Risk Of Recurrent Instability Research Articles

To Remplissage or not to Remplissage Part 2: Recurrent Instability After Primary Stabilization Surgery (RIPSS) Risk Tool Assesses Preoperative Failure Rates in On-track Shoulders Undergoing Primary Arthroscopic Anterior Stabilization with or without Remplissage Augmentation

Objectives: Given the high rates of recurrent instability following the initial arthroscopic Bankart repair (ABR), it is crucial to provide recommendations for appropriate surgical interventions for patients at a higher risk of experiencing recurring instability. In Part 1 of the study, it was discovered that on-track Hill-Sachs lesions (HSL) with specific prognostic factors (i.e., younger age, increased shoulder laxity, lower DTD, and 2+ preoperative instability events) were associated with a greater risk of failure. Therefore, the objective of Part 2 was to develop a risk assessment tool that takes into account significant prognostic factors for recurrent shoulder instability following primary ABR and evaluate the role of remplissage augmentation given a patient’s risk profile. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed prospectively collected data of consecutive patients aged 14-40 who underwent either ABR (arthroscopic Bankart repair) or ABR+R (ABR with remplissage) procedures between 2013 and 2021 for anterior glenohumeral instability. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine the values of glenoid bone loss, Hills-Sachs Interval (HSI), glenoid track (GT), and distance-to-dislocation (DTD). On-track lesions have a distance-to-dislocation (DTD) value greater than zero. In addition, within the category of on-track lesions, there is a subset known as “near-track” lesions, with a DTD ranging from 0 to 10 mm. Capsuloligamentous laxity scores were categorized according to hyperlaxity status, defined as external rotation greater than 85 degrees and/or grade 2+ posterior and inferior load-and-shift on examination under anesthesia. Recurrent shoulder instability was defined as recurrent dislocation and/or subjective subluxation postoperatively. Patients were excluded if the indexed surgery was a revision procedure, < 2-year follow-up, or glenoid bone loss (GBL) >20%. A final multivariate survival analysis was constructed using categorical prognostic factors (i.e., patient age, “near-track” status, hyperlaxity, and 2+ preoperative instability episodes) identified in Part 1, while adjusting for GBL. Although contact athlete status was not identified as a significant predictor of recurrent shoulder instability in Part 1, the final model stratified by contact athlete status given its established importance in prior literature. Multivariate hazard ratio estimates were utilized to create a risk assessment tool and correlated with patient-specific risk estimates via post-estimation analysis. Results: One-hundred-and-fifty-five patients were included for analysis (ABR: 116 | ABR+R: 39) with an average age of 21.6 ± 6.2 years and an average follow-up of 5.1 ± 2.0 years (range: 2.0 – 8.7 yrs). Patients with near-track lesions had a three-fold higher risk of recurrent instability (Hazard Ratio [HR]: 2.5, p = 0.03) compared to on-track HSL with DTD > 10mm. Individuals with evidence of hyperlaxity exhibited a five-fold increased risk (HR: 5.4, p=0.03) relative to patients without hyperlaxity. Younger patient groups had twice the risk of recurrent shoulder instability (HR: 2.2, p=0.003) compared to older adjacent groups. Patients with two or more preoperative recurrent instability episodes faced a four-times greater risk (HR: 4.2, p=0.004) for recurrent shoulder instability compared to patients who experienced a single instability event preoperatively. Lastly, patients who underwent primary ABR only had almost 10-times greater risk of recurrent shoulder instability (HR: 9.5, p=0.002) than those who underwent primary ABR+R. The Recurrent Instability after Primary Shoulder Stabilization (RIPSS) risk assessment score considers patient age, near-track status, hyperlaxity, preoperative instability episodes, and surgical technique (ABR vs. ABR+R) as important prognostic indicators, Table 2. The RIPSS score was created with risk stratifying subgroups: Low-risk (0 – 2), Moderate-risk (3 – 6), High-risk (7 – 9), and Extreme-risk (10+). Figure 1 illustrates a strong correlation between patient RIPSS scores with patient-specific hazard ratio estimates derived from the multivariate Cox regression modeling computed in “To Remplissage or not to Remplissage Part 1”. According to RIPSS score subgroups, recurrent shoulder instability rates range from 4.3% among low-risk groups to 54.6% among extreme-risk groups, Figure 1. Conclusions: Patients with a low-risk RIPSS score without ABR+R may not benefit from remplissage augmentation. Their risk for recurrent instability would remain low despite the addition of remplissage. However, patients with a high- or extreme-risk RIPSS score prior to considering ARB+R would likely benefit from remplissage supplementation. The RIPSS score may be an effective risk assessment tool that may help identify patients who may benefit from a primary Bankart repair with remplissage augmentation. The risk assessment tool developed may optimize surgical treatment and allow physicians to determine patient risk scores with and without remplissage augmentation.

Dorsal Scapholunate Ligament Complex Reconstruction Using Suture Tape-Augmented Autologous Free Tendon Graft for Chronic Scapholunate Dissociation.

The treatment of chronic scapholunate dissociation (SLD) can be challenging due to several factors such as poor quality of ligament, malalignment of the carpus, limited surgical options, and risk of recurrent instability. Various surgical techniques have been developed, but there is ongoing debate regarding the optimal surgical technique. This study aimed to report the clinical and radiological outcomes after dorsal scapholunate (SL) ligament complex reconstruction using suture tape-augmented autologous tendon graft. The study included patients with Garcia-Elias stage 3-4 chronic SLD, SL advanced collapse (SLAC) stage 1, and a follow-up period exceeding 1 year. Pre- and postoperative SL gap, SL angle (SLA), radiolunate angle (RLA), and dorsal scaphoid translation (DST) were measured, and wrist active range of motion, Modified Mayo Wrist Score (MMWS), and visual analog scale (VAS) were evaluated. Nine patients were included in this study with a mean follow-up period of 17 months (range, 15-31 months). All patients were male, with a mean age of 49 years (range, 30-62 years). Eight patients were classified as Garcia-Elias stage 4, while one was classified as SLAC 1. The median (range) of preoperative, immediate postoperative, and final follow-up measurements for SL gap, SLA, RLA, and DST were 5.4 mm (4.5-5.9), 2.1 mm (1.8-2.5), and 2.5 mm (2.0-2.8) (p = 0.008); 76° (69°-88°), 50° (32°-56°), and 54° (50°-64°) (p = 0.008); 22° (11.5°-33°), 2.8° (0.5°-3.8°), and 3.8° (2.2°-5.6°) (p = 0.008); and 2.8 mm (2.0-3.4), 0.8 mm (0.1-1.2), and 1.0 mm (0.1-2.0) (p = 0.008), respectively. Immediately after surgery, all radiological measurements showed significant improvement, which persisted up to 15 months postoperatively. The preoperative and final follow-up measurements of active flexion, extension, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation of the wrist showed significant improvement. The median preoperative and final follow-up values of MMWS were 51.1 (range, 40-60) and 88.3 (range, 85-95) (p = 0.007), respectively, and those of VAS were 7 (range, 6-8) and 2 (range, 1-3) (p = 0.007), respectively. Dorsal SL ligament complex reconstruction using suture tape-augmented autologous free tendon graft could be regarded as a feasible and straightforward technique for addressing irreparable chronic SLD.

Recurrence and return to duty following patellar instability events in military personnel

IntroductionMilitary service members experience patellar dislocations at a rate 10 times that of civilians. The purpose of this study was to determine the return to duty rate of active duty...

Paper 01: Distance-to-Dislocation Predicts Recurrent Dislocation and Return-to-Sport Following Latarjet

Objectives: More recently, the glenoid track has been described as a continuum rather than a binary “on-track/off-track” concept. “Distance to dislocation” (DTD), which defines how far an on-track lesion is from being off-track, has proven to be a strong predictor for recurrent dislocation following arthroscopic Bankart repair. Risk of recurrent instability following a Latarjet as it relates to DTD, however, is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine if DTD is a predictor of recurrent dislocation and return-to-sport/work (RTS). We hypothesized higher DTD values would correlate with lower failure rates and higher rates of RTS. Methods: We retrospectively identified 106 consecutive patients who underwent a Latarjet between 2012 and 2022. Glenoid bone loss, Hills-Sachs Interval (HSI), glenoid track (GT), and DTD ( DTD = GT – HSI) were determined from preoperative MRIs. On-track shoulders corresponded with positive DTD values, while off-track shoulders revealed negative DTD values. Relatedly, the more positive or negative the DTD value, the more on-track or off-track the shoulder. Univariate and multivariate cox regression analyses were utilized to evaluate the association between recurrent dislocation, patient demographics, and DTD. Using parametric survival analysis, we evaluated the association between RTS, demographics, and DTD. Results: Seventeen patients (16%) experienced recurrent dislocations. Our cohort was 70% male with an average follow-up of 1.5 years. Patient age (p=0.035), revision status (p=0.033), and DTD (p=0.005) were significant predictors of reoperation on univariate analysis. After adjusting for confounders, only DTD (p=0.043) remained a significant predictor of recurrent instability, Figure 1. Regarding RTS, patient age (p=0.14), sex (p=0.029), and DTD (p<0.0005) were predictive of RTS on univariate analysis. After adjusting for covariates, we observed an interaction between patient age and DTD (p=0.036). More specifically, older patients have a more prolonged RTS at lower DTD values compared to younger patients, Figure 2. Conclusions: Regardless of on-track vs off-track status, DTD is a useful variable in the work-up of patients undergoing Latarjet reconstruction. Lower DTD values are predictive of higher rates of recurrent instability and lower rates of RTS, especially in older patients.

Risk for recurrent instability and reoperation following arthroscopic and open shoulder stabilization in a large cross-sectional population

BackgroundRecurrent shoulder instability is an orthopedic problem with potentially long-term functional ramifications. Although arthroscopic stabilization has become increasingly utilized over open stabilization, optimal surgical intervention to minimize recurrent instability remains controversial.MethodsThe PearlDiver Mariner database was queried for all cases of open and arthroscopic shoulder stabilization from 2010 to 2019. Utilization trends were aggregated after identifying cohorts of 107,210 and 13,217 patients who respectively underwent arthroscopic or open stabilization using Current Procedural Terminology codes. Subsets from those cohorts with laterality-specific International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes for shoulder instability were used to evaluate 2-year rates of recurrent instability (presence of shoulder dislocation or revision open or arthroscopic stabilization). Linear regression and chi-squared analysis were used to analyze utilization trends and to compare recurrent instability.ResultsArthroscopic stabilization comprised 90% of all stabilization procedures with annual utilization continuing to increase into 2019. Latarjet utilization increased from 15% to 42% of all open stabilization procedures while open Bankart repair utilization decreased from 56% to 35%. The rate of recurrent instability was 10.2% after arthroscopic stabilization and 12.3% after open stabilization (P = .01). Rates of redislocation (4.0% vs. 2.6%, P < .01), conversion to shoulder arthroplasty (1.2% vs. 0.4%, P < .01), and revision open stabilization (6.8% vs. 2.3%, P < .01) after index open stabilization were significantly higher than after index arthroscopic stabilization. There was no difference in revision stabilization or dislocation rates between open procedures.ConclusionDespite increasing utilization of coracoid transfer, arthroscopic stabilization is still the dominant modality used for surgical treatment of shoulder instability and in our analysis, showed lower 2-year rates of dislocation, revision open stabilization, and conversion to shoulder arthroplasty.

Latarjet Procedure With Coracoclavicular Ligament Augmentation for Traumatic Coracoid Fracture and Recurrent Anterior Glenohumeral Instability in an Elite Contact Athlete

Coracoid fractures are relatively uncommon injuries and are typically treated conservatively or with open reduction and internal fixation of displaced fractures. In rare cases, coracoid fractures coincide with glenohumeral instability. Although glenohumeral instability is frequently treated with Bankart procedures, the Latarjet procedure (or transfer of the coracoid process) is used in patients with significant glenoid bone loss, recurrent instability, or prior failed Bankart procedures. However, in some cases, surgeons opt for the Latarjet procedure in patients who are at risk for recurrent instability, such as the elite contact athlete presented in this case. This Technical Note describes the transfer of a previously fractured coracoid fragment to the anterior glenoid rather than reduction of the fracture with concurrent coracoclavicular ligament augmentation to restore anterior shoulder stability.

An Age-Based Approach to Anterior Shoulder Instability in Patients Under 40 Years Old: Analysis of a US Population

Background: While a large volume of literature has focused on risk factors for anterior shoulder instability, the rates of recurrence are inconsistent and require additional population-based epidemiologic data. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to report the effect of patient age on the number of instability events before physician consultation, rate of surgical stabilization, recurrent instability, and progression to osteoarthritis in patients <40 years old with anterior shoulder instability, utilizing an established US geographic population. We hypothesized that younger patients would be more likely to experience multiple episodes of instability before evaluation, undergo surgery, and experience recurrent instability after surgical intervention. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiologic study. Methods: An established geographic database of more than 500,000 patients was used to identify patients <40 years of age with anterior shoulder instability between 1994 and 2016. Medical records were reviewed to obtain patient characteristics, history, imaging, surgical details, and outcomes. Patients were divided into 5 groups based on age (≤15, 16-20, 21-25, 26-30, and 31-40 years) at initial instability. Comparative analysis was performed to identify differences between groups. Results: The study population consisted of 654 patients with a mean follow-up of 11.1 years (range, 2.0-25.2 years). This resulted in 118 patients (18%) ≤15 years of age at initial instability; 250 (38%), 16 to 20 years; 110 (17%), 21 to 25 years; 80 (12%), 26 to 30 years; and 96 (15%), 31 to 40 years. Of patients ≤15 years old at initial instability 47% had 3+ instability events, compared with 12% of patients aged 31 to 40 years (P < .001). At 10 years of follow-up, patients ≤15 and 16 to 20 years old demonstrated the highest recurrent instability rates of 38.8% and 47.1% after nonoperative management, respectively. Patients 16 to 20 years old demonstrated the highest rates of both surgical intervention (40.4%) and recurrence after surgery (24.8%). Patients 31 to 40 years of age were significantly more likely to develop clinically symptomatic osteoarthritis (15.6%) than all other age groups. Conclusion: In a US epidemiologic population of patients <40 years old, the rate of recurrent anterior shoulder instability was roughly one-third after initial physician consultation. Younger patients, particularly those ≤15 and 16 to 20 years of age, were more likely to have experienced multiple instability events at the time of initial evaluation, require surgery, and experience recurrent instability compared with older patients. For every year of decrease in age at initial instability, the risk of recurrent instability or surgical intervention after physician consultation increased by 4.1% and 2.8%, respectively.

Risk of Recurrent Instability After Arthroscopic Stabilization for Shoulder Instability in Adolescent Patients.

Background:With the rise of adolescent sports participation, there has been a concomitant increase in not only the incidence but also the treatment of traumatic shoulder instability. Yet, there have been limited data on the failure rates of arthroscopic shoulder stabilization in this population as well as the potential risk factors.Purpose/Hypothesis:The purpose of this study was to determine the failure rates of adolescent patients who underwent arthroscopic labral reconstruction for traumatic anterior shoulder instability. We hypothesized that adolescent failure rates would be significantly higher than what has been reported in the adult population with regard to recurrent instability after surgical intervention.Study Design:Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods:This was a retrospective cohort study performed at a single center. Inclusion criteria consisted of all adolescent-aged patients identified who (1) had traumatic anterior shoulder instability, (2) had radiographic findings consistent with anteroinferior capsulolabral injury, and (3) underwent arthroscopic shoulder stabilization. Patient demographics, clinical presentation, imaging, intraoperative findings, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed.Results:A total of 36 patients were identified, with a mean ± SD follow-up of 35.6 ± 13.8 months. The mean patient age at the time of the index procedure was 16.03 ± 1.67 years. All patients underwent arthroscopic shoulder stabilization consisting of arthroscopic Bankart repair. Twelve patients (33.3%) reported either recurrent instability or apprehension, of whom 9 (25.0%) developed recurrent dislocation/subluxation at a mean of 20.67 months postoperatively (range, 16-51 months). No single sport was associated with a statistically significant increased risk of redislocation, although a trend was seen toward those with postoperative participation in high-risk sporting activity. Patients who redislocated their shoulders had a higher frequency of a Hill-Sachs lesion on magnetic resonance imaging (89%) compared with those who did not (52%, P = .048). History of multiple preoperative dislocations, presence of bony Bankart pathology, off-track lesions, and number of anchors utilized were not associated with postoperative dislocation/subluxation.Conclusion:This study demonstrates that adolescent patients treated with arthroscopic shoulder stabilization have a high rate of recurrent instability. The adolescent population may benefit from other stabilization strategies and/or activity modification. Further studies are necessary to determine the reasons for the high rate of redislocation and to develop strategies for prevention.

The Influence of Laxity on Injury Severity at the Time of Anterior Shoulder Stabilization Surgery

Objectives: To determine whether a greater degree of translation measured under anesthesia during anterior shoulder stabilization surgery was associated with greater injury severity, more dislocations in the previous year, and a greater duration of injury. Methods: This study evaluated Multicenter Orthopaedic Outcomes Network (MOON) Shoulder Group shoulder instability participants who underwent anterior shoulder stabilization surgery between October 2012-September 2016. Surgeons measured shoulder mobility under anesthesia following a standardized protocol and graded translation as 0, 1+, 2+ or 3+. Using this measure, translation was defined as having a grade ≥2+. Labral tear length, duration of injury, and number of times dislocated in the previous year were compared between mobility groups using the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test while categorical variables were compared between groups using the chi-square or exact test. Logistic regression was also used to model the relationship between mobility grade as an ordered variable and presence of &gt;10% bone loss as well as HSL &gt;20%. Age and BMI were compared between groups using t-tests. Results: A total of 679 participants (19% women) with an average age of 24.8±9.5years and BMI of 25.4±4.4 kg/m2were included in analyses. Mobility grade groups &lt;2 had a slightly higher BMI than ≥2 (27.0±5.2 vs 25.0±4.1kg/m2, &lt;0.01) but did not significantly differ in age (26.0±10.7 vs 24.4±9.0yrs, p=0.31) or proportion of women (14% vs 20%, p=0.12), respectively. Labral tear length (median: 126, range: 0-360°) and the proportion with &gt;10% bone loss (5.8% vs 9.8%) did not significantly differ between groups (all p&gt;0.05). However, there was a greater proportion of HSL &gt;20% in the ≥2 (3.2%) vs &lt;2 (0%, p&lt;0.01) groups. In addition, mobility under anesthesia was associated with a larger number of dislocations reported in the previous year (p&lt;0.01), but not a greater duration of injury (p=0.76). A greater proportion of the ≥2 (13.7%) vs &lt;2 (4.7%) mobility groups also had a Beighton score ≥4 (p&lt;0.01). Results were similar looking at EUA grade as an ordinal variable except that an increase in EUA grade was associated with a greater odds of &gt;10% bone loss (OR: 1.51, 95%CI: 1.01-2.27, p=0.046). Labral tear length was significantly greater in individuals who reported at least two dislocations in the previous year (median=144, 0-360°) vs less than two (126, 0-360°, p=0.02). Conclusion: Measures of translation during EUA in patients undergoing anterior shoulder stabilization surgery demonstrated higher likelihood of HSL and increased glenoid bone loss&gt;10% as positive predictors of translation ≥2 intra-operatively. Self-reported number of dislocations and Beighton scores≥4 were also found to be correlated with increasing translation under EUA and may serve as a reliable clinical predictor of patients at risk for recurrent instability.

Open Latarjet Reconstruction: Tips for Success

The Latarjet coracoid transfer is a key procedure for reducing anterior shoulder instability in patients with glenoid bone loss. New evidence suggests that subcritical glenoid bone loss, particularly in revision situations, portends an increased risk of recurrent instability. High recurrent instability rates associated with nonoperative management and revision soft tissue stabilization make the Latarjet and other bony stability procedures a must in an orthopaedic surgeons repertoire of recurrent anterior instability management. The long-term outcomes of the Latarjet surpass revision stabilization by soft-tissue correction in those with significant glenoid loss. Despite the promising outcomes of the Latarjet, the complication rate remains high. We present a practical guide to the open Latarjet procedure, addressing many of technical challenges to aid the reader in future decision-making regarding indications, approach, exposure, surgical technique, and rehabilitation.

Accelerated Rehabilitation Program Following Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Does Not Increase Risk of Recurrent Instability

Accelerated Rehabilitation Program Following Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Does Not Increase Risk of Recurrent Instability

First-time anterior shoulder dislocation natural history and epidemiology: immobilization versus early surgical repair

Traumatic anterior shoulder dislocations are a common problem. There is a high rate of recurrent instability, especially in patients <30 years of age that are involved in high level sports. The purpose of this review is to discuss the natural history after a first-time shoulder dislocation and provide a brief overview of management options. Initial nonoperative management consists of immobilization in internal rotation for 1–3 weeks. The current evidence does not support immobilization in external rotation or for longer periods of time. For those patients who are at a high risk of recurrent instability, the evidence suggests that early surgical repair to address the pathology can be undertaken. This has shown to be clinically and fiscally effective while improving patient outcomes.

Utilizing Dual Mobility Components for First-Time Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty for Instability

BackgroundDislocation following total hip arthroplasty (THA) remains a significant clinical problem. Few studies have focused on the use of dual mobility (DM) components in the setting of first-time revision for instability following THA. Here, we investigate patient outcomes following first-time revision THA with DM components for a diagnosis of instability. MethodsInstitution-wide revision THAs using DM components performed between 2010 and 2013 were identified. Chart review identified 40 patients with average 3-year follow-up who had undergone first-time revision for instability, defined as instability after primary THA. Etiology of instability was classified by Wera type. Patient demographics, medical co-morbidities, re-dislocations, and re-revisions were recorded. Component position and leg-length discrepancy were measured on pre-operative and post-operative radiographs when available. Utilizing Student's t-test or Fisher's exact test, we analyzed differences between those who endured recurrent dislocation and those who did not. ResultsRecurrent dislocation occurred in 2 patients (5%). Both patients underwent re-revision for recurrent instability and carried diagnoses of instability of unresolved etiology. Two patients underwent re-revision for reasons unrelated to the DM construct. All-cause re-revision rate at final follow-up was therefore 10% (4 patients). No medical, demographic, or radiographic factors were significantly associated with risk of recurrent instability (P > .05). ConclusionThe use of DM components for first-time revision THA for a diagnosis of instability carried a re-dislocation rate of 5% and an all-cause re-revision rate of 10% at average 3-year follow-up. Instability of unresolved etiology was associated with re-dislocation following revision surgery.

Recurrent Shoulder Instability in a Young, Active, Military Population and Its Professional Implications.

Background:Shoulder instability is a topic of significant interest within the sports medicine literature, particularly regarding recurrence rates and the ideal treatment indications and techniques. Little has been published specifically addressing the occupational implications of symptomatic recurrent shoulder instability.Hypothesis:Previous arthroscopic repair will continue to be a significant predisposing factor for recurrent instability in a young, active population, and that recurrent instability may have a negative effect on college graduation and postgraduate occupational selection.Study Design:Case series.Level of Evidence:Level 4.Methods:We conducted a retrospective review of approved medical waivers for surgical treatment of anterior shoulder dislocation or instability prior to matriculation at the US Military Academy or the US Naval Academy for the graduating classes of 2010 to 2013. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the incidence and risk factors for recurrence and to determine the impact on graduation rate and occupation selection.Results:Fifty-nine patients were evaluated; 34% developed recurrent anterior instability. Patients with previous arthroscopic repair had a significantly higher incidence of recurrence (38%, P = 0.044). Recurrent shoulder instability did not significantly affect graduation rates or self-selected occupation (P ≥ 0.05).Conclusion:There is a significant rate of recurrent shoulder instability after primary surgical repair, particularly among young, active individuals. In addition, arthroscopic repair resulted in a significantly higher recurrence rate compared with open repair in our population. Surgical repair for shoulder instability should not necessarily preclude young individuals from pursuing (or being considered for) occupations that may place them at greater risk of recurrence.Clinical Relevance:The risk of recurrent instability is greater than the rate typically described, which may suggest that some subpopulations are at greater risk than others. A unique data point regarding instability is the effect on occupation selection.

The Open Bankart Repair for Traumatic Anterior Shoulder Instability in Teenage Athletes.

Traumatic anterior shoulder instability from recurrent dislocations or subluxations is a debilitating problem for the teenage athlete. The risk of recurrent instability is high in this adolescent population. We performed a retrospective case series analysis of adolescent athletes with recurrent instability treated with open Bankart repair and evaluated functional outcomes as well as redislocation rates. The retrospective study included 21 teenage patients with Bankart lesions and recurrent anterior shoulder instability. There were 19 males (90%) and 2 females (10%) with an average age of 16 years (range, 14 to 18 y). Patients were evaluated based on Rowe and UCLA shoulder scores, return to previous level of sport, external rotation, and recurrence. The average number of anchors used to repair the Bankart lesion was 3 (range, 2 to 5). One patient was lost to follow-up at 6 months after surgery. The remaining 20 patients all had at least 2-year follow-up. The recurrent instability rate was zero. In total, 100% of patients had an excellent result based on an average Rowe score of 96.5 points of 100 points (a score of 90 to 100 is an excellent result). In total, 100% of patients had good/excellent result based on an average UCLA shoulder score of 34 of 35 (a score >27 is a good/excellent result). At final follow-up, 7 patients (34%) had lost an average of 11 degrees of external rotation (range, 5 to 20 degrees) on the injured shoulder with the arm at the side compared with the noninjured shoulder. Contact teenage athletes with recurrent anterior shoulder instability can be treated with open Bankart repair with a low recurrence, excellent functional shoulder outcomes, and return to sport. A small amount of external rotation may be lost with this technique. Care must be taken when considering this method with throwing athletes (ie, quarterback or pitcher). The open Bankart should remain a viable alternative for the adolescent population with recurrent anterior instability. Level IV.

Imaging Instability in the Contact Athlete: What to Look For

Intra-articular pathology that occurs from glenohumeral instability events, including labral tears, glenoid bone loss, and Hill-Sachs lesions, may contribute to increased risk of recurrent instability and persistent pain and disability following initial treatment. Careful analysis of radiographic and advanced imaging studies can assist in the recognition of clinically significant pathology. This article provides guidance on the appropriate use of diagnostic imaging for the evaluation of glenohumeral instability and describes radiographic and advanced imaging findings that can affect treatment outcomes in the contact athlete.

An Evaluation of the Clinical and Anatomic Predictors of Outcomes at a Minimum of 2 yrs Following the Latarjet Procedure for Recurrent Anterior Shoulder Instability with Glenoid Bone Loss

Objectives:Although the Latarjet procedure for the treatment of recurrent shoulder instability is highly successful, reasons for failure are often unclear. The purpose of our study was to evaluate clinical and anatomic characteristics that were predictive of continued instability or poor outcomes following the Latarjet procedure.Methods:In this IRB approved study, patients who underwent open coracoid Latarjet procedures for anteroinferior instability with glenoid bone loss (>20%) prior to October of 2012 were included. Anatomic measurements of coracoid size (anteroposterior surface area, maximal coracoid width), conjoint and subscapularis tendon widths, estimated glenoid defect surface area, Hill-Sach's Interval, and projected postoperative glenoid track engagement were obtained from preoperative cross-sectional imaging. When the projected glenoid track was smaller than the Hill-Sach's interval, the lesion was determined to be outside-&-engaged compared to inside-&-non-engaged. Patient reported subjective data that was prospectively collected and retrospectively reviewed included patient satisfaction, instability events, SANE score, ASES score, DASH score, and SF-12 PCS. Patients that progressed to another shoulder surgery not related to instability were considered complications and patients that continued to experience dislocations or who underwent revision instability surgeries were considered failures.Results:Thirty-nine shoulders in 39 patients (34 men, 5 women) with a mean age of 26 (range 16-43) were included at a mean follow-up was 3.3 years (2- 7.9 years). There were 25 out of 39 that had prior stabilization surgery and 6 workman's compensation claims. One patient was revised due to broken hardware at 2 months and one because of coracoid nonunion at 18 months. One patient experienced postsurgical adhesive capsulitis treated surgically at a year. All subjective outcome scores significantly improved (p<.05) and a 9 out of 10 median satisfaction score was achieved at final follow-up. Patients with moderate pre-operative pain (VAS ≥3) negatively correlated with post-operative SF-12 physical component scores (rho=0.445, p=0.043). Five patients reported recurrent self-reducible dislocations, while 1 other reported subjective subluxation events. Four of the six workman's compensation claims failed due to continued instability. Although statistical significance was not achieved, patients requiring revision surgery for coracoid nonunion and those with continued instability were more likely to demonstrate outside-&-engaged glenoid tracks (p=0.06).Conclusion:The Latarjet procedure for recurrent shoulder instability due to glenoid bone loss reliably improves patient reported functional outcomes and leads to high levels of patient satisfaction. Workman's compensation claims were highly associated with continued instability and patients with higher preoperative pain levels were associated with inferior functional outcomes. Although anatomic variations in coracoid size relative to the amount of glenoid bone loss or projected postoperative glenoid track engagement were not found to correlate with patient reported outcomes or risk of recurrent instability, a novel quantitative approach for assessing bipolar bone loss is described that may be prove useful in the future study of the Latarjet and similar glenoid augmentation procedures.

First-Time Patellofemoral Dislocation: Risk Factors for Recurrent Instability

Patellofemoral instability is a complex problem, which can be difficult to manage. The purpose of this study was to describe the demographics of patients with a first-time patellofemoral dislocation, and identify risk factors for recurrent instability. This was a single institution, institutional review board-approved, retrospective review of >2,000 patients with a patellar dislocation between 1998 and 2010. Inclusion criteria are as follows: (1) no prior history of patellofemoral subluxation or dislocation of the affected knee; (2) X-rays within 4 weeks of the initial instability episode; and (3) a dislocated patella requiring reduction, or history/findings suggestive of acute patellar dislocation (effusion/hemarthrosis, tenderness along the medial parapatellar structures, and apprehension with lateral patellar translation). Clinical records and radiographs were reviewed. The Caton-Deschamps and Insall-Salvati indices were used to evaluate patella alta. Trochlear dysplasia was assessed using the Dejour classification system. Skeletal maturity was graded based on the distal femoral and proximal tibial physes, using one of the following categories: open, closing, or closed. Three hundred twenty-six knees (312 patients) met the aforementioned criteria. There were 145 females (46.5%) and 167 males (53.5%), with an average age of 19.6 years (range, 9-62 years). Thirty-five patients (10.7%) were treated with surgery after the initial dislocation. All others were initially managed nonoperatively. Of the 291 patients managed nonoperatively, 89 (30.6%) had recurrent instability, 44 (49.4%) of which eventually required surgery. Several risk factors for recurrent instability were identified, including younger age (p < 0.01), immature physes (p < 0.01), sports-related injuries (p < 0.01), patella alta (p = 0.02), and trochlear dysplasia (p < 0.01). Sixty-nine percent of patients with a first-time patellofemoral dislocation will stabilize with conservative treatment. However, patients younger than 25 years with trochlear dysplasia have a 60 to 70% risk of recurrence by 5 years. This information is helpful when counseling patients on their risk for recurrent instability and determining the most appropriate treatment plan. The clinical tool shown in Fig. 4 may be especially useful.

Remplissage: An Arthroscopic Technique for Management of The Engaging Hill-Sachs Lesion

Following a traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation, the treating physician is challenged not only with management of this injury extremely but also with the goal of preventing recurrent instability episodes. Although arthroscopic Bankart repair has been shown to significantly decrease the prevalence of recurrent instability, some patients remain significantly at risk for failed operative management owing to the presence of anterior glenoid and posterior humeral head bony loss that may remain unrecognized or unaddressed at the time of surgical intervention. In patients with these posterior-lateral humeral head defects (Hill-Sachs lesions), arthroscopic posterior capsulotenodesis, or remplissage, is an arthroscopic procedure that can be used to supplement arthroscopic Bankart repair. The remplissage procedure offers an effective and valuable technique for some patients with Hill-Sachs lesions and has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of recurrent instability.

Management of Shoulder Instability in the Skeletally Immature Patient

Several studies have focused on management of shoulder instability in the adolescent and young adult population. However, a paucity of literature exists regarding shoulder dislocation in the skeletally immature population. The presence of an open physis makes the dislocated pediatric shoulder a challenging clinical problem. In general, management includes prompt reduction and sling immobilization. In athletic patients aged ≥14 years with a Bankart lesion, early surgical intervention may be warranted because of the higher risk of recurrent instability. However, the literature on younger skeletally immature patients is less clear in terms of risk of further instability and the necessity of surgical intervention. In the skeletally immature population, a relatively low rate of recurrent instability after primary dislocation has been reported in the recent literature. Surgical intervention should be considered for patients with recurrent instability.