Risk Factors For Neck Pain Research Articles

Gadgets and Sleep Problems are Causes of Neck Pain in Young Adults

Neck pain affects two-thirds of the population, disrupting daily activities. In young adults, it can reduce quality of life and productivity. While risk factors for neck pain are known, the impact of sleep quality and gadget use on its incidence in Generation Z is less studied. This study aimed to determine the effect of sleep quality and gadget use on neck pain in young adults. A cross-sectional, unpaired categorical comparative analysis was conducted on preclinical students of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pelita Harapan (class of 2020-2022). Neck pain incidence was assessed using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire; sleep quality was measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; and gadget use duration was evaluated with the Screen Time Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26 and Chi-Square analysis. A significant relationship was found between sleep latency and neck pain (P < 0.001; OR = 3.210), sleep disturbances and neck pain (P = 0.030; OR = 3.106), and gadget use duration on weekdays and neck pain (P = 0.048; OR = 1.781). Sleep latency, sleep disturbances, and the duration of gadget use are significantly associated with neck pain in young adults.

Burden and Risk Factors of Cervical Spine Conditions in Military Aircrew From 1997 to 2015: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Military aviators may have increased risk of cervical spine injuries because of exposure to supraphysiologic forces and vibration during dynamic flight. Aviator medical attrition impairs mission readiness, decreases operational capabilities, increases overall DoDcosts, and decreases retention of seasoned aviators. This study evaluated incidence and risk factors for cervical spine conditions in U.S. military aviators from 1997 to 2015. The Defense Medical Epidemiological Database was queried for aviators with a diagnosis of cervical spine conditions. Pertinent ICD-9 codes for cervical spine pathology were ascertained from U.S. Army, Air Force, and Naval Air Forces aeromedical references. Negative binomial regressions assessed sex, age, service, aircraft, and year on incidence of conditions. Rates were compared to non-aviator controls. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the Naval Health Research Center (NHRC.2020.0205-NHSR). Incidence rates were 9.78 to 12.57/1,000 person-years for neck pain, 2.04 to 3.89/1,000 person-years for degenerative conditions without neurological involvement, and 0.94 to 1.36/1,000 person-years for degenerative conditions with neurological involvement. Aviation occupation (relative risk [RR] 1.41-2.05), female sex (RR 3.32-7.89), age over 40 (RR 2.39-4.62), and service in the Army or Marine Corps (RR 1.62-2.14) were risk factors. Military aviators had a statistically significant increase in risk of neck pain and medically disqualifying degenerative cervical spine conditions compared to non-aviator controls. Rates of neck pain increased in all aviators over the study epoch. Possible explanations could be related to the operational demands and the increased use of forward helmet-mounted display systems during the study period, a supposition that requires further investigation. There was no significant difference in rates of neck pain or degenerative cervical conditions between aircraft platforms (fighter/bomber, other fixed wing, and rotary wing). Female sex, age over 40 years, and Army/Marine Corps service were the greatest risk factors for neck pain and degenerative cervical spine conditions. Targeted prevention programs and expanded treatment modalities are necessary to reduce aviator attrition and Department of Defense cost burden.

Sosialisasi Neck Stretching Exercise Yang Benar Pada Ibu-Ibu di Sanggar Senam Prima Colomadu

Neck pain is a medical symptom or condition that is generally caused by pressure on the soft tissues, bones, or joints of the cervical spine and or other adjacent structures. In some cases, neck pain may also be caused by diseases of the neck or other underlying parts of the body. Risk factors for neck pain include poor posture, accidents, injuries and degenerative diseases may be the cause of neck pain in a person. Other causes such as infections in the lining (membranes) of the brain (meningitis), osteoarthritis, and fibromyalgia can be considered. Neck pain caused by muscle tension usually goes away on its own within a few days and only requires conservative treatment in the form of exercise, stretching, physical therapy, massage. Some forms of neck pain require professional medical care, including prescribing medications, physical therapy and other treatments. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to manage neck pain. On May 19, 2022, we carried out Independent Community Service in Krobyongan Village, Gawanan, Colomadu District, Karanganyar Regency, Central Java (Sanggar Prima) with the theme of simple ways to overcome neck stiffness while working. Starting the counseling activity with neck pain material, how to overcome neck stiffness while working and exemplifying the movements, a question and answer session and ending by distributing snacks and questionnaires. The purpose of this activity is to increase knowledge on how to prevent neck pain and how to overcome neck stiffness while working at the prima colomadu studio. The method of implementing community service by: lectures, discussions, and providing simple tips and exercises.

Frequency of breaks, amount of muscular rest, and sustained muscle activity related to neck pain in a pooled dataset.

Neck pain remains a persistent challenge in modern society and is frequently encountered across a wide range of occupations, particularly those involving repetitive and monotonous tasks. It might be expected that patterns of trapezius muscle activity at work, characterized by few breaks and prolonged periods of sustained muscle activity, are linked to neck pain. However, previous cross-sectional studies have generally failed to establish a definitive association. While some longitudinal studies have suggested that extended periods of heightened muscle activity could be a risk factor for neck pain, these findings often relied on limited participant numbers or specific professional groups. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between trapezius muscle activity and neck pain by pooling data from seven Scandinavian research institutes encompassing a diverse range of occupational backgrounds. Electromyographic (EMG) data for the upper trapezius muscle, collected during working hours, were coupled with questionnaire responses pertaining to neck pain, individual characteristics, and potential confounding variables for a total of 731 subjects. Additionally, longitudinal data from 258 subjects were available. The various EMG datasets were consolidated into a standardized format, and efforts were made to harmonize inquiries about neck pain. Regression analyses, adjusting for sex and height, were conducted to explore the associations between muscle activity variables and neck pain. An exposure index was devised to quantify the cumulative neck load experienced during working hours and to differentiate between various occupational categories. The cross-sectional data displayed a distinct pattern characterized by positive associations for brief periods of sustained muscle activity (SUMA) and negative associations for prolonged SUMA-periods and neck pain. The longitudinal data exhibited a contrasting trend, although it was not as pronounced as the cross-sectional findings. When employing the exposure index, notable differences in cumulative muscle load emerged among occupational groups, and positive associations with longitudinal neck pain were identified. The results suggest that individuals with neck pain experience higher cumulative workloads and extended periods of muscle activity over the long term. In the short term, they appear to compensate by taking frequent short breaks, resulting in a lower cumulative workload. Regardless of their occupation, it is crucial to distribute work breaks throughout the workday to ensure that the cumulative load remains manageable.

Burden of neck pain in general population of China, 1990-2019: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

Neck pain has become very common in China and has greatly affected individuals, families, and society in general. In this study, we aimed to report on the rates and trends of the prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) caused by neck pain in the general population of China from 1990 to 2019. We used data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019) study to estimate the number and age standardised rates per 100 000 population of neck pain point prevalence, annual incidence, and YLDs in 33 provinces/municipalities/autonomous regions of China, stratified by age, sex, and sociodemographic index (SDI) from 1990 to 2019. We then compared these estimates with other G20 countries. There were 6.80 × 107 patients with neck pain in 2019, presenting an increase from 3.79 × 107 in 1990. Likewise, the national age-standardised point prevalence increased slightly from 3.53% in 1990 to 3.57% in 2019. The YLDs increased by 78.08%, from 3814 × 103 in 1990 to 6792 × 103 in 2019. The age-standardised YLDs rate increased 1.50% from 352.84 in 1990 to 358.10 in 2019. The point prevalence of neck pain in 2019 was higher in females compared with males. These estimates were all above the global average level and increased more rapidly among G20 countries from 1990 to 2019. We generally observed a positive association between age-standardised YLD rates for neck pain and SDI, suggesting the burden is higher at higher sociodemographic indices. Neck pain is a serious public health problem in the general population in China, especially in its central and western regions, with an overall increasing trend in the last three decades. This is possibly related to changes of people's lifestyles and work patterns due to improvements in societal well-being and technology. Raising awareness of risk factors for neck pain in the general population and establishing effective preventive and treatment strategies could help reduce the future burden of neck disorders.

Global, regional, and national burden of neck pain, 1990–2020, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Neck pain is a highly prevalent condition that leads to considerable pain, disability, and economic cost. We present the most current estimates of neck pain prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) by age, sex, and location, with forecasted prevalence to 2050. Systematic reviews identified population-representative surveys used to estimate the prevalence of and YLDs from neck pain in 204 countries and territories, spanning from 1990 to 2020, with additional data from opportunistic review. Medical claims data from Taiwan (province of China) were also included. Input data were pooled using DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool. Prevalence was forecast to 2050 using a mixed-effects model using Socio-demographic Index as a predictor and multiplying by projected population estimates. We present 95% UIs for every metric based on the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of 100 draws of the posterior distribution. Globally, in 2020, neck pain affected 203 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 163-253) people. The global age-standardised prevalence rate of neck pain was estimated to be 2450 (1960-3040) per 100 000 population and global age-standardised YLD rate was estimated to be 244 (165-346) per 100 000. The age-standardised prevalence rate remained stable between 1990 and 2020 (percentage change 0·2% [-1·3 to 1·7]). Globally, females had a higher age-standardised prevalence rate (2890 [2330-3620] per 100 000) than males (2000 [1600-2480] per 100 000), with the prevalence peaking between 45 years and 74 years in male and female sexes. By 2050, the estimated global number of neck pain cases is projected to be 269 million (219-322), with an increase of 32·5% (23·9-42·3) from 2020 to 2050. Decomposition analysis of the projections showed population growth was the primary contributing factor, followed by population ageing. Although age-standardised rates of neck pain have remained stable over the past three decades, by 2050 the projected case numbers are expected to rise. With the highest prevalence in older adults (higher in females than males), a larger effect expected in low-income and middle-income countries, and a rapidly ageing global population, neck pain continues to pose a challenge in terms of disability burden worldwide. For future planning, it is essential we improve our mechanistic understanding of the different causes and risk factors for neck pain and prioritise the consistent collection of global neck pain data and increase the number of countries with data on neck pain. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Global Alliance for Musculoskeletal Health.

Risk factors for neck pain in college students: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 epidemic, the prevalence of neck pain among college students has increased due to the shift from offline to online learning and increasing academic and employment pressures. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to identify the personal, occupational, and psychological factors associated with the development of neck pain to promote the development of preventive strategies and early intervention treatment.MethodsSeven electronic databases were searched from inception to December 2022 for cross-sectional studies, cohort studies, case­­-­control studies, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on neck pain. The quality of the selected studies were assessed by American Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) or the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the effects of the included risk factors on neck pain.ResultsThirty studies were included, including 18,395 participants. And a total of 33 potentially associated risk factors were identified. Ultimately, 11 risk factors were included in the meta-analysis after assessing, and all results were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The factors supported by strong evidence mainly include the improper use of the pillow (OR = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.39 to 3.48), lack of exercise (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.53 to 2.30), improper sitting posture (OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.39 to 2.78), history of neck and shoulder trauma (OR = 2.32, 95% CI: 1.79 to 3.01), senior grade (OR = 2.86, 95% CI: 2.07 to 3.95), staying up late (OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.35 to 2.41), long-time electronic product usage daily (OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.33 to 1.76), long-time to bow head (OR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.58 to 2.64), and emotional problems (OR = 2.09; 95% CI: 1.66 to 2.63). Risk factors supported by moderate evidence were high stress (OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.02 to 2.52) and female gender (OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.52 to 1.87).ConclusionThis study obtained 11 main risk factors affecting college students neck pain, including improper use of the pillow, lack of exercise, improper sitting posture, history of neck and shoulder trauma, senior grade, staying up late, long-term electronic product usage daily, long time to bow head, high stress, emotional problems and female gender.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Neck Pain Among the Hospital Front and Back Office Workers at the Nairobi Hospital, Kenya

Objective: To identify the prevalence and risk factor of neck pain among the hospital front and back-office workers at The Nairobi Hospital, Kenya. Material and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional studies was carried out among 133 participants on the prevalence and risk factors of neck pain at a specific point of time defined by the population. All variables were collected within a specified duration. An adapted structured close ended questionnaire was used, covering group-made questions for population parameters and variables, for screening neck status for the enrolled participants. In addition to the adapted questionnaire from the Oswestry Neck Disability Index (ONDI) combined with our variables, participants were requested to fill out an adapted combined self-developed questionnaire consisting of demographics characteristics; age, gender, duration of employment, and pain intensity. Collected data was analyzed using statistical package of social sciences-SPSS version 21, and results tabulated in tables, pie charts and graphs. Results: majority of participant ( n=112,84%) were from the age of group between 41-50 years at 42%, followed by 31-40 years at 37%, 21-30 years at 20% and finally 51 years and above at 1%. Females represented by 66% and males at 34% of the participants. Period of employment was between 1-10 years at 60% followed by 11-20 years with 34%, less than 1 year and 21-30 years each represented by 3%. workers currently with neck pain at the Nairobi hospital were (n=38 ,34%). Pain intensity; Majority of those who had neck pain 25% had mild pain, while only 1% had severe pain. Those with risk factors for sitting durations; sitting at 2-4hrs represented by 47.3%, followed by 5-6hrs at 37.5%, less than 2 hours was 8.9%, 7-8hrs was 3.6% and more than 8hrs was 2.7%. Conclusion: study concludes that prevalence of neck pain among front and back-office workers at The Nairobi Hospital currently accounts for 34% with female being the most affected. This is associated with continuous sitting and poor body mechanics in relation to work station and equipment. Age, gender, period of employment, and sitting posture awareness were also found to be important factors influencing the occurrence of neck pain. KEY WORDS: Neck pain, prevalence, risk factors, Front and back-office workers.

Occupational exposure to whole-body vibration and neck pain in the Swedish general population

The primary aim of this study was to determine if occupational exposure to whole-body vibration (WBV) was associated with reporting neck pain. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of the general population living in northern Sweden, aged 24–76 years. Data was retrieved through a digital survey that collected subjectively reported information on exposure to WBV and biomechanical exposures as well as neck pain. The study included 5,017 participants (response rate 44%). Neck pain was reported by 269 men (11.8%) and 536 women (20.2%). There was a statistically significant association between reporting occupational exposure to WBV half the time or more (adjusted OR 1.91; 95% CI 1.22–3.00) and reporting neck pain. In gender-stratified analyses, the same pattern was observed in men, while there were too few women to determine any association. We conclude that occupational exposure to whole-body vibration was associated with neck pain in men. Practitioner summary: This cross-sectional, survey-based study investigated associations between self-reported occupational whole-body vibration and neck pain. It showed significant associations between frequent exposure to whole-body vibration and neck pain among men but not women. In occupational health care settings, whole-body vibration could be considered as a possible risk factor for neck pain.

Risk Factors for Disabling and Nondisabling Neck Pain in a Large Cohort of Adolescents.

Neck pain is extremely common and represents a substantial economic burden to our society. We aimed to investigate risk factors for nondisabling and disabling neck pain in a large cohort of Italian adolescents with a cross-sectional study. Six thousand two hundred eighty-one students (14-19 yrs old) answered an online questionnaire, investigating the following: anthropometric data, lifestyle-related items, neck pain frequency and intensity, need for medical examination, and several risk factors. Students who had to give up social activities because of neck complaints constituted the disabling neck pain group. Our findings revealed that sex, age, sports practice, hours of sleep, and family history were risk factors ( P < 0.001) for neck pain in our cohort. Moreover, disabling neck pain group experienced neck pain more frequently ( P < 0.001) and with higher levels of pain ( P < 0.001) compared with the nondisabling group. The number of hours of sleep was the only risk factor that showed a trend to differ comparing the disabling neck pain group with the nondisabling neck pain one ( P = 0.057). Different risk factors for neck pain were detected in a very large cohort of adolescents. This study may pave the way for future prospective studies and for the development of preventive strategies for neck pain in adolescents. Complete the self-assessment activity and evaluation online at http://www.physiatry.org/JournalCME. Upon completion of this article, the reader should be able to: (1) Identify different risk factors for neck pain in adolescents; (2) Determine the differences between adolescents with nondisabling neck pain and disabling neck pain; and (3) Recognize that most risk factors for disabling neck pain are still unknown, but insufficient sleep quantity could potentially contribute to the development of this condition. Advanced. The Association of Academic Physiatrists is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.The Association of Academic Physiatrists designates this Journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s) ™. Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

Factors Leading to Cervical Pain among Display Screen Equipment Operators; An Observational Study

Background: Computer operators are more to develop pain in the cervical region. With a wide range of possible risk factors, that vary from person to person, this area requires continuous investigation. So that workplace can be modified to promote work safety. Objective: To estimate the association of different risk factors of neck pain among display screen equipment users in office settings. Methods: Using display screen equipment self-assessment questionnaire and musculoskeletal discomfort form, the data was gathered from offices in different cities of Pakistan. Office workers under 60 years who used a display screen for more than an hour each day were eligible to participate in the study. While those having any history of spinal deformities, cervical surgery, trauma or malignancy was excluded. For statistical computation and analysis, the data from 122 participants were recorded in SPSS version 21. The prevalence of neck pain and frequency distribution of variables were computed. The chi-square test was used to determine the correlation between the variables, and the p-value less than or equal to 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Neck pain was seen in 41.8% out of the 122 study participants. It was observed to affect the daily activities of 29.4% of the population, while 62.7% had experienced discomfort in the previous week. Neck pain was found to be substantially correlated with work fulfillment, stress and male gender. While among ergonomic factors it was linked to breaks from work, the height of the screen used, and computer hardware adjustability. Conclusion: Many office workers using display screen equipment report cervical pain. It is associated with both workplace and individual-level factors and such problems can be avoided by enhancing workplace ergonomics.

Prevalence and risk factors of neck pain in spine surgeons - Are we our own patients?

AimThis survey of spine surgeons aimed to determine the prevalence of neck pain and identify the associated risk factors. The prevalence of neck pain has been reported in various medical sub-specialities including laparoscopy surgeons, dentists, plastic surgeons, ophthalmologist, urologist and orthopaedic surgeons. However, the literature is lacking on prevalence and risk factors for neck pain in spine surgeons. MethodsA survey questionnaire containing demographic, Neck pain and work practice details was administered to 300 spine surgeons (members of an online group) via text message and e-mail. ResultsOne hundred and eighty surgeons responded to the survey (response rate, 60%). Three spine surgeons had previous cervical spine surgeries. The 1-month prevalence rate of neck pain was 74.4% (134/180 surgeons). One hundred and eighteen surgeons (88%) reported only neck pain, 16 surgeons (11.9%) had neck pain with radicular arm pain. Only 20.5% of surgeons used a loupe, 18% of surgeons used a microscope, and 24% of surgeons used operating table height at umbilicus during surgery. There was no significant difference between the mean age (p = 0.65), work experience (p = 0.8), time spent in surgery (p = 0.7), and operating table height preference (p = 0.4) when symptomatic and asymptomatic groups were compared. However, a significantly greater percentage of surgeons had a sedentary lifestyle (p = 0.002) & used loupes as compared to microscopes (p = 0.04) in the symptomatic group. There was significant correlation between the surgeon's lifestyle & use of loupe and the incidence of neck pain. ConclusionSpine surgeons have a higher prevalence of neck pain than general populations and surgeons from other specialties. Considering the high prevalence of neck pain, general health, work, and ergonomic guidelines and recommendations must be formulated to help prevent and decrease the burden of neck pain among spine surgeons.

Sex differences in factors associated with neck pain among undergraduate healthcare students: a cross-sectional survey

BackgroundNeck pain is widespread among students in healthcare-related fields. Although neck pain is more prevalent in females, since most research involves mixed-sex samples we know very little about sex differences in contributors to neck pain. Thus, this study sought to explore sex differences in the risk factors for neck pain in this high-risk population.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted in China in 2021 and included a sample of 1921 undergraduate healthcare students (693 males, 1228 females) from 7 health professional schools at Fujian Medical University. We collected data on neck pain symptoms, demographics, behavioral and psychological factors. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine sex differences in the risk factors of neck pain.ResultsThe overall prevalence of neck pain was 41.6% with female students having a higher prevalence than male students (44.4% vs. 36.7%, respectively). The adjusted analyses showed that self-study time ≥ 6 h/day (OR = 1.44, 95% CI:1.13-1.83), flexed neck posture >20 degrees (OR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.28-3.74), static duration posture >2 h (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.02-1.97), and psychological distress (high: OR = 2.04, 95% CI:1.42-2.94; very high: OR = 2.50, 95% CI:1.57-3.74; respectively) were independent factors for neck pain in females. Among males, self-study time ≥ 6 h/day (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.02-2.01) and psychological distress (moderate: OR = 2.04, 95% CI:1.28-3.25; high: OR = 2.37, 95% CI:1.49-3.79; very high: OR = 2.97, 95% CI:1.75-5.02; respectively) were significant risk factors for neck pain.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the risk profiles of neck pain differ between females and males. The modifiable risk factors for neck pain, such as prolonged self-study time and elevated psychological distress, as well as poor posture among females, could be targeted through health promotion interventions in university settings.

The Prevalence and Associated Factors of Neck Pain among Ministry of Health Office Workers in Saudi Arabia: A Cross Sectional Study.

(1) Background: Neck pain is the most common type of musculoskeletal problem affecting office workers. Various occupational risk factors have been linked to neck pain. This study aims to assess the prevalence and risk factors of neck pain among office workers at the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, and the participants completed an online questionnaire based on the Standardized Nordic questionnaire and Quality of Life Scale Brief Version to evaluate their neck pain and the physical, psychological, social, and environmental factors that might affect their conditions. A descriptive analysis was conducted for the data and a logistic regression was performed to ascertain the effects of biodemographic and occupational factors on the likelihood of having neck pain. (3) Results: A total of 413 subjects (176 females and 237 males) participated in our study with an average age of 33.6 ± 8 years. The prevalence of neck pain in our participants was 64% during a twelve-month period. Females were less likely to suffer neck pain than males (OR = 0.52, 95%CI [0.30,0.87]), and age, BMI, level of education, and profession were not associated with likelihood of having neck pain. However, reduced working hours were associated with a reduction in the likelihood of having neck pain (OR = 0.42, 95%CI [0.33,0.53]). (4) Conclusion: Neck pain affects a large proportion of the office workers at the Ministry of Health, and this pain is significantly associated with long working hours and males. Thus, there is a need for future research that can investigate how associated factors can be managed to reduce the long-term impact of neck pain on workers’ lives. Quality improvement approaches might be used to implement effective interventions for the prevention and management of work-related risk factors that can cause neck pain.

AMATÖR BİSİKLETÇİLERDE BOYUN AĞRISINA NEDEN OLABİLECEK FAKTÖRLERİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: SORGULANMASI GEREKEN PARAMETRELER

Cycling is one of the exercises that has become popular all over the world. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the risk factors for neck pain in amateur cyclists who did not receive professional support. A structured questionnaire including demographic and cycling characteristics, cycling habits, Bournemouth Neck Questionnaire (BNQ), visual analogue scales measuring neck pain severity during rest and cycling was shared on the social networks of cycling groups. Data were collected and analyzed. Twenty-seven (25,7%) people were excluded from the study because they did not meet the criteria. In the analysis of 78 cyclists, it was observed that the mean BNQ value in individuals who cycled for more than 10 hours a week was significantly lower than those who cycled for 1-5 and 5-10 hours (p&amp;lt;0,001). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, it was determined that mountain bike use (OR=0,147; p=0,033) and cycling between 10-20 hours (OR=0,022; p=0,005) had the lowest risk in terms of neck pain. It was observed that personalized cycling adjustments (bike-fit) had no effect on neck pain (p=0,5). According to the results of our study, in order to prevent neck pain in amateur cyclists, it may be recommended to keep the weekly usage time between 10-20 hours, to avoid irregular, under- or excessive use, and to turn to mountain bikes for individuals with neck pain.

Personalised gravitational loading of the cervical spine from biplanar X-rays for asymptomatic and clinical subjects in neutral standing position

BackgroundAs a leading cause of disability with a high societal and economic cost, it is crucial to better understand risk factors of neck pain and surgical complications. Getting subject-specific external loading is essential for quantifying muscle forces and joint loads but it requires exertion trials and load cells which are uncommon in clinical settings. MethodsThis paper presents a method to compute the gravitational loading at four levels of the cervical spine (C3C4, C4C5, C5C6, C6C7) in neutral standing position from biplanar radiographs exclusively. The resulting load was decomposed in local disc frames and its components were used to compare different populations: 118 asymptomatic subjects and 46 patients before and after surgery (anterior cervical discectomy and fusion or total disc replacement). Comparisons were performed at C6C7 and the upper level adjacent to surgery. FindingsSignificant changes in gravitational loading were observed with age in healthy subjects as well as in patients after surgery and have been associated with changes in posture. InterpretationThis approach quantifies the influence of postural changes on gravitational loading on the cervical spine. It represents a simple way to obtain necessary input for muscle force quantification models in clinical routine and to use them for patient evaluation. The study of the subsequent subject-specific spinal loading could help further the understanding of cervical spine biomechanics, degeneration mechanisms and complications following surgery.

Epidemiology of Neck Pain and Its Impact on Quality-of-Life-A Population-Based, Cross Sectional Study in Singapore.

Cross-sectional, epidemiological study. This study aims to describe the prevalence, risk factors, disability, and quality of life (QoL) burden of neck pain. Neck pain is an increasingly common symptom that results in significant disability and loss of QoL to the individual, and imposes a considerable economic burden to developed countries. A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted via multistage random sampling of public households in Singapore on individuals aged 21 and older. Questionnaires were administered face-to-face by trained interviewers. Data analyzed included the prevalence and characteristics of neck pain, its relationship with sociodemographic factors, and its association on QoL and disability via validated questionnaires: EQ5D questionnaire and Neck Disability Index (NDI), respectively. A total of 626 individuals with a median age of 52.0 years (interquartile range 37.0-67.0), and even sex distribution of males (54.0%) and females (46.0%) were included in this study. A total of 144 individuals reported neck pain over the past 6 months, giving a 6-month period prevalence of 23.0%. Among them, nine (6.3%) had chronic, whereas 12 (8.3%) had severe neck pain. Female sex was the only significant risk factor for neck pain on multivariate analysis, with a risk ratio of 1.34 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-1.80, P = 0.049). Individuals with neck pain had mean raw NDI scores of 4.91 ± 6.25, with higher disability seen with increasing pain duration and intensity (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002 respectively). Compared to individuals without neck pain, those with neck pain had poorer QoL with lower EQ5D-Index scores (0.84 ± 0.25 vs. 0.93 ± 0.15; 95% CI 0.046-0.132, P < 0.001) and EQ5D-VAS scores (68.76 ± 14.59 vs. 73.86 ± 13.64; 95% CI 2.510-7.697, P < 0.001). Our findings show that neck pain is a prevalent condition with chronicity and severity of symptoms associated with reduced QoL and increased disability. Population sample health scores can serve as potential reference targets in disease management and aid national health care policy-making.Level of Evidence: 3.

Focus on the Scapular Region in the Rehabilitation of Chronic Neck Pain Is Effective in Improving the Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Chronic neck pain is a common human health problem. Changes in scapular posture and alteration of muscle activation patterns of scapulothoracic muscles are cited as potential risk factors for neck pain. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of neck exercise training (NET) with and without scapular stabilization training (SST) on pain intensity, the scapula downward rotation index (SDRI), forward head angle (FHA) and neck range of motion (ROM) in patients with chronic neck pain and scapular dyskinesia. A total of sixty-six subjects with chronic neck pain and scapular dyskinesia were randomly divided into three groups: neck exercise training, n = 24, combined training (NET + SST), n = 24 and a control group, n = 24. Pain intensity, SDRI, FHA and ROM were measured by the numerical rating scale, caliper, photogrammetry and IMU sensor, respectively. When the combined intervention group consisting of NET and SST was compared with NET alone at six weeks, there was a statistically significant difference in pain intensity, SDRI, FHA and cervical ROM for flexion and extension (p ≤ 0.05). Adding scapular exercises to neck exercises had a more significant effect in decreasing pain intensity, SDRI, FHA and increased cervical ROM than neck exercises alone in patients with chronic neck pain. These findings indicate that focus on the scapular posture in the rehabilitation of chronic neck pain effectively improves the symptoms.

Relation Between Neck Pain and Modic Changes in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy.

BackgroundModic changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represent lesions in the bone marrow of the vertebral body that may be associated with pain. This study investigated the relationship between neck pain and cervical Modic changes, and risk factors for neck pain (NP).Material/MethodsThis study included 168 patients diagnosed with cervical spondylotic myelopathy between February 2013 and April 2017. Basic patient information about demographic and lifestyle variables was obtained from medical records. Radiographic images provided cervical alignment (C2–C7 Cobb), T1 slope and C7 slope. All patients underwent MRI to evaluate the presence of Modic changes. Univariate analyses identified the variables as potential factors. Variables with a p<0.10 were included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis models. P-values <0.05 were statistically significant.ResultsOnly 93 patients (55.4%) had NP. Modic changes in patients with NP were significantly higher than those without Modic changes (p=0.002). Eighty-five patients had Modic changes types I, II, III; 41 (48.2%), 29 (34.1%), 15 (17.6%), respectively. The distribution of these Modic changes varied with NP (p<0.001). Type I Modic changes were seen with NP more frequently than other types of Modic changes. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that age (odds ratio [OR], 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–1.16) and Modic changes (OR 1.25; 95% CI, 0.09–1.46) were significant independent factors for NP.ConclusionsIn cervical spondylosis, age and Modic changes were associated with NP. Modic change type I is more likely to occur with NP.

Risk factors for non-specific neck pain in young adults. A systematic review

BackgroundYoung adulthood is a sensitive period of life where development of musculoskeletal neck pain may be established and impact future health. The objective of this systematic review was to investigate risk factors for non-specific neck pain in young adults.MethodsSystematic searches were conducted in six databases in September 2019. Prospective cohorts and registry studies including participants in whom the risk factor or the outcome (neck pain) was registered in the ages 18–29 years old were included. The Quality in Prognosis Studies tool was used for quality assessment. A modification of the Grading of Recommendations Assessments, Development and Evaluation was used to assess the overall quality of the evidence. Potential risk factors investigated in more than one study were summarised.ResultsSearches yielded 4527 articles, of which six matched the eligibility criteria. Fifty-six potential risk factors were investigated in the six studies, covering a broad range of domains. Five risk factors were investigated in more than one study (female sex, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, duration of computer use and perceived stress). Physical activity and BMI showed no association with neck pain, and inconsistent results were found for female sex, duration of daily computer use and perceived stress. Risk of bias was moderate or high in all studies, and the overall quality of evidence was very low.ConclusionThe studies included many potential risk factors, but none of them showed consistent associations with neck pain. There is a paucity of high-quality studies investigating risk factors for neck pain in young adults.