were tested using real-time RT-PCR for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and influenza viruses. Complete sequences of influenza A/H3N2 HA and NA genes were obtained using DNA sequencing and plotted to amino acid and antigenicity changes. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using a neighbour-joining method including the WHO vaccine strains and influenza A/H3N2 as references. The real-time RT-PCR test detected 100 (39.5%) samples positive with influenza with no positivity of MERS-CoV. Mutations in the HA gene were mainly located within the antigenic sites A, B, and D, while for the NA gene, no mutations related to oseltamivir resistance were observed. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these viruses grouped together with clades 3C.2 and 3C.3; however, they were not closely grouped with the WHO-recommended vaccine (clades 3C.1). Sequences obtained from Hajj and Umrah pilgrims were also not grouped together with viruses from Middle East countries but clustered according to years of collection. This implies that the influenza A/H3N2 virus mutates continually across time.

Association of Asthma Risk Alleles With Acute Respiratory Tract Infections and Wheezing Illnesses in Young Children.

Genome-wide association studies have identified several risk alleles for early childhood asthma, particularly in the 17q21 locus and in the cadherin-related family member 3 (CDHR3) gene. Contribution of these alleles to the risk of acute respiratory tract infections (ARI) in early childhood is unclear. We analyzed data from the STEPS birth-cohort study of unselected children and the VINKU and VINKU2 studies on children with severe wheezing illness. Genome-wide genotyping was performed on 1011 children. We analyzed the association between 11 preselected asthma risk alleles and the risk of ARIs and wheezing illnesses of various viral etiologies. The asthma risk alleles in CDHR3, GSDMA, and GSDMB were associated with an increased rate of ARIs (for CDHR3, incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.12; P = .02), and risk allele in CDHR3 gene with rhinovirus infections (IRR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.01-1.20, P = .03). Asthma risk alleles in GSDMA, GSDMB, IKZF3, ZPBP2, and ORMDL3 genes were associated with wheezing illnesses in early childhood, especially rhinovirus-positive wheezing illnesses. Asthma risk alleles were associated with an increased rate of ARIs and an increased risk of viral wheezing illnesses. Nonwheezing and wheezing ARIs and asthma may have shared genetic risk factors. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT00494624 and NCT00731575.

Relationship of Exclusive Breastfeeding with The Incidence of Acute Respiratory Infections in Toddlers at The Ringinarum Health Center Kendal Regency

Background: Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is an acute infection affecting the nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and epiglottis. ARI is the main cause of mortality and morbidity in toddlers in the world. The incidence of ARI can be prevented by exclusive breastfeeding.Objective: To prove the correlation of exclusive breastfeeding with the incidence of ARI in toddlersMethods: This case-control study conducted on December 2021 at the Ringinarum Health Center Kendal Regency. Sampling was conducted by purposive sampling method and was conducted based on inclusion and exclusion criterias.Results: The total samples obtained in this study were 124 samples. This study showed that the characteristics of toddlers with ARI among others the most frequent age is 24-35 months (30,6%), most of them were male (61,3%) and weren’t exclusively breastfed (69,4%). Futhermore, this study also found that there was a correlation between exclusivity of breastfeeding and the incidence of ARI in toddlers (p&lt;0,05). Toddlers who weren’t exclusively breastfed had 5,5 times greater risk of ARI than those who were exclusively breastfed (OR&gt;1).Conclusion: There is a correlation between exclusive breastfeeding with the incidence of acute respiratory infections in toddlers.