Risk Management Behavior Research Articles

The recursive impact in the multivariate probit model: An application on farmers’ decisions for opting risk management strategies

AbstractThis study investigates the determinants of farmers’ risk management decisions in Khyber‐Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, using a recursive multivariate probit (RMVP) model. Employing data from 382 farmers collected through a multistage sampling process, the study compares the RMVP with the traditional multivariate probit (MVP) model, demonstrating the superior performance of the RMVP in capturing complex decision‐making patterns. Our rigorous statistical analysis demonstrates the significant impact of endogenous covariates on farmers’ risk management choices, revealing complementarity or substitutability among strategies. The study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence on the effectiveness of the RMVP model for understanding smallholder farmers’ risk management behavior and offering insights for policymakers to support resilient agricultural systems.

Innovation, risk management, and proactive behavior: An insight into the aspects of entrepreneurial marketing in SMEs

Innovation, risk management, and proactive behaviour are the primary rudiments of entrepreneurial marketing that drive success and augment the competitiveness of business firms. Hence, exploring the interlinkage of these entrepreneurial marketing strategies in detail and looking forward to their underlying influence on the competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is a useful approach to getting an overview of the current standing of small and emerging businesses in this regard. Therefore, the current study intends to contribute to this paradigm by sampling a total of 400 respondents from 47 SMEs in Kuwait. Data was collected via a questionnaire, and the responses were analyzed using SPSS v23. The outcomes depicted that all three dimensions of entrepreneurial marketing strategies have a positive and strong correlation with each other and a pronounced impact on driving competitiveness in SMEs. It has been noted that the aspiration towards bringing innovation, taking and managing risk for the anticipated good of the firm, and a proactive mindset are among the cardinal aspects that are imperative for the success and overall competitiveness of a firm to evolve and thrive in a diverse corporate sector and adopt change for the better of the organizations as well as the involved stakeholders.

The analysis of the RBL-STEM application in improving student financial literacy in controlling consumptive behavior

This study aims to analyze the application of the RBL-STEM learning model in improving students' financial literacy to control their consumptive behavior. The method used in this study combines qualitative and quantitative methods by involving 110 students of Riau University. The data of this study were analyzed using SEM PLS on nine Hypotheses that link the application of the RBL-STEM model, student literacy, and student consumptive behavior. The results showed that one hypothesis was rejected, namely the relationship between Risk management and consumptive behavior. The results of the outer model show that each indicator has a composite reliability (CR) value of >0.7 and an average variance extracted (AVE) value of >0.5. It concludes that the outer model used in this study is good. Based on the analysis results, in general, the application of the RBL-STEM learning model has a significant influence on increasing student financial literacy, which has an impact on controlling student consumptive behavior.

Bid-Ask Spread, Market Value, and Return Risk on Stock Holding Period in the Banking Sector Listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (BEI) from 2018 to 2022

This research is of high relevance as it provides new insights in the context of shareholding duration in the banking sector on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) over the period 2018-2022. Factors such as bid-ask spread, market value, and return risk have been analyzed to understand their influence on the stock holding period. The implications of the research findings can be used by practitioners, regulators, and academics in finance to develop more effective investment policies and risk management strategies. The results showed that simultaneously, bid-ask spread, market value, and return risk affect the holding period of banking stocks on the IDX during the period February 2018-January 2022. Partially, bid-ask spread and market value have a positive but insignificant effect on the holding period. Conversely, return risk has a negative and significant effect on the holding period of banking stocks. These findings contribute to the development of financial theory and industry practice, paving the way for further research. Therefore, this study has important value in the context of investment decision-making, risk management, and understanding investor behavior in the banking sector.

The impact of COVID-19 on Italian dentists: A cross-sectional survey on 2443 participants.

To evaluate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic among a sample of Italian dentists in terms of infection, strategies for infection control, organization of the dental clinic, attitude, and behavior. This was a cross-sectional survey. The sample consisted of 8000 Italian dentists selected among 63,375 using a computerized random sampling method. An electronic informed consent had to be signed. The questionnaire categories were on demographic, infection risk management, organization, and dentists' attitude and behavior. Geographic macro-areas were used for subgroup analysis. Among 8000 invited dentists, 2443 agreed to participate to the survey (30.6%). Mean age was 51.2 years, women were 34.5%. A total of 6.1% self-reported COVID-19 experience and higher rate of infection was reported in north Italy compared to the south (p < 0.05). FFP2/FFP3 respirators (97.1%) and visors (97.4%) were used by almost all dentists. While, natural ventilation and mouthwashes were the most frequent approaches used to reduce the infection risk. Most of the dentists reported positive attitude, nevertheless 83.6% felt an increased responsibility. The self-reported COVID-19 prevalence was 6.1% with some differences among geographic areas. COVID 19 had a deep impact on preventive strategies, dental office organization, and behavior within this sample.

Examining the Relationship Between Rurality, Risk Perception, and COVID-19 Vaccine Willingness Among Rural Latinos in Arizona and California.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between rurality and risk perception of getting or transmitting COVID-19 and willingness to get the COVID-19 vaccine in a sample of Latinos across Arizona and California's Central Valley (n = 419). The results revealed that rural Latinos are more concerned about getting and transmitting COVID-19, but less willing to get vaccinated. Our findings suggest that perceptions of risk alone do not play a sole role in influencing risk management behavior among rural Latinos. While rural Latinos may have heightened perception of the risks associated with COVID-19, vaccine hesitancy persists due to a variety of structural and cultural factors. These factors included limited access to healthcare facilities, language barriers, concerns about vaccine safety and effectiveness, and cultural factors such as strong family and community ties. The study highlights the need for culturally-tailored education and outreach efforts that address the specific needs and concerns of this community to increase vaccination rates and reduce the disproportionate burden of COVID-19 among Latino communities living in rural areas.

The Predictive Role of Illness Perception on Lymphedema Risk-Management Behaviors in Women After Breast Cancer Surgery: A Longitudinal Study.

Illness perception affects lymphedema risk-management behaviors. However, little is known about these behavioral changes within 6 months after surgery and how illness perception predicts behavioral trajectories. The aim of this study was to explore the trajectories of lymphedema risk-management behaviors in breast cancer survivors within 6 months after surgery and the predictive role of illness perception. Participants were recruited from a cancer hospital in China and completed a baseline survey (Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire) and follow-up assessments (Lymphedema Risk-Management Behavior Questionnaire and the physical exercise compliance dimension of the Functional Exercise Adherence Scale) at the first, third, and sixth months postoperatively. A total of 251 women were analyzed. Regarding the Lymphedema Risk-Management Behavior Questionnaire, the total scores were stable. The scores of the "lifestyle" and "skin care" dimensions showed upward trends; the scores of the "avoiding compression and injury" and "other matters needing attention" dimensions showed downward trends. For "physical exercise compliance," scores remained stable. Furthermore, key illness perceptions (especially "personal control" and "causes") at baseline could predict the starting levels of and changes in behavioral trajectories. Different lymphedema risk-management behaviors exhibited different trajectories and could be predicted by illness perception. Oncology nurses should focus on the early development of behaviors related to "lifestyle" and "skin care" and the later maintenance of "avoiding compression and injury" and "other matters needing attention" during follow-up, as well as help women strengthen their personal control beliefs and correctly understand the causes of lymphedema during hospitalization.

Executive compensation and corporate risk management

AbstractWe provide the first evidence on the effects of executive compensation on corporate risk management for insurers. Our unique data set allows the construction of a new, more complete measure of corporate risk management behavior. Specifically, we include hedging‐driven usage of not only derivatives but also insurance. To address potential endogeneity, we utilize a difference‐in‐differences approach, based on the implementation of FAS 123R that required firms to expense stock‐based compensation at fair value. We find that the decline in the convexity of executive compensation following FAS 123R led firms to significantly increase corporate risk management, primarily through increased demand for insurance.

Pro-environmental attitudes, altruism, and COVID-19 risk management behavior

Limiting the spread of COVID-19 during the pandemic is a collective action problem that calls on individuals to act, not just for their benefit but also for the benefit of others in their community. Many environmental problems, especially climate change, share this characteristic, which invites inquiry on whether those predisposed to act to solve environmental problems may also be predisposed to act to solve health-focused collective action problems. In this study, we use a survey instrument to examine how pro-environmental attitudes and two types of altruism relate to the tendency to follow social distancing guidelines and limit voluntary social exposure during the pandemic. We find that pro-environmental behaviors predict a feeling of moral obligation to reduce COVID-19 risk and a lower level of voluntary social exposure. Voluntary, individual-level altruism has no relationship with social exposure. These findings point to important insights about the connections between different types of collective action and the nuances in altruistic behavior. These insights may lead to essential guidance for public health and environmental messaging that respects and leverages the differences in voluntary, individual-level altruism and collective altruism.

Observational study of population genomic screening for variants associated with endocrine tumor syndromes in a large, healthcare-based cohort

BackgroundIn current care, patients’ personal and self-reported family histories are primarily used to determine whether genetic testing for hereditary endocrine tumor syndromes (ETS) is indicated. Population genomic screening for other conditions has increased ascertainment of individuals with pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants, leading to improved management and earlier diagnoses. It is unknown whether such benefits occur when screening broader populations for P/LP ETS variants. This manuscript assesses clinical utility outcomes of a large, unselected, healthcare-based genomic screening program by describing personal and family history of syndrome-related features, risk management behaviors after result disclosure, and rates of relevant post-disclosure diagnoses in patient-participants with P/LP ETS variants.MethodsObservational study of individuals informed of a P/LP variant in MEN1, RET, SDHAF2, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, or VHL through Geisinger’s MyCode Community Health Initiative between June 2016 and October 2019. Electronic health records (EHRs) of participants were evaluated for a report of pre-disclosure personal and self-reported family histories and post-disclosure risk management and diagnoses.ResultsP/LP variants in genes of interest were identified in 199 of 130,490 (1 in 656) adult Geisinger MyCode patient-participants, 80 of which were disclosed during the study period. Eighty-one percent (n = 65) did not have prior evidence of the result in their EHR and, because they were identified via MyCode, were included in further analyses. Five participants identified via MyCode (8%) had a personal history of syndrome-related features; 16 (25%) had a positive self-reported family history. Time from result disclosure to EHR review was a median of 0.7 years. Post-disclosure, 36 (55.4%) completed a recommended risk management behavior; 11 (17%) were diagnosed with a syndrome-related neoplasm after completing a risk management intervention.ConclusionsBroader screening for pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants associated with endocrine tumor syndromes enables detection of at-risk individuals, leads to the uptake of risk management, and facilitates relevant diagnoses. Further research will be necessary to continue to determine the clinical utility of screening diverse, unselected populations for such variants.

Attitudes of home-visiting nurses toward risk management of patient safety incidents in Japan

BackgroundIn situations of home care, patients and their family members must address problems and emergencies themselves. For this reason, home-visiting nurses (HVNs) must practice risk management to ensure that patients can continue receiving care in the comfort of their homes. The purpose of this study was to examine HVNs’ attitudes toward risk management.MethodsThis study adopted a qualitative description approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect information on HVNs’ risk management behavior and their attitudes toward it. Participants comprised 11 HVNs working at home-visiting nursing agencies in a prefecture of Japan. Transcribed interviews were analyzed using content analysis.ResultsNurses’ attitudes toward risk management comprised the following themes: (i) predicting and avoiding risks, (ii) ensuring medical safety in home settings, (iii) coping with incidents, and (iv) playing the role of administrators in medical safety, which was answered only by administrators.ConclusionsWhen practicing risk management, home-visiting nurses should first assess the level of understanding of the patient and family, followed by developing safety measures tailored to their everyday needs. These results further suggest that administrators should take actions to foster a working environment conducive to risk management. These actions include coordinating duties to mitigate risk and improve the process of reporting risks. This study provides a baseline for future researchers to assist patients and families requiring medical care services of this nature.

Does financial literacy improve financial behavior in emerging economies? Evidence from India

PurposeThe study aims to empirically analyze whether financial literacy can improve the financial behavior of individuals in the context of emerging markets like India.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use the nationally representative Financial Inclusion Insights survey conducted in India during 2018 for the analysis. The authors consider the financial literacy score based on the standard financial literacy quiz that includes understanding basic numeracy, interest rates, inflation and diversification concepts to study its effect on payment attitude, savings attitude and risk management behavior proxied by insurance uptake. Using an instrumental variable approach, the authors account for the possible endogeneity associated with the financial literacy variable.FindingsThe authors find that less than 9% of individuals have correctly answered questions capturing all four aspects of financial literacy. The analysis suggests that improvements in financial literacy scores indeed increases the likelihood of exhibiting superior financial behavior. The results are robust to alternative definitions of financial literacy, outcome variables and inclusion of additional controls. The authors find that financial literacy increases financial planning, and this, in turn, possibly improves financial behavior. The effects are prominent for those residing in the urban area and having confidence in their financial skills.Originality/valueThis is among the few studies that provide insights regarding how improvements in financial literacy can improve financial behavior in an emerging economy context. Moreover, this study highlights financial planning as a possible channel through which financial literacy affects financial behavior. Further, the heterogeneous effects based on the area of residence and own ability underscore the need for complementary policies.

EPR22-113: Awareness, Utilization, and NCCN Guideline-Adherence to Breast Cancer Risk Management Behavior Among a Community-Based Sample of High-Risk Women

"EPR22-113: Awareness, Utilization, and NCCN Guideline-Adherence to Breast Cancer Risk Management Behavior Among a Community-Based Sample of High-Risk Women" published on 31 Mar 2022 by National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema Risk-Management Behaviors Among Chinese Breast Cancer Survivors and Relationships with Socio-Demographic and Clinical Characteristics: A Longitudinal Study.

PurposeWe sought to determine changes in breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) risk-management behaviors in the six-month period after surgery among Chinese breast cancer survivors and to explore the relationship between their socio-demographic and clinical characteristics and these behaviors.Patients and MethodsA longitudinal study design was adopted. Females aged ≥18 years with a first breast cancer diagnosis and who had undergone modified radical mastectomy were recruited from a cancer hospital in China. Respondents with a history of other malignant tumors, mental illness, or cognitive impairment were excluded from the study. Socio-demographic and clinical factors were assessed at baseline. BCRL risk-management behaviors were assessed with the Lymphedema Risk-Management Behavior Questionnaire (LRMBQ) and Functional Exercise Adherence Scale (FEAS) in the first, third, and sixth months after surgery. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to examine changes in BCRL risk-management behaviors over the three study time periods, and a generalized linear mixed model was used to determine socio-demographic and clinical factors associated with BCRL risk-management behaviors.ResultsA total of 166 participants completed all three assessments. The scores of the total LRMBQ and its “Skin care” and “Lifestyle” subscales did not change significantly, but those of the “Avoidance of limb compression and injury” and “Other matters requiring attention” subscales changed over the three study time periods. Additionally, scores of the total FEAS and most of its subscales changed over the three study time periods. Furthermore, BCRL risk-management behaviors were significantly related to patients’ geographic residence, education level, and tumor stage.ConclusionSome dimensions of BCRL risk-management behaviors changed over time, and several socio-demographic and clinical factors are related to BCRL risk-management behaviors. It is recommended that health care professionals consider the dynamic nature of BCRL risk-management behaviors and related factors when planning health education and promotion interventions.

Interdependence of Influence between Risk Management Behavior, MSME Characteristics, and Overconfidence on Business Sustainability (A case study in Indonesia)

More than 50% of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia run their business for reasons of livelihood, while 30% do this since MSMEs are profitable, and may support their living costs. This study aims to determine and analyze the influence of risk management behavior, characteristics of MSMEs through overconfidence on MSME business sustainability, and consequently MSMEs as a source of livelihood. The result of this study indicates that risk management behavior has a significant positive effect on overconfidence, while the characteristics of MSMEs have a significant negative effect on that. In turn, it’s shown that overconfidence had a positive and significant effect on the sustainability of MSMEs. However, the characteristics of MSMEs and risk management behavior had no significant positive effect on the sustainability of MSMEs. These results indicate also that MSME entrepreneurs’ overconfidence plays a major role in managing their business, which could be considered by the local government and/or the central government in determining MSME policies, such as placements to sell which are given and regulated by each local government considering the accessibility of sellers and buyers as well as their safety.

Breast cancer polygenic risk scores: a 12-month prospective study of patient reported outcomes and risk management behavior

To prospectively assess patient reported outcomes and risk management behavior of women choosing to receive (receivers) or decline (decliners) their breast cancer polygenic risk score (PRS). Women either unaffected or affected by breast cancer and from families with no identified pathogenic variant in a breast cancer risk gene were invited to receive their PRS. All participants completed a questionnaire at study enrollment. Receivers completed questionnaires at two weeks and 12 months after receiving their PRS, and decliners a second questionnaire at 12 months post study enrollment. Of the 208 participants, 165 (79%) received their PRS. Among receivers, there were no changes in anxiety or distress following testing. However, compared to women with a low PRS, those with a high PRS reported greater genetic testing-specific distress, perceived risk, decisional regret, and less genetic testing-positive response. At 12 months, breast screening and uptake of risk-reducing strategies were consistent with current Australian guidelines of breast cancer risk management. Reasons for declining PRS included being unable to attend the appointment in person and concerns over potential emotional response. The outcomes of the study provide insight into women's responses to receiving PRS and highlight the issues that need to be addressed in the associated model of genetic counseling.

Decision spaces in agricultural risk management: a mental model study of Austrian crop farmers

Drought has become a dominant climate risk both around the world and in Europe, adding to the already challenging task of farming and governing the agricultural sector under climate change. Drought risk management is extremely complex. Apart from irrigation, most drought risk management options have more than one goal and may potentially have negative trade-offs with other risk management objectives. Moreover, government regulations and market mechanisms influence farmers’ decision-making. However, previous studies, both in developed and in developing countries, have predominantly focused on attitudinal and structural influencing factors on farmers’ risk management behavior. In this paper, we comprehensively investigate farmers’ decision spaces with respect to drought risk management. We address two applied research questions: (1) What are farmers’ preferred drought risk management measures? (2) From a farmer’s perspective, what are the dominant factors influencing drought risk management decisions? We find that farmers primarily think of production-based rather than financial measures with respect to drought risk management. At the same time, natural and technical constraints and enabling factors dominate their mental decision space, followed by public and private institutional aspects. This research provides a basis for the design of integrated and holistic drought risk management policy and the drought risk governance needed for sustainable use of land and water resources such as needed to address systemic risks and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Moreover, we introduce a novel approach using mental models extracted from interviews to explore cognitive representations of farmers' decision spaces. This approach has the potential to complement mainstream research using standardized surveys and behavioral models to analyze drivers of risk management.

Experience Completing Population Screening for Variants Associated With Endocrine Tumor Syndromes in a Large, Healthcare-Based Cohort

Hereditary endocrine tumor syndromes (ETS) including Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Types 1 and 2 (MEN1 and MEN2), von Hippel-Lindau (VHL), and Hereditary Paraganglioma and Pheochromocytoma syndromes (PGL/PCC) have a collective prevalence of 1 in 8500. In current practice, patients’ personal and family histories are used to determine whether genetic testing for ETS is warranted. Population genetic screening for other actionable conditions implies that current practice can be enhanced to identify individuals with genetic variants and that identification of such individuals can lead to improvements in risk management and early-onset diagnoses. It is unknown whether such benefits occur when screening for ETS risk. We report on the rate of syndrome-related features and post-disclosure risk management in patients informed of a pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variant in a gene associated with an ETS through the MyCode Community Health Initiative (MyCode).MyCode is a biobank of individuals from a health system who consent to health-related research and return of clinically actionable results. Exome sequences are analyzed for P/LP variants in actionable genes, confirmed by a clinical laboratory, and disclosed to participants and their providers. All participants are offered follow-up with a genetics provider post-disclosure. Here, we focus on participants that received a P/LP variant in MEN1, RET, VHL, or an SDHx gene from June 2016-October 2019. From May-July 2020 we performed dual, manual review of participants’ electronic health records to assess personal and family histories, risk management behaviors, and post-disclosure diagnoses of endocrine neoplasms.Of 87,493 participants with available exome data, P/LP variants in genes of interest were identified in and disclosed to 80 participants (65% female, 99% self-reported White race, 99% self-reported non-Hispanic ethnicity, median age 57 years at results disclosure, median time since disclosure 2 years). Eighty-one percent of participants (n=65) did not have a prior diagnosis of an ETS and were included in additional analyses. Five participants (8%) had a personal history of syndrome-related features; 16 (25%) had a positive family history. Only seven (11%) met existing clinical testing criteria pre-disclosure. Post-disclosure, 37 (57%) completed at least one recommended risk management behavior; 11 of these (17%) were diagnosed with a syndrome-related neoplasm (e.g., medullary thyroid cancer).Results of population screening in a healthcare cohort suggest genetic variants associated with ETS risk are more common than previously reported (1 in 1094). Though additional studies on clinical utility are needed, these results suggest that screening healthcare populations for genetic risk can enable detection of individuals at risk for ETS, lead to uptake of risk management, and facilitate relevant clinical diagnoses.

Antidyslipidemic Drug Prescriptions and Lipid Control Status After Unfavorable Annual Health Checkup Results: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using a Health Insurance Database.

BackgroundJapanese employers are obligated to offer employees annual health checkups and guidance programs for their health promotion and maintenance to prevent cardiovascular (CV) and lifestyle-related diseases. Under these programs, checkup recipients are notified of the checkup results, and in case of abnormal findings, employers are expected to provide employees with follow-up encouragement to change their behavior; for example, with medical consultations or lifestyle modifications. However, the effect of these programs on behavioral changes and their subsequent clinical outcomes has not been clearly assessed.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate changes in CV risk management behaviors after receiving unfavorable health checkup results on serum lipid levels among subjects without antidyslipidemic drug prescription and uncontrolled lipid levels and at elevated risk of CV events in a real-world setting.Patients and MethodsThis retrospective cohort study used a Japanese employment-based health insurance database managed by MinaCare Co., Ltd. This study analyzed the data from the annual health checkups of recipients aged 20–74 years with data on their low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), and triglyceride (TG) values from 2015 to 2017, who had uncontrolled lipid levels based on their checkup results at baseline in 2015, and without prescription records of antidyslipidemic drugs. Lipid status was considered uncontrolled if any of the following were detected: LDL-c ≥ 140 mg/dL, HDL-c < 40 mg/dL, or TG ≥ 150 mg/dL. Changes in antidyslipidemic drug prescription, as a primary CV risk management behavior measure, and in lipid control status in 2016 and 2017 were investigated. Potential factors associated with lipid control were also explored using logistic regression analysis.ResultsAmong 154,421 subjects without antidyslipidemic drug prescription and with uncontrolled lipid levels in 2015, 93.6% remained without antidyslipidemic drug prescription in both 2016 and 2017. Of these subjects, 76.8% and 76.4% continued having uncontrolled lipid levels in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Fewer subjects without prescription achieved lipid control than those with prescription. Various factors were associated with lipid control, with high LDL-c as the greatest risk factor for uncontrolled lipid levels.ConclusionsThese results suggest that most health checkup recipients may not have changed their behaviors; that is, they may have not sought medical treatment and continued having uncontrolled lipid levels in the years following the unfavorable health checkup results. To encourage subjects to initiate desirable behavioral changes, more practical support may be essential.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40801-021-00231-0.

Relationship of Annual Health Checkups with the Subject's Subsequent Behavior of Cardiovascular Risk Management in a Real-World Setting in Japan: A Retrospective Cohort Study on Changes in Antihypertensive Drug Prescription and Blood Pressure from 2015 to 2017.

BackgroundIn Japan, workers receive a health checkup annually, and based on the results, a follow-up health guidance or intervention is provided when deemed necessary. However, it remains unclear whether the current real-world health checkup and guidance programs in Japan successfully lead to behavioral changes or improvement of clinical outcomes in individuals who require cardiovascular (CV) risk management.ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the association between health checkup and the subsequent behavior change in CV risk management in subjects with uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) without antihypertensive drug prescription, who can have increased risk of CV events.Patients and MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study that used health-checkup and claims data from a Japanese healthcare database managed by MinaCare Co., Ltd. Of those aged 20–74 years with available data on systolic and diastolic BP from 2015 to 2017, data from individuals with uncontrolled BP who were not prescribed antihypertensive drugs within 6 months before their baseline health checkup in 2015 were extracted and analyzed. The primary outcome measures were changes in antihypertensive drug prescription and BP control status based on health-checkup results from the baseline year (2015) to 2017. CV risk-management behavior was also assessed using body mass index (BMI) and smoking status, as these are the major modifiable CV risk factors.ResultsAmong 39,242 subjects with uncontrolled BP without antihypertensive drug prescription at baseline, 88.9% remained without prescription in 2016. Of the subjects without prescription, 62.9% continued to have uncontrolled BP. Both statuses of the major modifiable CV risk factors remained unchanged in 2016: 92.1% of obese subjects (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) at baseline remained obese, and 93.8% of smokers at baseline aged ≥ 40 years continued to smoke. Logistic regression analysis revealed that age 60–69 years (vs. 40–49 years), hypertension (HT) stage II (vs. stage I), HT stage III (vs. stage I), and BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 (vs. < 25.0 kg/m2) were factors associated with uncontrolled BP in 2016 (subsequent year), regardless of antihypertensive drug prescription.ConclusionsUntreated HT for years increases the risk of CV events. These results suggest that current health-checkup and guidance programs are inadequately effective for behavioral change. Further practices for committing to lifestyle modifications and seeking medical advice based on their health-checkup results need to be undertaken to improve health behavior.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40801-020-00224-5.