Risk Factor For Cerebral Infarction Research Articles

Imaging risk factors for postoperative cerebral infarction in adults with ischemic Moyamoya disease

Objective: To investigate the imaging factors associated with postoperative cerebral infarction in adult patients aged 18 and above with ischemic Moyamoya disease. Methods: The clinical data of adult patients who underwent surgeries for ischemic Moyamoya disease in the Department of Neurosurgery at Peking University International Hospital from October 2015 to October 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Of the 239 patients, 120 were male and 119 were female, with ages ranging from 18 to 63 (41.7±10.3) years. A total of 239 patients(290 cases) underwent direct and indirect combined revascularization (CR).Gender, age, surgical side, preoperative transient ischemic attack (TIA), presence of old cerebral infarction, and imaging features were compared between the patients with (48 cases) and without (242 cases) cerebral infarction within 1 week after surgery. Multivariate logistic binary regression model was used to analyze the imaging risk factors of postoperative cerebral infarction. Results: Cerebral infarction occurred in 48 cases(16.5%) among the 290 CR group within 1 week after surgery. The proportion of patients with TIA, old cerebral infarction, ICA stenosis, A1 segment stenosis, M1 segment stenosis, abnormal posterior cerebral artery (PCA), and unstable compensation before CR in the cerebral infarction group was higher than that in the non-cerebral infarction group (P<0.05).Preoperative TIA (OR=4.514, 95%CI: 1.920-10.611), old cerebral infarction (OR=2.856,95%CI:1.176-6.936), A1 stenosis (OR=7.027,95%CI:1.877-26.308), M1 stenosis (OR=6.968,95%CI:2.162-22.459), abnormal PCA (OR=4.114,95%CI:1.330-12.728)and unstable compensation (OR=4.488,95%CI:1.194-16.865) were risk factors for cerebral infarction after CR surgery (all P<0.05). Conclusion: Among the imaging factors, TIA, old cerebral infarction, A1 stenosis, M1 stenosis, abnormal PCA and unstable compensation were risk factors for cerebral infarction in adult patients with ischemic Moyamoya disease treated by combined revascularization.

Abstract 110: Pre-Operative Risks of Major Adverse Cerebrovascular Events in Pediatric Moyamoya Disease

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the risk of cerebrovascular events in pediatric MMD during the preoperative waiting period, and explore the related risk factors and appropriate operation opportunities. Methods: This study is an observational cohort study, including 736 children with MMD from their initial visit until the completion of surgery. The patients were divided into three subgroups according to their initial symptoms: no cerebrovascular event group, cerebral infarction (CI) group, and transient ischemic attack (TIA) group. Results: A total of 736 children with MMD were included, and the median time from diagnosis to surgery was 13 months (IQR: 4-33). During the waiting period, 166 patients (26.6%) experienced CI, and 17 patients (2.3%) had cerebral hemorrhage. The incidence rates of CI and cerebral hemorrhage were 10.49 and 1.08 per 1000 person-months, respectively. Cox regression analysis revealed that male (HR: 1.586; p=0.004), CI at onset (HR: 2.889; p&lt;0.001) or TIA at onset (HR: 1.943; p=0.006), age≤3 years at onset (HR: 2.208; p&lt;0.001), and involvement of the posterior cerebral arteries (HR: 1.670; p=0.001) were risk factors for CI during the waiting period. No specific risk factors for cerebral hemorrhage during the waiting period were identified. For patients with CI at onset, the risk of CI during the waiting period significantly increased when the waiting time exceeded 2.5 months (AUC=0.722, specificity=0.561, sensitivity=0.882; OR: 8.253; p&lt;0.001). In pediatric MMD patients without cerebrovascular events at onset, the risk of preoperative cerebral hemorrhage significantly increased when the waiting time exceeded 5 years (AUC=0.761, specificity=0.856, sensitivity=0.571; OR: 6.667; p=0.018). No significant correlation was found between waiting time and preoperative CI in TIA patients. Conclusions: For children MMD with CI or TIA at onset, early surgery is recommended, especially for younger patients and those with involvement of the posterior circulation. For patients with CI at onset, surgery should be performed within 2.5 months of waiting, while patients without cerebrovascular events should undergo surgery within 5 years.

Lung Lobectomy is an Embolic Risk Factor for Cerebral Infarction, Even in the Long-term Postoperative Phase.

The vein stump created after lung lobectomy has been reported to cause thrombus and subsequently cerebral infarction. However, its assessment after a long-term postoperative course remains unreported. The pulmonary vein stump is a structure near the left atrial appendage; therefore, such patients may be at a constant risk of thrombus formation. We herein report two cases of cerebral infarction associated with lung lobectomy. Transesophageal echocardiography revealed mobile thrombi in the pulmonary vein stump. Both patients had cancer recurrence, and hypercoagulability may have contributed to thrombus formation. This vein stump should be investigated as an embolic source, even after a long postoperative duration.

Genetic risk score of cerebral infarction in atrial fibrillation genome-wide association study.

Stroke is a leading cause of death and the primary cause of adult-acquired disability. Patients with cardiogenic embolic stroke also have higher mortality and recurrence rates than patients with other stroke subtypes. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major risk factor for cerebral infarction (CI). The large-scale study identified 32 loci in the MEGASTROKE study. However, few studies have attempted to identify novel stroke risk variants in patients with a history of AF. Our overall aim was to identify novel CI risk variants in AF cases and explore whether their associations with the CI risk were affected by the CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores. We performed association study with CI using 8181 AF cases in previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) and imputation data without controls. We classified AF cases into those with or without past history of CI, and the genetic associations with the CI risk were examined. GWAS identified eight associated loci. The generated genetic risk score (GRS) for the eight loci was significantly associated with CI in patients with AF (1.46 × 10-8 ). We estimated bivariate logistic regression model which contained GRS and CHADS2 score (GRS: p-Value = 7.41 × 10-9 , CHADS2 score: p-Value <2.0 × 10-16 ) or CHA2DS2-VASc scores (GRS: p-Value = 2.52 × 10-10 , CHA2DS2-VASc score: p-Value <2.0 × 10-16 ). We identified eight genetic variants that were potentially associated with the risk of CI of AF cases and the significant GRS, whose associations were independent of the CHADS2 or CHA2DS2-VASc score.

Risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cerebral infarction after dual antiplatelet therapy

BackgroundTo investigate the risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cerebral infarction after dual antiplatelet therapy. MethodsCerebral infarction patients who received dual antiplatelet therapy during January 2019 and December 2021 in Nanchang University Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital were included. Patients were divided into a bleeding group and a nonbleeding group. Propensity score matching was used to match the data between the two groups. The risk factors for cerebral infarction with gastrointestinal bleeding after receiving dual antiplatelet therapy were analyzed by conditional logistic regression. ResultsThere were 2370 cerebral infarction patients who received dual antiplatelet therapy included in the study. There were significant differences between the bleeding group and the nonbleeding group in terms of sex, age, smoking, drinking, hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes and peptic ulcer before matching. After matching, 85 patients were included in the bleeding group and nonbleeding group, and there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of sex, age, smoking, drinking, previous cerebral infarction, hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes, gout or peptic ulcer. Conditional logistic regression analysis showed that long-term use of aspirin and severity of cerebral infarction were risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding in cerebral infarction patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy, whereas the use of PPI was a protective factor against gastrointestinal bleeding. ConclusionsLong-term use of aspirin and severity of cerebral infarction are risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding in cerebral infarction patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy. The use of PPIs could reduce the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.

Risk factors for postoperative cerebral infarction in Lung Cancer patients: a retrospective study

BackgroundPostoperative cerebral infarction is a rare but serious complication after lung cancer surgery. We aimed to investigate the risk factors and evaluate the efficiency of our devised surgical procedure to prevent cerebral infarction.MethodsWe retrospectively examined 1,189 patients who underwent a single lobectomy for lung cancer at our institution. We identified the risk factors for cerebral infarction and investigated the preventive effects of performing resection of the pulmonary vein as the last step of the surgical procedure during left upper lobectomy.ResultsAmong the 1,189 patients, we identified 5 male patients (0.4%) with postoperative cerebral infarction. All five underwent left-sided lobectomy including three upper and two lower lobectomies. Left-sided lobectomy, a lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s, and lower body mass index were associated with postoperative cerebral infarction (Ps < 0.05). The 274 patients who underwent left upper lobectomy were stratified by two procedures: lobectomy with resection of the pulmonary vein as the last step of the surgical procedure (n = 120) and the standard procedure (n = 154). The former procedure significantly shortened the length of the pulmonary vein stump when compared with the standard procedure (mean stump length: 15.1 vs. 18.6 mm, P < 0.01), and the shorter pulmonary vein might possibly prevent postoperative cerebral infarction (frequency: 0.8% vs. 1.3%, Odds ratio: 0.19, P = 0.31).ConclusionsResecting the pulmonary vein as the last step during the left upper lobectomy enabled the length of the pulmonary stump to be significantly shorter, which may contribute to preventing cerebral infarction.

Risk factors for postoperative cerebral infarction in patients after lung resection: a single-center case-control study.

Patients who undergo lung resection are at risk of postoperative cerebral infarction, but the risk factors remain unclear, so the present study was a comprehensive investigation in patients who underwent lung resection for pulmonary nodules. The clinical characteristics of patients with postoperative cerebral infarction and patients who underwent lung resection on the same day but did not develop cerebral infarction were retrospectively compared. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the independent risk factors for cerebral infarction after lung resection. A total of 22 patients with postoperative cerebral infarction and 316 controls were included. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that a history of cerebral infarction [odds ratio (OR), 7.289; P=0.030], activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) <26.5 s (OR, 3.704; P=0.018), body mass index (BMI) ≥24.0 kg/m2 (OR, 3.656; P=0.015), and surgical method (P=0.005) were independent risk factors for cerebral infarction after lung resection. Compared with patients undergoing lobectomy, the risk for postoperative cerebral infarction was significantly increased in patients undergoing segmentectomy (OR, 24.322; P=0.001), wedge resection (OR, 6.992; P=0.018), or combined surgical approach (OR, 29.921; P=0.028). A history of cerebral infarction, APTT <26.5 s, BMI ≥24.0 kg/m2, and surgical method were independent risk factors for cerebral infarction after lung resection. Strengthening thromboprophylaxis in patients with these risk factors may help to reduce the incidence of postoperative cerebral infarction.

Calpain-1 Mediated Mitochondria ROS/NLRP3 Inflammasome in Atherosclerosis

Calpains are calcium-activated cysteine proteases. There are two main isoforms of calpain that are ubiquitously expressed in tissues, calpain μ or calpain 1, which requires micromolar Ca2+ for activation, and calpain or 2, which requires millimolar Ca2+ for activation. The presence of other calpains is tissue specific. Atherosclerosis (AS) is an important risk factor for cerebral infarction, coronary heart disease and peripheral vascular disease. It was originally thought that AS was caused by impaired lipid metabolism. This research briefly reviewed Calpain Family, the structure and activation mechanism of calpain1, Calpains in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, NLRP3 structural characteristics and activation, ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome activation mechanism and ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome in atherosclerosis. The research showed that the Calpain-1 may play an important role in mitochondrial ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome in atherosclerosis.

Risk Factors for Cerebral Infarction After Microsurgical Clipping of Hunt-Hess Grade 0–2 Single Intracranial Aneurysm: A Retrospective Study

The study aimed to explore risk factors for cerebral infarction after microsurgical clipping in patients with Hunt-Hess grade 0-2 single intracranial aneurysms. A total of 137 patients with Hunt-Hess grade 0-2 single intracranial aneurysms treated with microsurgical clipping between March 2017 and December 2020 were retrospectively enrolled. Patients were divided into 2 groups on the basis of the occurrence of cerebral infarction after surgery. Of 137 enrolled patients, 14 (10.22%) showed cerebral infarction symptoms after surgery. Univariate analysis indicated that ruptured aneurysm status, aneurysm rupture during surgery, history of transient ischemic attack (TIA)/stroke, aneurysm size ≥7 mm, temporary clipping, intraoperative systolic hypotension (IOH), and occurrences of intraoperative motor-evoked potentials change were significantly related to postoperative cerebral infarction (PCI). However, using multivariate regression, only history of TIA/stroke (odds ratio= 0.124; 95% confidence interval [CI]= 0.021-0.748, P= 0.023) and IOH (odds ratio= 0.032; 95% CI= 0.005-0.210, P < 0.001) were independent predictors for PCI. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the critical duration of temporary clipping and IOH that minimized the risk of PCI was 5.5 minutes and 7.5 minutes, respectively. Our study identified history of TIA/stroke and IOH as independent risk factors for cerebral infarction after microsurgical clipping.

Multivariate Analysis of Risk Factors for Cerebral Infarction Based on Specific Health Checkups in Japan

Stroke is a progressive disease with remissions and exacerbations; it significantly reduces the quality of life of patients and their family and caregivers. Primary prevention is necessary to reduce the growing incidence of stroke globally. In this study, we determined the risk factors for cerebral infarction in elderly Japanese residents and proposed a primary care strategy to prevent cerebral infarction. We investigated the relationship between the incidence of cerebral infarction and the results of checkups 10 years ago. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the variables related to the occurrence of cerebral infarction in biochemical tests and questionnaires administered ten years ago. Hypertension and abnormal creatinine levels were related to increased risk of cerebral infarction based on our findings of the health checkups conducted 10 years previously. Furthermore, weight gain or loss of &gt;3 kg over the last year and habit of eating an evening meal within 2 h before going to bed were associated with an increased risk of cerebral infarction based on the questionnaire results from the specific health checkups. Long-term, large-scale prospective studies are required to determine the specific health items related to increased risk of cerebral infarction.

Diagnostic Predictive Value of Tryptase, Serum Amyloid A and Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Biomarker Groups for Large Atherosclerotic Cerebral Infarction.

Background There has been a gradual trend towards younger ageing of acute cerebral infarction in recent years. Atherosclerotic plaque rupture followed by dislodgement of emboli and resulting arterial embolism is an important mechanism for the development of acute cerebral infarction. Traditional independent risk factors for cerebral infarction have received attention from clinicians, but the risk factors for large artery atherosclerotic cerebral infarction are still unclear. Various blood biomarkers have an important role in the early diagnosis of large artery atherosclerotic cerebral infarction. Objective To assess the diagnostic predictive value of a group of biomarkers for large artery atherosclerotic cerebral infarction. Methods Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (LP-PLA2), trypsin-like protein (TPS), serum amyloid A (SAA), and supersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were measured in the case group (30 cases) and control group (54 cases), respectively. Results The differences in the general data between the two groups were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Logistic regression and ROC curve analysis showed that Lp-PLA2, TPS, and SAA were positively associated with the diagnosis of large atherosclerotic cerebral infarction (P < 0.05). The area under the ROC curve of the multivariate model for the biomarker group reached 0.995. Conclusion Biomarkers are closely associated with the occurrence of large atherosclerotic cerebral infarction and can be used as clinical adjuncts for diagnosis and assessment of prognosis.

The association between changes in proteinuria and the risk of cerebral infarction in the Korean population

BackgroundProteinuria is a risk factor for cerebral infarction. It is known that proteinuria can change over time. However, published data is scarce for the association between changes in proteinuria and the risk of cerebral infarction. MethodStudy participants were 276,861 Koreans who were assessed for urine dipstick proteinuria both in 2003–2004 and 2007–2008. They were categorized into four groups by changes in proteinuria over 4 years (negative: negative → negative, resolved: proteinuria ≥ 1+ → negative, incident: negative → proteinuria ≥ 1+, persistent: proteinuria ≥ 1+ → proteinuria ≥ 1 + ). We used multivariate adjusted Cox-proportional hazard model in calculating the adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for cerebral infarction until 2013 according to changes in proteinuria. ResultAdjusted HR and 95% CI for cerebral infarction significantly increased in order of persistent, incident, and resolved proteinuria, compared with negative proteinuria (negative: reference, resolved: 1.166 [1.009–1.347], incident: 1.345 [1.188–1.522], and persistent: 1.443 [1.089–1.912]). In gender subgroup analysis, men showed the more clear association between changes in proteinuria and the risk of cerebral infarction (negative: reference, resolved: 1.284 [1.057–1.560], incident: 1.351 [1.149–1.589], and persistent: 1.428 [1.014–2.012]). ConclusionAll types of proteinuria changes were associated with the increased risk of cerebral infarction, even in participants with once manifested but vanishing proteinuria.

Association of Vertebral Artery Hypoplasia and Vertebrobasilar Cerebrovascular Accident.

Background and Objectives: Vertebral artery hypoplasia (VAH) is a controversial risk factor for cerebral infarction. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of vertebral artery hypoplasia and to evaluate its association with vertebrobasilar cerebrovascular accidents. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Neurology Departments of the Republican Vilnius University Hospital from 2015 to 2020. Data of 742 subjects (133 patients with posterior circulation infarction or vertebral artery syndrome (PCI/VAS), 80 patients with anterior circulation infarction (ACI) and 529 control subjects with no symptoms of cerebrovascular accident) were analyzed. Ultrasound examination of the extracranial internal carotid and vertebral arteries (VA) was performed, risk factors were recorded. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 64.51 ± 13.02 years. In subjects with PCI/VAS the diameter of VA was smaller, and the prevalence of VAH was higher compared to those in subjects with ACI and in the control group. A higher degree of VAH in subjects younger than 65 years of age increased the risk of PCI/VAS. Subjects with non-dominant VA diameter of 2.7–2.9 mm had 2.21 times higher risk of PCI/VAS, subjects with non-dominant VA diameter of 2.5–2.6 mm had 2.36 times higher risk of PCI/VAS, and subjects with non-dominant VA diameter of 2.2–2.4 mm had 4.12 times higher risk of PCI/VAS compared with subjects with non-dominant VA diameter of ≥3 mm. Among patients with PCI/VAS those with VAH had lower rates of ischemic heart disease compared with patients with normal VA diameter. There was no difference in the rates of other risk factors between PCI/VAS patients with and without VAH. Conclusions: Vertebral artery hypoplasia is not a rare finding in individuals without symptoms of cerebrovascular accident, but more frequent in patients with vertebrobasilar cerebral infarction or vertebrobasilar artery syndrome. Vertebral artery hypoplasia can be considered a risk factor for posterior circulation infarction in subjects under 65 years of age.

Brain Cell Senescence: A New Therapeutic Target for the Acute Treatment of Ischemic Stroke.

Aging is a major risk factor for cerebral infarction. Since cellular senescence is intrinsic to aging, we postulated that stroke-induced cellular senescence might contribute to neural dysfunction. Adult male Wistar rats underwent 60-minute middle cerebral artery occlusion and were grouped according to 3 reperfusion times: 24 hours, 3, and 7 days. The major biomarkers of senescence: 1) accumulation of the lysosomal pigment, lipofuscin; 2) expression of the cell cycle arrest markers p21, p53, and p16INK4a; and 3) expression of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were investigated in brain samples. Lipofuscin accumulation was scarce at the initial stage of brain damage (24 hours), but progressively increased until it reached massive distribution at 7 days post-ischemia. Lipofuscin granules (aggresomes) were mainly confined to the infarcted areas, that is parietal cortex and adjacent caudate-putamen, which were equally affected. The expression of p21, p53, and p16INK4a, and that of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β, was significantly higher in the ischemic hemisphere than in the non-ischemic hemisphere. These data indicate that brain cell senescence develops during acute ischemic infarction and suggest that the acute treatment of ischemic stroke might be enhanced using senolytic drugs.

RARE-01. Cerebral infarction in childhood-onset craniopharyngioma patients: results of KRANIOPHARYNGEOM 2007

BACKGROUND: Cerebral infarction (CI) is a known vascular complication following treatment of suprasellar tumors. Risk factors for CI, incidence rate, and long-term prognosis are unknown for patients with childhood-onset craniopharyngioma (CP). METHODS: MRI of 244 CP patients, recruited between 2007 and 2019 in KRANIOPHA-RYNGEOM 2007, were reviewed for CI. Risk factors for CI and outcome after CI were analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty-eight of 244 patients (11%) presented with CI based on reference assessment of MRI. One CI occurred before initial surgery and one case of CI occurred after release of intracystic pressure by a cyst catheter. 26 of 28 CI were detected after surgical tumor resection at a median postoperative interval of one day (range: 0.5 - 53 days). Vascular lesions during surgical procedures were documented in 7 cases with CI. No relevant differences with regard to surgical approaches were found. In all 12 irradiated patients, CI occurred before irradiation. Multivariable analyses showed that hydrocephalus and gross-total resection at the time of primary diagnosis / surgery both were risk factors for CI. After CI, quality of life (PEDQOL) and functional capacity (FMH) were impaired. CONCLUSIONS: CI occurs in 11% of surgically-treated CP cases. Degree of resection and increased intracranial pressure are risk factors, which should be considered in the planning of surgical procedures for prevention of CI.

Clinical impact of cerebral infarction in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

Lung cancer patients have a high risk of cerebral infarction, but the clinical significance of cerebral infarction in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unclear. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the incidence, prognostic impact, and risk factors of cerebral infarction in patients with NSCLC. We retrospectively examined 710 consecutive patients with advanced or post-operative recurrent NSCLC treated between January 2010 and July 2020 at Kumamoto University Hospital. Cerebral infarction was diagnosed according to the detection of high-intensity lesions on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging regardless of the presence of neurological symptoms during the entire course from 3months before NSCLC diagnosis. The prognostic impact and risk factors of cerebral infarction were evaluated based on propensity score matching (PSM) and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Cerebral infarction occurred in 36 patients (5%). Of them, 21 (58%) and 15 (42%) patients developed asymptomatic and symptomatic cerebral infarction, respectively. PSM analysis for survival showed that cerebral infarction was an independent prognostic factor (hazards ratio: 2.45, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.24-4.85, P = 0.010). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, D-dimer (odds ratio [OR]: 1.09, 95% CI 1.05-1.14, P < 0.001) and C-reactive protein (OR: 1.10, 95% CI 1.01-1.19, P = 0.023) levels were independent risk factors. Cerebral infarction occurred in 5% of NSCLC patients, and asymptomatic cerebral infarction was more frequent. Cerebral infarction was a negative prognostic factor and was associated with hyper-coagulation and inflammation. The high frequency of asymptomatic cerebral infarction and its risk in NSCLC patients with these conditions should be recognized.

Risk Factors for Cerebral Infarction Early After Revascularization in Children Younger than 5 Years with Moyamoya Disease

Cerebral revascularization is necessary for pediatric patients younger than 5 years with moyamoya disease (MMD). However, they have a high risk of developing cerebral infarction early after surgery. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors for developing cerebral infarction among these patients. The charts of 21 consecutive patients with MMD (39 surgeries) younger than 5 years who had undergone revascularization at our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Because cerebral infarction occurring within 1 month after surgery was the primary end point, other clinical information was evaluated, including each surgical procedure. Multivariate analysis of the risk factors for postoperative cerebral infarction was performed. Cerebral infarction occurred after 7 of 39 surgeries (17.9%). Of the 39 surgeries, 23 (59%) included direct and indirect combined revascularization. The incidence of cerebral infarction did not differ significantly between the combined (21.7%) and indirect (12.5%) groups (P= 0.46). Logistic regression showed no association between the revascularization procedure and the occurrence of cerebral infarction after surgery (P= 0.3). However, younger age at surgery was correlated with a higher risk of developing cerebral infarction in the early postoperative period (P= 0.05). No differences were found in the risk of developing cerebral infarction early after surgery as a result of surgical procedures. However, younger patients had higher postoperative risk. Further multicenter research should examine this issue for young pediatric patients with moyamoya at high risk of developing cerebral infarction.

Association of cerebral infarction with vertebral arterial fenestration using non-Newtonian hemodynamic evaluation

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;sec&gt;&lt;title&gt;Purpose&lt;/title&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cerebral artery fenestration is a rare vascular anomaly, but its existence has been increasingly documented. The association of cerebral infarction and fenestration is of great clinical interest, and the exact underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aims to identify risk factors contributing to cerebral infarction by computational hemodynamics analysis.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt; &lt;sec&gt;&lt;title&gt;Methods&lt;/title&gt;&lt;p&gt;Eight patients with image findings of fenestration structure were recruited in this research, in which four suffered fenestration-related cerebral infarction (A series) while the other four (B series) were set as control matched by the fenestration size. Three-dimensional models were reconstructed from the MRA images and computational simulations with non-Newtonian flow model were performed to get interested hemodynamic characteristics.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt; &lt;sec&gt;&lt;title&gt;Results&lt;/title&gt;&lt;p&gt;The blood flow pattern was relatively separated along two channels of fenestration in series A compared with series B cases in Group 1-2, however, no significant difference was shown in Group 3-4. Quantitatively, planes were cut in the middle of fenestrations and the ratio of mass flow rate and area was calculated at systolic peak. Results showed that the side of the dominant blood supply was opposite between A and B series, and the dominant side was also opposite between small and large fenestrations. In infarction cases, the basilar top was distributed with larger areas of detrimental hemodynamic indicators and a larger concentrated high viscosity region.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt; &lt;sec&gt;&lt;title&gt;Conclusion&lt;/title&gt;&lt;p&gt;The flow division condition throughout the fenestration structure has a key impact on further flow redistribution and flow pattern. The blood viscosity has the potential to be a useful tool in identifying the risk factors for cerebral infarction and more emphasis should be placed on the hemodynamic environment at superior cerebellar arteries.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

Acute ischemic stroke after thoracoscopic lobectomy for the left upper lobe lung cancer: A case report

Cerebral infarction is normally caused by thrombosis in chronic cardiogenic patients. However, it may be an acute appearance after surgery because of thrombus formation in dammaged vascular. The left upper lobectomy is the highest risk factor for cerebral infarction among anatomical lung resection. Here we report a 69-year-old patient who presented with left hemiparesis after left upper lung lobectomy on the fourth day. We strongly suspect that cerebral infarction is one of cardiopulmonary complications after anatomical lung resection in this case

Urine Protein Levels Predict Future Development of Cerebral Infarction in Koreans.

PurposeProteinuria is a clinical sign of adverse cardiovascular outcomes, including stroke. We aimed to assess the relationship between proteinuria and the occurrence of cerebral infarction.Materials and MethodsIn total, 208854 Koreans who participated in the 2009 medical examination were followed up until 2013 using the database of the National Health Insurance Service. The results of urine dipstick tests were utilized to assess proteinuria as absent, 1+, 2+, or ≥3+. The International Classification of Diseases code 163 was used to document cerebral infarction.ResultsBetween 2009 and 2013, 2383 cases (1.14%) of cerebral infarction occurred during 912772.9 person-years of follow-up. Hazard ratios for incident cerebral infarction increased with inceasing amounts of urine protein from 1.53 (1.23–1.90) in group 2 (1+), 1.67 (1.22–2.28) in group 3 (2+), and 2.66 (1.79–3.96) in group 4 (≥3+), compared to the reference group with little to no detectable urine protein (p<0.001, respectively).ConclusionAn increase in urine protein levels was significantly related to the risk of developing cerebral infarction. Our results suggest that proteinuria might be a potential risk factor for cerebral infarction and that urine dipstick test analysis may be clinically useful for predicting stroke.