Risk Indicator For Periodontal Disease Research Articles

How Bone Mineral Density Affect Periodontal Health in Postmenopausal Women using DEXA Scanning: A Digital Radiographic Study

Background: Periodontitis and osteoporosis are the diseases with common feature of both bone loss. However, the relation and extent between these diseases is still unclear. The purpose of present study was to evaluate the relationship between periodontal status and systemic bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Methods and Material: A total of 40 postmenopausal women aged between 45–60 Years (50.6±4.6 years) were randomly selected from the department of periodontics. All women were examined for periodontal status and Bone Mineral Density(BMD). Periodontal status was examined by recording plaque index(PI), gingival index(GI), pocket probing depth(PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and alveolar bone loss (ABL). BMD was measured by Dual Energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan for bone mineral density score. (T-score) values. The recorded data for T-score and periodontal status were subjected to statistical analysis for correlation and regression analysis. Results: The results showed that there was no statistically significant correlation between Probing depth (r= -0.168, P > 0.05), gingival index (r= -0.441, P>0.05), and plaque index (r= -0.345, P>0.05) with T-score; whereas CAL (r= -0.604, P>0.05) and ABL (r= -0.637, P>0.05) was significantly correlated with T-score. Conclusion: In the present study systemic BMD was related to ABL and CAL, suggesting that postmenopausal bone loss can be a risk indicator for periodontal disease.

Evaluation of association between potential stress markers and periodontal health in medical and dental students: A questionnaire-based study.

Aims and Objectives:Psychological conditions, particularly psychosocial stress, have been implicated as risk indicators for periodontal disease. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of psychosocial stress on periodontium through questionnaire and serum cortisol level.Subjects and Methods:Two hundred medical and dental undergraduates were recruited for the study. Case group included 82 examination going and control group had 79 nonexam going students. Their stress level was evaluated using a standard questionnaire (perceived stress scale). Gingival index, periodontal disease index, bleeding on probing index, serum cortisol level, and serum alpha-amylase level were also measured.Statistical Analysis Used:Bivariate correlations and multiple regression tests were done.Results:A positive correlation was found among stress scores, salivary cortisol, alpha-amylase, and periodontal disease measures.Conclusion:Periodontitis can be related to immunologic changes related to psychological states

Is C Reactive Protein a Risk Indicator for Periodontal Disease?

Periodontitis is an inflammatory multifactorial chronic disease, caused by microorganisms that destroys periodontal tissues. In the last years, several studies have described an association between periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This relationship has been made since both diseases share the same risk factors and they both increase C reactive proteins levels. C-reactive protein (C-RP) is a well-known inflammatory marker. This study was designed to try to stablish the relationship between C-RP levels and periodontitis in a group of patients that need periodontal treatment at Odontology Faculty in Universidad de Costa Rica. Periodontal examinations were done to 30 patients and blood samples were taken. The mean value of C-RP found was 3.72mg/L (IC95%: 2.06-5.38) which represents a medium-high risk level. 54% of the patients had generalized chronic periodontitis, without statistical difference when compared gender (p=0.416) or age (p=0.477). 43% had chronic localized periodontitis and 3% gingivitis. Females showed a higher risk for cardiovascular disease (p=0.640). No statistical differences were found between C-RP values relating gender, age or other comorbilities, even though mean values were always higher in those suffering metabolic diseases (5.5mg/L) compared to those values from patients not suffering the same diseases (2.7mg/L).

Stress reduction intervention and the initial periodontal therapy outcome in chronic periodontitis patients. a randomized controlled pilot study

Background: Psychosocial stress, have been implicated as risk indicators for periodontal disease. Minimal evidence in literature exists to assess the effect of stress reduction therapy (SRT) in the outcome of non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT).Objective: Hence, we aimed to explore the possibility of employing SRT in stressed patients as an adjunctive intervention in the management NSPT.Materials and Methods: Sixty male patients divided into Group 1 comprised of 20 unstressed chronic periodontitis patients receiving non-surgical periodontal therapy alone, Group 2a (20 stressed chronic periodontitis patients) received intervention focused on SPT with NSPT and Group 2b (20 stressed chronic periodontitis patients) received only NSPT without SPT. Their stress level was evaluated using a standard questionnaire method and salivary cortisol levels, at baseline and 3 months along with periodontal parameters.Results: There was significant reduction in stress parameters for Group 2a patients. The reduction of total periodontitis affected sites was highest in Group I patients (55.4%), followed by Group 2a patients (53.2%) and Group 2b patients (38%).Conclusion: SRT may result in comparable treatment outcome to unstressed chronic periodontitis patients. This study opens new avenues to investigate the effects of stress management as an adjunctive to conventional NSPT, which should be explored further.Â

Clinical implication of fasting glucose and systolic/diastolic blood pressure on the prevalence of periodontitis in non-diabetic and non-hypertensive adults using nationally representative data.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension is increasing worldwide and an association between fasting glucose/blood pressure and periodontitis has been suggested. The present study was performed to assess the association between fasting glucose and systolic/diastolic blood pressure on the prevalence of periodontitis in non-diabetic and non-hypertensive adults using nationally representative data. Subgroup analysis was performed to evaluate the combined effects of obesity/abdominal obesity and impaired fasting glucose. This study involved a cross-sectional analysis using data from the Republic of Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2013 to 2015. A total of 8,341 respondents without diabetes and hypertension over 19 years old without missing values were included in the present study. A significant increase was observed in the prevalence of periodontitis with increasing systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. The percentage of periodontitis increased with increased glucose levels, with similar trends in glycated hemoglobin. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for systolic blood pressure of 90≤x<100, 100≤x<110, 110≤x<120, 120≤x<130 and 130≤x<140 were 1.116 (0.591-2.107), 1.165 (0.624-2.175), 1.238 (0.673-2.278), 1.008 (0.538-1.888) and 1.042 (0.545-1.993), respectively, when systolic blood pressure <90 was considered as a reference. The ORs and 95% CIs for glucose of 90≤x<100, 100≤x<110 and 110≤x<126 were 1.074 (0.92-1.253), 1.214 (0.986-1.494) and 1.358 (1.005-1.834), respectively when glucose <90 was considered as a reference. The association between fasting glucose/blood pressure and periodontitis was confirmed by multiple logistic regression analyses after adjusting for confounding factors among non-diabetic and non-hypertensive Republic of Korean adults. Subgroup analysis revealed that higher ORs of periodontitis were observed in participants with impaired glucose level and obesity when compared with individuals without impaired glucose level or obesity. The results of the present study suggest that detection of fasting glucose and blood pressure may serve as a risk indicator for periodontal disease.

Association between oral health behavior and periodontal disease among Korean adults: The Korea national health and nutrition examination survey.

This study was performed to assess the association between oral health behavior and periodontal disease using nationally representative data.This study involved a cross-sectional analysis and multivariable logistic regression analysis models using the data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A community periodontal index greater than or equal to code 3 was used to define periodontal disease.Adjusted odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals of periodontitis for the toothbrushing after lunch group and the toothbrushing before bedtime group were 0.842 (0.758, 0.936) and 0.814 (0.728, 0.911), respectively, after adjustments for age, sex, body mass index, drinking, exercise, education, income, white blood cell count, and metabolic syndrome. Adjusted odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals of periodontitis for the floss group and the powered toothbrush group after adjustment were 0.678 (0.588, 0.781) and 0.771 (0.610, 0.974), respectively.The association between oral health behavior and periodontitis was proven by multiple logistic regression analyses after adjusting for confounding factors among Korean adults. Brushing after lunch and before bedtime as well as the use of floss and a powered toothbrush may be considered independent risk indicators of periodontal disease among Korean adults.

Metabolic syndrome as a risk indicator for periodontal disease and tooth loss.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association of metabolic syndrome (MS) with periodontitis (PE) and tooth loss (TL). A cross-sectional study was conducted with 363 individuals who underwent full-mouth periodontal examination, and the association between MS and PE was evaluated considering three outcomes: severe periodontitis, mean probing depth ≥2.4mm, and mean clinical attachment loss ≥2.0mm. The prevalence ratio (PR) between MS and PE was calculated using a model adjusted for gender, age, smoking, years of education, and socioeconomic status. The adjusted model showed a PR for severe periodontitis of 1.17 (95% CI 0.83-1.65). There was no significant association between MS and PE defined as mean probing depth ≥2.4mm. MS was significantly associated with PE defined as mean attachment loss ≥2mm in individuals aged 41-60years (PR 1.47, 95% CI 1.05-2.06). In addition, MS was associated with TL (>6 teeth) (PR 1.23, 95% CI 1.02-1.49) for all ages, both in crude and adjusted analyses. We concluded that there is a weak association of MS with both attachment loss and TL. Patients with MS seem to have a higher risk of attachment loss and tooth loss and should be screened for periodontal disease.

Associations between the consumption of carbonated beverages and periodontal disease

Consumption of carbonated beverages was reported to be associated with obesity and other adverse health consequences. This study was performed to assess the relationship between the consumption of carbonated beverages and periodontal disease using nationally representative data.The data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 2008 and 2010 were used; the analysis in this study was confined to a total of 5517 respondents >19 years old who had no missing values for the consumption of carbonated beverages or outcome variables. The community periodontal index greater than or equal to code 3 was defined as periodontal disease.The odds ratios of the percentage of individuals with periodontal treatment needs tended to increase with the consumption of carbonated beverages. Adjusted odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals adjusted for various factors including age, sex, body mass index, smoking, drinking, exercise, metabolic syndrome, frequency of tooth brushing per day, use of secondary oral products, dental checkup within a year, consumption of coffee of the individuals with the consumption of carbonated beverages once or less per month, once or less per week and twice or more per week were 1.109(0.804,1.528), 1.404(1.035,1.906), and 1.466(1.059,2.029), respectively. A subgroup analysis revealed that in individuals with body mass index < 25 or waist circumference < 90 cm for males or < 80 cm for females, the prevalence of periodontal disease increased with higher consumption of carbonated beverages (P for trend < 0.05).Consumption of carbonated beverages was positively associated with the risk of periodontal disease in Korean adults. In a subgroup analysis, the individuals consuming carbonated beverages with body mass index < 25 or waist circumference < 90 cm for males or < 80 cm for females were more likely to have periodontal disease. Consumption of carbonated beverages may be considered to be an independent risk indicator for periodontal disease and periodontal health of nonobese individuals may benefit from reduction of carbonated beverage consumption.

Periodontal inflammation induced by chronic ethanol consumption in ovariectomized rats

The immune system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. The host may modulate periodontal inflammatory reactions and it determines variances in the individual susceptibility and in the periodontal disease progression speed. Osteoporosis and alcoholism are described as risk indicators of periodontal disease among the systemic acquired factors. Objective: The current study aims to analyze chronic alcohol consumption influence on induced periodontitis in rats presenting estrogen deficiency. Material and Methods: Sixty rats approximately 90 days old were used in the experiment; they were divided into two groups: correlated surgery (OVZ) or surgical ovariectomy simulation (SHAM). Each group was divided into three subgroups: (C) control diet, (A) ethanol containing 20% liquid diet and (I) par-fed control diet. Thirty days after castration the diet and the experimental periodontitis induction were kept for 56 days. Interproximal regions between the first and the second lower left molar and the respective contralateral site without periodontal disease induction were assessed for inflammatory features. Results: Hormone deficiency resulted in important inflammatory changes concerning the meaning of SHAM-C and OVZ-C. The ethanol diet has resulted in inflammatory changes to both groups SHAM-A and OVZ-A in the absence of periodontitis, with also greater severity when combined with ovariectomy. Conclusion: It was concluded that the association between estrogen deficiency and 20% ethanol was just relevant for sites without periodontitis disease induction, since it induces stronger severity in the inflammatory process in the presence of the inflammatory cells scattered in the conjunctive tissue and of the disorientation of periodontal ligament fibers. KeywordsAlcoholism; Osteoporosis; Ovariectomy; Periodontal disease.

공복혈당장애 및 당뇨병과 치주질환의 관련성

본 연구에서는 공복혈당장애 및 당뇨병과 치주질환의 관련성을 알아보고자 하였다. 본 연구는 국민건강영양조사 제5기(2010년, 2012년) 원시자료를 이용하였으며, 만 19세 이상 성인 총 10,856명을 최종 연구대상자로 선정하였다. 치주질환 유병여부를 종속변수로 한 로지스틱 회귀분석에서는 모든 변수가 보정된 상태에서 성별, 연령, 교육수준, 흡연 및 당뇨병상태가 통계적으로 유의하게 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.001). 본 연구결과 당뇨병의 전단계인 공복혈당장애가 치주질환의 확실한 위험요인으로 보이지는 않지만, 전당뇨병 환자는 당뇨병을 예방하거나 지연시키는 노력을 하지 않으면, 10년 내에 당뇨병으로 발전될 가능성이 높으므로 전당뇨병 단계에서부터 치주질환의 지속적인 검사와 관리가 필요하다고 할 수 있다. This study examined the relationships among impaired fasting glucose (IFG), diabetes and periodontal disease. The data from 10,856 adults (aged over 19 years) was derived from the Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which was conducted in 2010 and 2012. Adjusting the related confounders, multiple logistic regression analysis showed that periodontitis were related to gender, age, education level, smoking and diabetic status (p<0.001). These findings suggest that abnormal fasting glucose, which is a predisposing factor for diabetes mellitus, does not appear to be a risk indicator for periodontal disease. On the other hand, if patients do not take steps to prevent or delay diabetes, prediabetes is likely to develop into type 2 diabetes within 10 years. Therefore, patients with prediabetes need to undergo continuous examinations and management of periodontal disease.

Clustering of risk indicators for periodontal disease: A population-based study.

To assess the prevalence of clustering of risk indicators for periodontal disease and association of clustering of the risk indicators with sociodemographic factors and the prevalence of moderate/severe periodontal disease in rural Indian 35-54 year-olds. A multi-stage cluster random sampling design was used for this population-based cross-sectional study. Data were collected through in-person interviews relating to sociodemographic factors and habits. Plaque index and periodontal findings were recorded from oral examination. Clustering of risk indicators such as smoking, tobacco chewing, alcohol and plaque were assessed for association with periodontal disease and various other sociodemographic indicators using logistic regression models. Results: Of 1,401 people approached, 873 completed data; a response rate of 62.3%. Clustering of two or more risk indicators was present in 31% of the population. Prevalence of moderate-severe periodontal disease was 46.6%. Simultaneous presence of two/more risk indicators was strongly associated with sociodemographic factors and periodontal disease. Clustering of two or more of the factors plaque, smoking, chewing tobacco and alcohol, was strongly associated with periodontitis.

Estimation and comparison of serum cortisol levels in periodontally diseased patients and periodontally healthy individuals: A clinical-biochemical study

Introduction:Psychological conditions, particularly psychosocial stress have been implicated as risk indicators of periodontal disease. Stress increases cortisol production from the adrenal cortex by stimulating an increase in the release of ACTH from the pituitary gland. Increased cortisol production suppresses the immune response and increases the potential of periodontal tissue destruction.Aim:The aim of the present study was to estimate and compare the serum cortisol levels in periodontally diseased patients and periodontally healthy individuals.Materials and Methods:Total of 45 subjects were recruited for this study and were categorized into three groups. Group I - Comprised of aggressive periodontitis patients (n = 15), Group II - Chronic periodontitis patients (n = 15), and Group III - Healthy controls (n = 15). Serum samples were collected from each of the groups and cortisol levels were determined using cortisol immunoassay kit. Clinical examination covered probing depth, gingival index (GI), gingival recession, plaque index, and clinical attachment level. The statistical analysis was done using nonparameteric t-test and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.Results:With respect to cortisol, the levels were higher in Group-I compared to the other groups. On comparison of mean cortisol levels among the groups, the values were statistically significant between Group-I and Group-III. Group-I showed a significant negative correlation between cortisol levels and GI.Conclusion:Within the limits of the study serum cortisol levels was higher in the chronic periodontitis group compared to the other groups. Positive correlation was found between the cortisol levels and other clinical parameters except for the GI.

Microbial signature profiles of periodontally healthy and diseased patients.

To determine microbial profiles that discriminate periodontal health from different forms of periodontal diseases. Subgingival biofilm was obtained from patients with periodontal health (27), gingivitis (11), chronic periodontitis (35) and aggressive periodontitis (24), and analysed for the presence of >250 species/phylotypes using HOMIM. Microbial differences among groups were examined by Mann-Whitney U-test. Regression analyses were performed to determine microbial risk indicators of disease. Putative and potential new periodontal pathogens were more prevalent in subjects with periodontal diseases than periodontal health. Detection of Porphyromonas endodontalis/Porphyromonas spp. (OR 9.5 [1.2-73.1]) and Tannerella forsythia (OR 38.2 [3.2-450.6]), and absence of Neisseria polysaccharea (OR 0.004 [0-0.15]) and Prevotella denticola (OR 0.014 [0-0.49], p < 0.05) were risk indicators of periodontal disease. Presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (OR 29.4 [3.4-176.5]), Cardiobacterium hominis (OR 14.9 [2.3-98.7]), Peptostreptococcaceae sp. (OR 35.9 [2.7-483.9]), P. alactolyticus (OR 31.3 [2.1-477.2]), and absence of Fretibacterium spp. (OR 0.024 [0.002-0.357]), Fusobacterium naviforme/Fusobacterium nucleatum ss vincentii (OR 0.015 [0.001-0.223]), Granulicatella adiacens/Granulicatella elegans (OR 0.013 [0.001-0.233], p < 0.05) were associated with aggressive periodontitis. There were specific microbial signatures of the subgingival biofilm that were able to distinguish between microbiomes of periodontal health and diseases. Such profiles may be used to establish risk of disease.

Risk indicators of periodontal disease in Korean adults

Copyright © 2013 by Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk indicators of periodontal disease in a representative sample of Korean adults aged between 18 and 44 years. Methods: Data of 6,485 adults were derived from the Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which was conducted from 2007 to 2009. Demographic, socioeconomic, and oral health-related behavioral data were collected as independent variables. The Community Periodontal Index (CPI) was used as a dependent variable. The chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were performed to identify the relationship between the CPI and the other variables. Results: Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that periodontal pocket formation (4 mm or more) was related with sex, age, and income level, irrespective of whether the mother engaged in economic activities in childhood, smoking experience, dental flossing, and use of interdental brushes. The subjects in the lowest-income quartile and those who were current smokers had a higher risk of pocket formation (odds ratios, 1.43 and 1.74, respectively) than those in the highest-income quartile and those who had no smoking experience, respectively. Conclusions: This study confirmed various risk indicators of periodontal disease in Korean adults, using Korean national survey data. Smoking cessation, dental flossing, and efforts to decrease socioeconomic inequality should be encouraged to decrease the risk of periodontal disease.

Stress and periodontal disease: The link and logic!!

Stress is an equated response to constant adverse stimuli. At one point or another everybody suffers from stress. Stress is compatible with good health, being necessary to cope with the challenges of everyday life. Problems start when the stress response is inappropriate to the intensity of the challenge. Psychological stress can down regulate the cellular immune response. Communication between the central nervous system and the immune system occurs via a complex network of bidirectional signals linking the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Stress disrupts the homeostasis of this network, which in turn, alters immune function. Direct association between periodontal disease and stress remains to be proven, which is partly due to lack of an adequate animal models and difficulty to quantifying the amount and duration of stress and also there are many factors influencing the incidence and severity of periodontal disease. Nevertheless, more recent studies indicate that psychosocial stress represents a risk indicator for periodontal disease and should be addressed before and during treatment. This paper discusses how stress may modulate host response to bacteria and influence the course and progression of periodontal disease.

Ethanol consumption enhances periodontal inflammatory markers in rats

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the short term effect of ethanol administration on periodontal disease in rats. DesignRats received either ethanol 2g/kg or water by gastric gavage twice a day. On the fifth day ligatures were tied around the molars of half of the rats to induce periodontitis. After 7days gingival tissue was removed and assayed for inflammatory markers. Finally, hemi-mandibles were extracted to evaluate bone loss by histomorphometrical techniques. ResultsThe experimental periodontitis increased significantly the mRNA expression (p<0.001) and activity (p<0.001) of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the gingival tissue, whilst short time ethanol administration increased iNOS activity (p<0.05) and produced an additive effect on iNOS mRNA expression augmented by periodontitis (p<0.01). The short time ethanol administration also potentiated the periodontitis stimulatory effect on the mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1β (p<0.01 and p<0.001, in semi-quantitative and real time PCR, respectively) and on the height of periodontal ligament (p<0.05). However, the ligature-induced periodontitis, but not ethanol administration, increased the prostaglandin E2 content (p<0.05) and, diminished the alveolar bone volume (p<0.05), as compared to sham rats. ConclusionThe present results suggest that ethanol consumption could represent a risk indicator for periodontal disease since augments the expression of inflammatory markers, in healthy rats, and increases them, at short term, during the illness. However, scale longitudinal investigation and more case–control studies are needed to confirm this statement.

Correlation of periodontal status and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: A digital radiographic and quantitative ultrasound study

Data suggest that postmenopausal women with osteoporosis are at an increased risk for periodontal attachment loss and tooth loss; however, the extent of relationship between these two diseases is still not clear. The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation of periodontal status and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. The study population included 60 postmenopausal women aged 50-60 years (mean±SD: 55.5±3.4 years). Periodontal status was examined by plaque index, bleeding index, probing depth, and clinical attachment level (CAL). Digital panoramic radiograph was taken to measure the maxillary and mandibular alveolar bone density values. Skeletal (calcaneal) BMD was measured by quantitative ultrasound technique for T-score values. The recorded data for T-score, maxillary and mandibular alveolar bone densities, and periodontal status were subjected to statistical analysis for correlation and regression procedures. The results showed that mandibular alveolar (r=0.907, P<0.001) and maxillary alveolar bone density (r=0.898, P<0.001) had significant positive correlation with calcaneal T-score. Probing depth (r=-0.316, P<0.05), bleeding index (r=-0.277, P<0.05), and plaque index (r=-0.285, P<0.05) showed weak but significant negative correlation with calcaneal T-score and alveolar bone density of both the jaws, whereas CAL showed weak correlation with T-score which could not reach to a statistically significance level (r=-0.221, P>0.05). Calcaneal BMD was related to alveolar bone loss and, to a lesser extent, to clinical attachment loss, implicating postmenopausal bone loss as a risk indicator for periodontal disease in postmenopausal women.

Estimation of relationship between psychosocial stress and periodontal status using serum cortisol level: A clinico-biochemical study

Psychological conditions, particularly psychosocial stress, have been implicated as risk indicators for periodontal disease. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of psychosocial stress that influences the periodontium with the use of a questionnaire data and serum cortisol level. In this study 47 subjects, both male and female, were taken and divided into two groups. Group I comprised of 16 chronic periodontitis subjects. Their stress level was evaluated using a standard questionnaire method (social readjustment rating scale). Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), periodontal disease index (PDI) and serum cortisol level were also measured. Group II comprised of 31 stressed subjects and their clinical parameters PI, GI, PDI and cortisol level were recorded. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and unpaired 't' test. In group I statistically significant correlation (P<0.05) was found between cortisol and PDI; and cortisol and PI. In group II positive correlation was found between stress, cortisol, PI, GI and PDI. A statistically significant correlation was found between cortisol and smoking. Stress may be a contributing factor in periodontal disease.

Association between periodontal disease and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: A cross sectional study

Both periodontitis and osteoporosis represent major health problems especially in elderly women. The relationship between the two diseases and oral bone loss is important having significant public health impact in the prevention of morbidity and mortality related to these disorders. The present study was aimed to investigate the possible association between osteoporosis and periodontal disease among postmenopausal women residing in Goa, India. A complete periodontal examination (all teeth except third molar) including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), clinical attachment loss (CAL) measurement was performed on 80 dentate Goan postmenopausal women (age≥50 yrs) with generalized chronic periodontitis. Mean alveolar bone loss (ABL) was measured from full mouth intraoral periapical radiographs, by recording the distance from cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and the most coronal portion of alveolar crest at mesial and distal aspect of all teeth except canines and third molars. Systemic bone loss was determined from hand-wrist radiograph of the patient through Digital X-Ray Radiogrammetry. Statistical analysis was done to assess the relationships between periodontal variables and bone mineral density (BMD) after adjusting for age, years since menopause, body mass index (BMI), smoking, number of remaining teeth, PI and GI. Age of the patient, years since menopause and BMI showed significant correlation with BMD. CAL and ABL showed mildly negative and statistically non-significant correlation with the BMD. Of all the variables studied, only smoking and BMI were strong predictors of BMD. Skeletal BMD is related to interproximal ABL and CAL, though not to a statistically significant level; implicating postmenopausal osteopenia as a risk indicator for periodontal disease.

Influence of alcohol consumption on alveolar bone level associated with ligature-induced periodontitis in rats

Alcohol consumption is a risk indicator for periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to morphometrically evaluate the influence of alcohol consumption on alveolar bone level associated with ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. Thirty-six female rats (Wistar, 120 days-old) were randomly divided into three groups that received a daily administration of a water diet (control, n = 12), a 10% alcohol diet (10% ethanol, n = 12) or a 20% alcohol diet (20% ethanol, n = 12). Four weeks after the onset of the experiment, cotton ligatures were placed around the cervix of the upper right second molar in six rats. The other 6 rats in each group remained unligated. The rats were sacrificed four weeks after ligature placement. The maxillary bones were removed and alveolar bone loss was analyzed by measuring the distance between the cementoenamel junction and the alveolar bone crest at 2 buccal and 2 palatal sites on the upper right second molar. Analyses between the ligated and unligated groups showed that the presence of ligature induced alveolar bone loss (p < 0.05). Unligated groups showed no significant differences between each other (p > 0.05). In the ligated groups, rats receiving 20% ethanol showed significantly greater bone loss compared to control rats or rats receiving 10% ethanol. These results demonstrate that alcohol consumption may increase alveolar bone loss in female rats in a dose-dependent manner.