Risk Factors Of Diabetic Foot Research Articles

Integrated genetic analysis of diabetic complications: Bioinformatics insights into foot ulcers, neuropathy and peripheral artery disease.

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU), diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are common complications of diabetes mellitus, while diabetic peripheral neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic foot ulcers, and the pathogenic mechanisms between these three diseases still need further investigation. The keywords 'diabetic foot ulcer', 'diabetic peripheral neuropathy' and 'atherosclerosis' were used to search for related gene sets in the GEO database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened and analysed for GO, KEGG and enrichR functional enrichment. Potential three disease biomarkers were identified by SVM-SVM-RFE and LASSO regression analysis. The results were also validated using external datasets and discriminability was measured by area under the ROC curve (AUC). Finally, biomarkers and co-upregulated genes were analysed through the GSEA and Attie Laboratories diabetes databases. A total of 11 shared genes (KRT16, CD24, SAMD9L, SRGAP2, FGL2, GPR34, DDIT4, NFE2L3, FBLN5, ANXA3 and CPA3), two biomarkers (SAMD9L and FGL2) and one co-upregulated gene (CD24) were screened. GO and KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs, enrichr enrichment analysis of shared differential genes and GSEA analysis of biomarkers showed that these significant genes were mainly focused on vasoregulatory, inflammatory-oxidative stress and immunomodulatory pathways. In this study, we used bioinformatics to investigate the intrinsic relationship and potential mechanisms of three common lower extremity complications of diabetes and identified two pivotal genes using the LASSO model and the SVM-RFE algorithm, which will further help clinicians to understand the relationship between diabetic complications, improve the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot problems and help doctors to identify the potential risk factors of diabetic foot.

Counterintuitive relationship between the triglyceride glucose index and diabetic foot in diabetes patients: A cross-sectional study.

Research has shown that insulin resistance (IR) is a known risk factor for diabetic foot (DF), and the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a reliable and simple indicator of IR. However, less is known about the relationship between the TyG and the risk of DF. Here, we investigated the association between the TyG index and the prevalence of DF. The eligible records from the Departments of Endocrinology of Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University were screened (from December 1, 2012, to December 31, 2021), and a total of 8866 patients were enrolled. The TyG index was calculated as ln[(fasting triglycerides (mg/dL)×fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2)]. The continuous variables between the DF and the non-DF groups were compared by Student's t test or the Mann-Whitney U test, and categorical variables were compared by the chi-square test. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was carried out to estimate the predictive value of the TyG index for DF. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations between the quartiles of the TyG index and the risk of DF. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were conducted. The TyG index was significantly lower in the DF group than in the no-DF group. The logistic regression revealed that an increased TyG index was associated with a lower risk of DF after adjusting for potential confounders. In addition, an ROC analysis indicated the discriminatory ability of the TyG index in DF presence with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.661 (95% CI 0.642-0.680, P < 0.001). Subgroup and sensitivity analysis also supported these robust results. The TyG index was inversely and dose-dependently associated with the risk of DF in diabetes patients, indicating that elevated TyG index was a protective factor for DF. Future studies are therefore warranted to confirm our finding and to explore the detailed pathological mechanism involved in this process.

Study of Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot and Role of Hypoxia- Inducible Factor I Alpha in Egyptian Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Study of Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot and Role of Hypoxia- Inducible Factor I Alpha in Egyptian Type 2 Diabetic Patients

High risk factors of diabetic foot and related nursing interventions

High risk factors of diabetic foot and related nursing interventions

Risk factors of diabetic foot in older adults: Clinical Case

Risk factors of diabetic foot in older adults: Clinical Case

Nomogram Prediction for the Risk of Diabetic Foot in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

AimsTo develop and validate a nomogram prediction model for the risk of diabetic foot in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and evaluate its clinical application value.MethodsWe retrospectively collected clinical data from 1,950 patients with T2DM from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University between January 2012 and June 2021. The patients were divided into training cohort and validation cohort according to the random number table method at a ratio of 7:3. The independent risk factors for diabetic foot among patients with T2DM were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Then, a nomogram prediction model was developed using the independent risk factors. The model performances were evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration plot, Hosmer–Lemeshow test, and the decision curve analysis (DCA).ResultsMultivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that age, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), smoke, and drink were independent risk factors for diabetic foot among patients with T2DM (P < 0.05). The AUCs of training cohort and validation cohort were 0.806 (95% CI: 0.775∼0.837) and 0.857 (95% CI: 0.814∼0.899), respectively, suggesting good discrimination of the model. Calibration curves of training cohort and validation cohort showed a favorable consistency between the predicted probability and the actual probability. In addition, the P values of Hosmer–Lemeshow test for training cohort and validation cohort were 0.826 and 0.480, respectively, suggesting a high calibration of the model. When the threshold probability was set as 11.6% in the DCA curve, the clinical net benefits of training cohort and validation cohort were 58% and 65%, respectively, indicating good clinical usefulness of the model.ConclusionWe developed and validated a user-friendly nomogram prediction model for the risk of diabetic foot in patients with T2DM. Nomograms may help clinicians early screen and identify patients at high risk of diabetic foot.

Comparison of the Diagnostic Yields of Some Methods of Screening for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in North Central Nigeria

Background: Peripheral neuropathy is one of the microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus, a risk factor for diabetic foot, and a major cause of disability world wide. Several authors have variedly reported on the efficacies of the different simple and sophisticated methods used in the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy. The aim of this study is to compare the diagnostic yields of different simple methods of screening for diabetic peripheral neuropathy.&#x0D; Methodology: This is a multi-center cross-sectional study involving 1040 participants recruited consecutively, following consent. Relevant biodata and medical history were obtained, while physical examinations including anthropometry, and blood glucose levels were done for each participant. History of paresthesia, 10g monofilament test, vibration test using 128Hz tuning fork, and ankle reflex assessment were the methods used to screen for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Student ‘t’ test and chi square were used to compare continuous and categorical variables respectively. Significant p-value was put at less than or equal to 0.05.&#x0D; Results: The percentage of participants with positive screen for diabetic peripheral neuropathy based on the different methods include: positive neuropathic symptoms (64%), negative neuropathic symptoms (50.7%), 10g monofilament testing (31.9%), vibration sensation by tuning fork (21.8%), and ankle reflex impairment (13.1%). A total of 80.1% of the participants were screened positive for diabetic peripheral neuropathy when all the methods were used.&#x0D; Conclusion: Positive and negative neuropathic symptoms have higher diagnostic yields for diabetic peripheral neuropathy screening than 10g monofilament testing, vibration sensation using tuning fork, and ankle reflex examination. However, it is encouraged to use all available methods to screen for diabetic peripheral neuropathy, as this increases the diagnostic yield, and ensure early adoption of preventive and therapeutic strategies.

Effectiveness of an Educational Program on Type 2 Diabetic Patients' Knowledge Regarding Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot

Background: Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar caused by defects in insulin secretion, action, or both Objectives: Evaluate effectiveness of educational program on type 2 diabetic patients’ knowledge regarding Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot .Find out the relationship between of type 2 diabetic patients’ knowledge regarding Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot Methodology: quasi-experimental (one control group and one study group) design study, has been utilized for the current study. Study carried out in Imam AL-Hussein Medical-City. A non –probability (purposive) sample of (60) adult patients who are diagnosed with type2 diabetes mellitus these patients have met the study criteria and they are divided into two groups, (30) patients are assigned to a study group was exposed to the educational program, and (30) patients as a control group was not exposed to the educational program. Results: Result show that mean of score of Knowledge item in Pre-test (MS=1.31) in study group, and (MS=1.32) in control group. After application Program (Post-test) study group Knowledge improve to become (MS=1.85) , While control group knowledge still (MS=1.31).Conclusions: Applied educational program effectively improved the level of knowledge of the study group participants based on the findings of the study Conclusion: The results of the needs assessment show that the level of knowledge about the risk factors for the diabetic foot of the patients was low. Keyword: Educational Program, Type 2 Diabetes, Knowledge, Risk Factor, Diabetic Foot.

Correlation of HBA 1C and duration of diabetes mellitus with grades of diabetic foot.

Objective: To find the correlation of HbA 1c and duration of diabetes mellitus with grades of diabetic foot according to Wagner classification. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur. Period: May 2020 to April 2021. Material &amp; Methods: 100 patients of 25-65 years of age with diabetic foot who presented in OPD or emergency department were included in study. Wounds of the diabetic foot were graded according to Wagner classification. HbA1c (Glycosylated haemoglobin) level was measured and duration of diabetes mellitus was calculated. SPSS Version 20 was used to analyze the data. Correlation of HbA1c and duration of diabetes mellitus with grades of diabetic foot was calculated and the chi- square test was applied, and results were considered significant where p value was ≤ 0.05. Results: The mean age was 51.46 ± 10.51. There were 70 male patients and 30 female patients. Mean value of HbA1c was 8.31±2.02. Neuropathy (52%) was the most common among risk factors for diabetic foot. Correlation between level of HbA1c and grades of diabetic foot was not significant (p value of 0.346). There was significant correlation between duration of disease and Wagner grades (p value was 0.003). Conclusion: Severity of diabetic foot is not correlated with HbA1c level but it is significantly related with duration of DM. Peripheral neuropathy is the main risk factor for diabetic foot.

Analysis of Influencing Factors of Diabetic Foot Minor Amputation

Objective: To investigate the factors that influence diabetic foot (DF) minor amputation. Methods: In this case-control study, the clinical data of 955 hospitalized patients with DF were retrospectively analyzed, according to whether hospitalization amputation was divided into minor amputation and the non-amputation group, compared two groups of general data, laboratory examination, diabetes complications and complications, such as differences, multiple factors regression analysis DF Risk factors associated with minor amputation in patients. Results: There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in DPN, DR, PAD, ABI, TBI, and Wagner grades, as well as age, sex, HbA1c, FPG, Scr, SUA, TC, ALB, HDL-C, WBC, and Hb (P&lt;0.05). The logistic regression analysis that HbA1c (odds ratio [OR] 1.082 [95% CI 1.011–1.158], p= 0.023), ABI＜0.9 (odds ratio [OR] 1.793 [95% CI 1.316–2.443], p=0.000), TBI＜0.7(odds ratio [OR] 2.569 [95% CI 1.889–3.495], p=0.000), Wagner classification (odds ratio [OR] 2.792 [95% CI 2.303–3.384], p=0.000) and PAD (odds ratio [OR] 2.343 [95% CI 1.731–3.170], p=0.000) were significant risk factors for DF minor amputation (P＜0.05). Higher Hb (odds ratio [OR] 0.981 [95% CI 0.973–0.988], p=0.000) was an independent protective factor for minor amputation. Conclusion: HbA1c, lower ankle brachial index level, and lower toe-brachial index level were all related with minor amputation. Wagner classification and diabetic peripheral angiopathy may represent a novel independent factor. In light of these concerns, early preventive and timely multidisciplinary assistance is critical to prevent diabetic foot minor amputation.

Level of Awareness About Risk Factors Associated with Diabetic Foot in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic illness that needs continuous monitoring and treatment. In order to avoid diabetic foot issues, there has to be more awareness and understanding of the signs of diabetic foot, risk factors, and early screenings. Objective: Aim of the current study was level of awareness about risk factors associated with diabetic foot in Type 2 diabetic patients Methodology: This cross sectional study was carried out at the Medicine Department, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar for duration of one year from January 2021 to December 2021. Data was collected from all diabetic type 2 patients by using pre-designed questionnaire. A total of 350 subjects were included in the study. Data analysis was performed by employing SPSS version 21. Results: In our study, based on level of awareness about risk factors of diabetic foot, 133 (38%) subjects have poor awareness, 91 (26%) have average awareness whereas 126 (36%) patients have good level of awareness about risk factors of diabetic foot. Conclusion: Our study concludes that on the basis of current diabetic foot care guidelines, the level of awareness of diabetic type 2 patients about diabetic foot was sub-optimal. Patients with diabetes mellitus should be aware of the medications and lifestyle changes that may help them better manage their blood sugar levels and avoid complications. Keywords: Level of awareness; Risk factors; Diabetic foot; Type 2 diabetes

CLINICORADIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF PERIPHERAL ARTERIOPATHY IN DIABETICS

Background :The steady rise in prevalence of Diabetes mellitus has resulted in increase in the complications related to diabetes. Peripheral arterial disease in diabetes is an independent risk factor for subsequent ulceration and limb loss in diabetics. It is therefore essential that peripheral arterial disease is identified in all patients with diabetics. Methods : The present prospective observational study conducted at a tertiary centre in central India was aimed at clinico-radiological assessment of lower limb vessels in patients with diabetes. 184 patients with diabetes were assessed clinically and with doppler ultrasound. Results :Peripheral vascular disease was more common among patients with type II diabetes. Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) of &lt; 0.8 was common among patients with longer duration (&gt; 10 years), Doppler ultra sound of lower limbs revealed significant changes bilaterally with type II diabetes and increased duration of diabetes. Conclusion : Peripheral arteriopathy is an important risk factor for diabetic foot especially with longer duration of type II diabetes.

The effects of auricular acupuncture on vascular parameters on the risk factors for diabetic foot: A randomized clinical trial

Aims and objectivesTo evaluate the effects of auricular acupuncture on vascular parameters on the risk factors for Diabetic Foot. MethodsRandomized and masked clinical trial. The sample was composed of 44 individuals with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and they were randomly assigned to two groups: intervention (n = 22), which received five sessions of auricular acupuncture, and control (n = 22), which did not receive the therapy. Three evaluations were performed: before the intervention; one day after the last acupuncture session and 15 days after the second evaluation. For this, the subject's characterization instrument, the Ankle-Brachial Index measurement, and thermography were used. For data analysis, Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, Wilcoxon signed-rank, Fisher's Exact and Chi-Square tests were used. ResultsAuriculotherapy provided results in the Ankle-Brachial Index Test, as well as in thermography, which showed significant temperature improvement. ConclusionsThe technique proved to be efficient in improving circulatory conditions and plantar temperature.

Study of socio-demographic, behavioural and clinical risk factors of diabetic foot in a tertiary care centre

Background: Diabetic foot is the most devastating complication of diabetes. Diabetic foot infection is a potential limb threatening condition. Several socio-demographic, behavioural and clinical factors are responsible for higher risk of diabetic foot. Hence this study was planned with the objective to assess association between socio-demographic, behavioural and clinical risk factors and diabetic foot and response of patients to various treatment modalities.Methods: 50 patients of diabetic foot were studied over a six-month period. The diabetic foot ulcers were classified according to Wagner’s classification. Data about various socio-demographic, behavioural and clinical factors was collected. Radiological investigations, neurological examination and culture and sensitivity of ulcer discharge was done. The patients were managed by conservative or surgical management. Results: Common age group of presentation was 51-60 years. Males were more commonly affected. All participants were of low socio-economic status and majority were unskilled labourers. Tobacco (40%) and alcohol (32%) use and lack of physical activity (92%) were seen. All had diabetes of &gt;10 years and elevated BMI. Grade 4 ulcer were the most frequent and toes were commonly involved. S. aureus was the commonest organism. Wound debridement was done in 76% patients and 34% required amputation.Conclusions: Factors like advancing age, low socio-economic status, lack of family support, occupations involving risk of trauma to foot, tobacco use, sedentary life style, and clinical factors like longer duration of diabetes, higher BMI, uncontrolled diabetes are risk factors for diabetic foot. Hence it is essential to educate the diabetic patients about these risk factors.

Diagnostic accuracy of monofilament test to detect diabetic neuropathy

Background Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a significant independent risk factor for diabetic foot, and an effective screening instrument is required to diagnose DPN early to prevent future ulceration and amputation. This study aims to determine the diagnostic accuracy of monofilament test to detect diabetic peripheral neuropathy.&#x0D; Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir hospital, Mahabouddha, Kathmandu from February 2016 to January 2017. A total of 96 diabetic patients attending inpatient and outpatient Department were selected. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy was assessed by measurement of loss of protective sensation (LOPS) by monofilament test and compared with vibration perception threshold by standard biothesiometer. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of monofilament test were calculated.&#x0D; Results The prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy was 26%. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of monofilament test were found to be 92.0%, 95.8%, 88.5% and 97.1% respectively. There was strong association between LOPS by monofilament and vibration perception threshold by biothesiometer.&#x0D; Conclusion This study showed a strong diagnostic accuracy of monofilament test to detect DPN when compared with biothesiometer. As monofilament test is a cheap, easily available, and portable, it can be used in the periphery where biothesiometer is not available.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Diabetic Foot at Risk among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Attending Primary Health Clinics in Kuantan

Introduction: The diabetic foot at risk is the diabetic foot which is at risk of ulceration, hence the importance of identifying the foot at this stage. This study aims to assess the prevalence of diabetic foot at risk and its associated factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients’ attending primary health clinics in Kuantan. Methods and methods : This was a cross-sectional study conducted at four primary health clinics in Kuantan involving 450 study participants who were selected by using universal sampling method. Foot examination was carried out and foot at risk was classified based on the Kings’ Classification. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to identify the predictors for diabetic foot at risk. Results: The prevalence of diabetic foot at risk was 31.3%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified age (OR 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.06), smoker (OR 4.11, 95% CI: 1.96-8.63) and duration of diabetes more than 10 years (OR1.77, 95% CI: 1.05-2.98) as risk factors for diabetic foot at risk. Respondents with higher diabetic foot practice score (OR 0.87, 95% CI: 0.77-0.98) have lesser risk of developing diabetic foot at risk. Conclusion: Patients who are older, smoker and/or have chronic diabetes are predicted to be at higher risk to develop the diabetic foot at risk. This study also showed that patients with better foot care practice has lesser risk. Therefore, these are the groups of patients that need to be targeted for early detection and intervention to prevent serious complications.

Correlation of Hemoglobin A1c With Wagner Classification in Patients With Diabetic Foot.

IntroductionDiabetic foot is a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). The Wagner classification is mostly used to grade its severity. The correlation between the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and the Wagner classification is still controversial. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the correlation of HbA1c with Wagner classification in patients with diabetic foot.Materials and methodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted at a major hospital in Shaheed Benazirabad in which 88 patients aged 18-65 years, of either gender, with a known history of DM type I or type II, and diagnosed with diabetic foot were enrolled for six months. Blood samples were collected to check the HbA1c levels. Wagner classification grading was performed after the examination of diabetic foot ulcers. Demographics such as age, gender, duration of DM, and other risk factors of foot ulcers were also noted. The mean and standard deviation for continuous variables, such as age and HbA1c level, and the frequency and percentage for categorical variables, such as distribution of age, distribution of HbA1c, gender, duration of DM, grades of Wagner classification, and other risk factors of foot ulcers, were calculated. The correlation of HbA1c with Wagner classification was also calculated by applying the chi-square test and taking p ≤ 0.05 as significant.ResultsThe mean age of the study population was 47.4 ± 10.6 years. Of the 88 patients, 15 (17.04%) were 25-35 years of age, 34 (38.63%) were 36-50 years of age, and 39 (44.31%) were 51-65 years of age; 45 (51.13%) patients were males and 43 (48.86%) patients were females. The mean HbA1c level of the study population was 9.07 ± 1.65%; 5 (5.68%) patients had 6.5-7.5%, 34 (38.63%) patients had 7.6-8.5%, 24 (27.27%) patients had 8.6-9.5%, and 25 (28.41%) patients had an HbA1c level of >9.5%. Twelve (13.63%) patients had ≤ 7 years, 18 (20.45%) had 8-15 years, and 58 (65.9%) had >15 years of duration of DM. Zero (0%) patients had grade 0, 1 (1.13%) patient had grade 1, 6 (6.81%) patients had grade 2, 29 (32.95%) patients had grade 3, 32 (36.36%) patients had grade 4, and 20 (22.72%) patients had grade 5 of Wagner classification. 23 (26.13%) patients had foot abnormalities, 19 (21.59%) patients had nephropathy, 13 (14.77%) patients had neuropathy, 14 (15.91%) patients had hypertension, 9 (10.22%) patients had retinopathy, 3 (3.41%) patients had foot ulcers/toe amputation, 2 (2.27%) patients had a cognitive deficit, and 5 (5.68%) patients had cardiovascular diseases. The correlation of HbA1c with Wagner classification was found statistically significant with p < 0.00001.ConclusionsThe older age, male gender, longer duration of DM, increased HbA1c, and previously existing foot abnormalities in diabetic patients are the risk factors of diabetic foot. The monitoring of HbA1c can help predict the diabetic foot in the aforesaid high-risk diabetics because the HbA1c linearly rises with the higher grades of Wagner classification of diabetic foot. Subsequently, the strict control of HbA1c as well as patient education about proper foot care can help prevent diabetic foot and its complications. However, more studies on larger scales are needed to establish the factual relationship between HbA1c and Wagner classification.

637-P: Angiopoietin-Like 2 Is a Potential Biomarker for Diabetic Foot Patients

Angiopoietin-like 2 (ANGPTL2) is a proinflammatory protein belonging to the angiopoietin-like family. ANGPTL2 is secreted and detected in the systemic circulation. Serum levels of ANGPTL2 increase significantly in various chronic inflammatory diseases and show associations between ANGPTL2 levels and diagnosis and/or prognosis of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and various types of cancers. However, no data regarding the relationship between ANGPTL2 and diabetic foot are available. Here, we explored the potential link between ANGPTL2 and diabetic foot. We recruited 66 participants, including 16 patients with diabetic foot and 50 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without diabetic foot. Serum ANGPTL2, CRP, VEGF, ICAM-1 and TNF-α were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. We demonstrated that serum levels of ANGPTL2 in diabetic foot patients were higher than those in diabetes controls (6.696±0.6759 vs. 4.444±0.2135, p&amp;lt;0.0001). In the spearman correlation analysis, serum ANGPTL2 level had strong positive correlation with CRP (r=0.4924, p&amp;lt;0.0001), VEGF(r=0.4116, p=0.0006), ESR (r=0.5282, p&amp;lt;0.0001) among all subjects. After adjusted for age, sex, smoking and duration of diabetes, ANGPTL2 was demonstrated to be an independent risk factor for diabetic foot (OR, 3.835, 95% CI 1.608-14.81, p=0.0002). In addition, serum ANGPTL2 was still positively correlated diabetic foot stage after adjusting age, sex, smoking, HbA1c, duration of diabetes and use of drugs (β=0.3838, p=0.002). In conclusion, serum ANGPTL2 acted as a contributor for diabetic foot and had strong association with diabetic foot progression in all stages. Blockade of ANGPTL2 may postpone the onset and development of diabetic foot. Disclosure Y. Wang: None. L. Yang: None. Z. Zheng: None. X. Wang: None. D. Zhao: None. Funding National Natural Science Foundation of China; National Science Funding in China

Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot among Patients in Al-Hilla Teaching Hospitals

Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot among Patients in Al-Hilla Teaching Hospitals

Review of the role of cigarette smoking in diabetic foot.

Diabetic foot ulceration has been a serious issue over the past decades in Asia, causing economic and social problems. Therefore, it is important to identify and reduce the risk factors of diabetic foot. Cigarette smoking has been reported to be associated with diabetes and its macrovascular complications, but the relationship between smoking and diabetic foot ulcers is still unclear. In the present review, we summarize the effects of cigarette smoking on diabetic foot ulcers with respect to peripheral neuropathy, vascular alterations and wound healing. One underlying mechanism of these impacts might be the smoking‐induced oxidative stress inside the cells. At the end of this review, the current mainstream therapies for smoking cessation are also outlined. We believe that it is urgent for all diabetic patients to quit smoking so as to reduce their chances of developing foot ulcers and to improve the prognosis of diabetic foot ulcers.