Risk Factors For Allergic Rhinitis Research Articles

The Relationship of immunoglobulin-e and tumor necrosis factor in patients with allergic rhinitis in Babylon province

Abstract Background: Rhinitis is defined as inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose usually that is accompanied by swelling of the mucosa and a nasal discharge. It is caused by immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated reactions to inhaled allergens, smoking and alcohol use, gender, age, overweight, adoption of pets, race, educational achievement, and family history can represent a risk factor for allergic rhinitis (AR). Objectives: To find the effect of electrolytes tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IgE on AR and study the influence of smoking, gender, and obesity (as a risk factor on AR) on the levels of TNF-α and IgE. Materials and Methods: Eighty subjects for this study were enrolled; 40 of those who have AR age ranged between 18 and 50 years. A control group of 40 subjects who appear to be in good health was selected. This study is a case–control study. TNF-alpha concentration and immunoglobulin-E were measured in serum by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique also The electrolytes concentrations were measured in the serum using an Abbott device with Integrated Chip Technology (ICT) human kit. The electrolytes were also measured in the serum using the Abbott device. Full history was taken from all patients, which include age, residence, smoking, body mass index, and family history of AR. Results: The results reveal a significant difference (P < 0.05) in levels of TNF-α, Ig-E between patients and controls, There was no significant difference between smoker and non- smoker, normal weight and overweight groups in patients and controls groups.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Allergic Rhinitis; A systematic Review

Allergic rhinitis (AR), an immunoglobulin E-induced nasal infection, significantly impacts nasal mucosa function and quality of life. Its incidence has risen globally, showing variations across income categories. This systematic study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of AR. Data were sourced from PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Embase, following PRISMA guidelines. English-language articles (2010–2023) discussing AR prevalence and risk factors were included. A total of 15 articles were reviewed, with surveys and national database analyses being predominant (n=15). The search initially yielded 95 studies, of which 15 met inclusion criteria. Enhanced knowledge of prevalence and risk factors is crucial for future treatment improvements. The prevalence of AR has surged, necessitating evidence-based assessments of risk factors. For adults, risk factors include smoking, asthma, family history of AR, drug and food allergies, pollen allergy history, antibiotic use, occupational dust exposure, home renovation, and middle school education. In children, passive smoking, asthma, family history of AR, allergies, eczema, pet ownership, seafood consumption, male gender, and breastfeeding were identified as risk factors. The study highlights AR prevalence\'s correlation with allergic diseases, familial allergy history, and environmental factors. Comprehending these associations is pivotal for enhancing adherence to preventive management plans.

Prevalence, severity, and risk factors of allergic rhinitis among schoolchildren in Saudi Arabia: A national cross-sectional study, 2019

BackgroundAllergic rhinitis is a significant public health concern worldwide, affecting both developed and developing countries, with prevalence rates ranging between 10% and 30% in adults and over 40% in children. However, there are limited studies on allergic rhinitis prevalence in Saudi Arabia. ObjectiveTo explore allergic rhinitis among schoolchildren in Saudi Arabia in terms of prevalence, severity, and risk factors. MethodsThis study was conducted between March and April 2019, covering 20 regions. The study employed a multistage, stratified cluster sampling approach and selected 137 primary and 140 intermediate schools. The research utilized the methodology and questionnaires recommended by the Global Asthma Network (GAN). Data analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 23). ResultsThe completed questionnaires in the analysis comprised 3614 children aged 6–7 years old and 4068 adolescents aged 13–14 years old. The study found that 5.6% of children and 14.0% of adolescents reported current rhinoconjunctivitis, with 0.5% of children and 1.3% of adolescents experiencing severe symptoms. Several risk factors were significantly associated with rhinoconjunctivitis. In children 6–7 years old, eating cooked vegetables was inversely associated with rhinoconjunctivitis, while prematurity, wheezing in infancy, and a history of pneumonia were positively associated with the condition. In adolescents, vigorous physical activity, current exposure to cats, and frequent use of paracetamol were found to be the main risk factors associated with rhinoconjunctivitis, while high consumption of pulses and eggs was found to have a protective effect. ConclusionIn Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis in children is lower than average globally, but among adolescents, it is within the global average range. However, the prevalence of severe rhinoconjunctivitis among adolescents is twice the global average. Further research is required to examine regional differences, track trends over time, and explore risk factors that contribute to allergic rhinitis.

Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors for Allergic Rhinitis in Children with Epistaxis.

Epistaxis is frequently observed in children with allergic rhinitis. However, few studies have addressed the clinical characteristics and risk factors for allergic rhinitis in children with epistaxis. This study aimed to describe the factors associated with allergic rhinitis in children with epistaxis. In total, we recruited 80 children (aged 3-14 years) who presented with epistaxis at a tertiary hospital between January 2014 and January 2022. The follow-up duration was at least 3 months, and we performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify the risk factors for allergic rhinitis. Among the 80 children examined, 57 (71.25%) had allergic rhinitis. Epistaxis mainly occurred in autumn in children with allergic rhinitis; in contrast, it mostly occurred in summer in children without it (P = 0.029). Mites are common allergens for allergic rhinitis in children with epistaxis; the univariate analysis revealed significant differences between allergic-rhinitis group and nonallergic-rhinitis group in the number of allergens (P < 0.001) and total IgE (P < 0.001). The difference in severity of nasal symptoms between the two groups was statistically significant and included nasal obstruction (P < 0.001), rhinorrhea (P < 0.001), sneezing (P < 0.001), and nasal itching (P < 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounders, the severity of rhinorrhea symptoms was found to be associated with an increased risk of allergic rhinitis in children with epistaxis (odds ratio: 3.86; 95% confidence interval: 1.61-9.26; P = 0.003). Observing the onset season, number of allergens, total IgE, and nasal symptoms in cases of epistaxis could suggest the presence of associated allergic rhinitis and reduce the number of missed diagnoses; antiallergic drugs could help control epistaxis in these cases.

Glucocorticoid-Induced Transcript 1(GLCCI1) SNP rs37937 Is Associated With the Risk of Developing Allergic Rhinitis and the Response to Intranasal Corticosteroids in a Chinese Han Population.

Evidence has shown that glucocorticoid-induced transcript 1 (GLCCI1) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs37937 is associated with asthma. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the GLCCI1 SNP rs37937 is a risk factor for allergic rhinitis (AR) in a Chinese Han population. A total of 220 individuals including 109 AR patients and 111 healthy subjects were included. The genotyping of GLCCI1 rs37973 was performed by the SNaPshot method. The correlations of rs37973 polymorphism, AR risk, and clinical characteristics were further analyzed, as well as the treatment response to intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) in AR patients of different genotypes. Three GLCCI1 rs37973 SNP genotypes were identified in both AR patients and healthy subjects. Significant association between rs37973 polymorphism and AR under allele model, dominant model, heterozygote model, and homozygote model were shown. The A allele frequency of SNP rs37973 in AR was significantly higher than that in controls. The serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) in AR patients of AA genotype was significantly higher than in patients of GA and GG genotype, and the serum total IgE in GA genotype was significantly higher than in GG genotype. Interestingly, after 4 weeks of INCS treatment for AR patients, the improvement of the nasal itching score, sneezing score, runny nose score, total nasal symptom score, and visual analog scale score of the GG genotype were worse than the AA or GA genotype. The GLCCI1 rs37937 polymorphism is associated with the risk of developing AR and the response to INCS treatment in the Chinese Han population.

The global/local (limited to some regions) effect of cesarean delivery on the risk of pediatric allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Allergic rhinitis is a chronic and refractory disease that can be affected by a variety of factors. Studies have shown an association between cesarean section and the risk of pediatric allergic rhinitis. The PubMed, Springer, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched to retrieve all studies published from January 2000 to November 2022, focusing on the relationship between cesarean section and the risk of pediatric allergic rhinitis. A meta-analysis was conducted to find a correlation between cesarean section and the risk of pediatric allergic rhinitis. A subgroup analysis was performed, considering the region and family history of allergy, after adjusting for confounding factors. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated, publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot, and heterogeneity between study-specific relative risks was taken into account. The results showed that cesarean section was significantly associated with an increased risk of pediatric allergic rhinitis (OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.20-1.35). Subgroup analysis stratified by region indicated that cesarean section increased the risk of pediatric allergic rhinitis, with the highest increase in South America (OR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.10-2.52) and the lowest in Europe (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.02-1.25). The results of the subgroup analysis stratified by family history of allergy indicate that family history of allergy was not associated with the risk of pediatric allergic rhinitis. An association exists between cesarean section as the mode of delivery and the increased risk of pediatric allergic rhinitis, and cesarean section is a risk factor for allergic rhinitis.

Current practices and future trends in cockroach allergen immunotherapy

Purpose of reviewThis review evaluates the current modes of allergen-specific immunotherapy for cockroach allergens, in terms of clinical outcomes and explores future trends in the research and development needed for a more targeted cockroach immunotherapy approach with the best efficacy and minimum adverse effects. SummaryCockroach allergy is an important risk factor for allergic rhinitis in the tropics, that disproportionately affects children and young adults and those living in poor socio-economic environments. Immunotherapy would provide long-lasting improvement in quality of life, with reduced medication intake. However, the present treatment regime is long and has a risk of adverse effects. In addition, cockroach does not seem to have an immuno-dominant allergen, that has been traditionally used to treat allergies from other sources. Future trends of cockroach immunotherapy involve precision diagnosis, to correctly identify the offending allergen. Next, precision immunotherapy with standardized allergens, which have been processed in a way that maintains an immunological response without allergic reactions. This approach can be coupled with modern adjuvants and delivery systems that promote a Th1/Treg environment, thereby modulating the immune response away from the allergenic response.

Risk factors for allergic rhinitis in children residing in five different regions of the Central Federal District: Observational study

Aim. To detect known risk factors for allergic rhinitis and determine the associated risks in five regions of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation for 20172021 in different age groups.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The study was conducted at the Odintsovo Regional Hospital (Odintsovo), the Regional Children's Clinical Hospital (Yaroslavl), the City Children's Clinical Hospital (Tver), the Regional Children's Clinical Hospital (Vladimir), and the Vologda Children's City Polyclinic (Vologda). The homogeneity of the studied populations for the time criterion was assessed; the risk factors for allergic rhinitis (AR) recorded by the pediatrician in patients with an established diagnosis with ICD-10 codes J30.1, J30.2, J30.3, and J30.4 were analyzed. The total children population was 361,281 in the fourth quarter of 2021, and the number of children diagnosed with AR was 6,757. The study included children aged from 0 to 17 years. When assessing the evidence base, the data analysis and synthesis for each study site in each time range was performed in 100% of patients with AR.&#x0D; Results. The analysis results showed that in 20172021, in all studied regions, there was a steady increase in the total children's population and an increase in AR patients from birth to 17 years, and in some regions, such as Odintsovo and Tver, the prevalence of AR is growing exponentially. All risk factors were divided into three groups according to the feasibility of controlling their effect: uncontrollable (6 factors), partially controlled (10 factors) and controlled (12 factors). Most controlled risk factors were socio-biological and medical, and partially controlled ones were medical and socio-economic.&#x0D; Conclusion. The breakdown of risk factors into groups according to control feasibility will enable the reformatting of therapeutic and preventive measures aimed at reducing the prevalence of AR, which is a predictor of bronchial asthma occurrence.

Prevalence and risk factors of allergic rhinitis among Chinese adults: A nationwide representative cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) has been increasing steadily worldwide, especially in countries with increasing industrialization such as China. However, available evidence regarding AR prevalence among Chinese adults is scarce and limited to regional data collected in earlier years. We therefore aimed to provide a more recent and robust estimate of AR prevalence using a nationwide representative cross-sectional study in China. MethodsData of 184 326 participants aged 18 years or older were obtained from the China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance conducted in 2018–2019. AR was determined by self-reported sneezing, nasal itching, obstruction, or rhinorrhea symptoms for at least 1 h in the absence of a cold or flu within the last 12 months. Multivariable logistic model was used to examine the risk factors of AR, and a possible non-linear relationship was further tested by restricted cubic spline. Potential additive interactions of risk factors with sex, residence, and geographic region were assessed by relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI). ResultsThe weighted prevalence of AR was 8.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.4%–8.7%), of whom 23.7% (95% CI, 21.3%–26.0%) were aware of their diagnosis. Increased odds of AR were associated with younger age, men, living in urban area or north region, more education, smoking, underweight, and higher income. Despite the nonsignificant linear trend, the spline regression demonstrated a non-linear association between AR and sleep duration, with higher odds at both ends. Additionally, the observed associations were generally stronger among men and people living in urban area and north region, with significant RERI ranging from 0.07 (95% CI, 0.00–0.14) to 0.40 (95% CI, 0.12–0.67). ConclusionsAR is prevalent in China and the associated factors and interactions are helpful to design targeted preventive strategies towards certain subpopulations. The low awareness of AR calls for a national effort on AR screening.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Allergic Rhinitis Among the Population in the Makkah Region, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Allergic rhinitis (AR) is considered a high global disease burden; hence, the shortage of knowledge would lead to poor adherence to management and preventive measures and increase the exacerbation of AR symptoms. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors, and assess the knowledge and practices of the population regarding AR among the population in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia. Methodology This was an online survey cross-sectional study conducted in December 2022 via social media platforms (WhatsApp and Twitter) to collect data on participants' demographics, prevalence, risk factors, knowledge, and attitudes towardAR, using a validated Arabic version of a self-administered questionnaire. Results The study involved 466 participants. Of the participants, 55.8% were aged 31 to 45 years, and 286 (61.4%) were females. The prevalence of AR among the participants was 45%. The most common symptoms were a blocked nose (79.6%), sneezing (74.2%), and a runny nose (71.5%). Furthermore, the prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis in this study was 56%. The most common inhalant allergen was house dust (73.0%). Only the age and history of asthma or eczema were significant factors associated with AR. Overall, most of the subjects (94.85%) had adequate knowledge regarding AR. Conclusion A high prevalence of AR was observed. Understanding the factors linked with AR is imperative to ensure better adherence to preventive management plans.

Individual multidisciplinary clinical phenotypes of nasal and ocular symptoms in hay fever: Crowdsourced cross-sectional study using AllerSearch

BackgroundMultidisciplinary efforts to prospectively collect and analyze symptoms of hay fever are limited. We aimed to identify the characteristics of nasal and ocular symptoms of hay fever, using the AllerSearch smartphone application. MethodsThis mobile health-based prospective observational study using the AllerSearch smartphone application was conducted between February 1, 2018, and May 1, 2020. Individuals who downloaded AllerSearch from Japan and provided comprehensive self-assessments (including 17 items related to quality of life [QoL]-related items) were included. The characteristics and risk factors for allergic rhinitis (AR) and allergic conjunctivitis (AC) were identified using hierarchical heat maps and multivariate logistic regression. ResultsOf the 9041 participants with hay fever, 58.8% had AR and AC, 22.2% had AR, and 5.7% had AC. The AR–AC comorbid cohort showed worse symptoms of hay fever and QoL scores than the other cohorts. Factors (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval) associated with AR–AC included a lower age (0.98, 0.97–0.98), female sex (1.31, 1.19–1.45), liver disease (1.58, 1.26–2.35), dry eye disease (1.45, 1.30–1.63), unknown dry eye disease status (1.46, 1.31–1.62), contact lens use discontinuation during the hay fever season (1.69, 1.28–2.23), and bedroom flooring material other than hardwood, carpet, tatami, or vinyl (1.91, 1.16–3.14). ConclusionsAnalysis of medical big data for hay fever performed using a mobile health app helped identify risk factors and characteristics of AC, AR, and AR–AC. Phenotyping of highly variable symptoms of hay fever, such as nasal and ocular symptoms, can facilitate better-quality clinical care.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Allergic Rhinitis Among Population of the Osh Region of the Kyrgyz Republic

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Allergic Rhinitis Among Population of the Osh Region of the Kyrgyz Republic

LPP polymorphisms are risk factors for allergic rhinitis in the Chinese Han population.

Lipoma preferred partner (LPP) polymorphisms are related to immune diseases, but the role of LPP gene in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR) is unclear. The current study aimed to explore the contribution of LPP variants to AR susceptibility in the Chinese Han population. A total of 992 healthy controls and 992 patients with AR were recruited. Agena MassARRAY system was applied for genotyping. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted by age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) were calculated to conduct the risk assessment of LPP variants in people with a predisposition to AR. Additionally, multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) was applied to identify high-order interaction models for AR risk. We found that rs2030519-G (p=0.027, OR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.02-1.31), rs6780858-G (p=0.019, OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.03-1.32), and rs60946162-T (p=0.014, OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.03-1.34) were associated with increased susceptibility to AR. Subgroup analyses indicated the interaction of LPP polymorphisms in terms of age, gender, and BMI with AR susceptibility (p<0.05, OR>1). MDR analysis revealed that rs60946162 had the information gain (0.40%) of individual attribute regarding AR. Our results first determined that rs2030519, rs6780858, and rs60946162 were correlated with increased susceptibility to AR in the Chinese Han population, which add to our understanding of the impact of LPP gene variants on AR development.

Clinical characteristics of cat sensitized adults, cat ownership and cat owners' attitudes.

Background: Cat allergen sensitization is a significant risk factor for allergic rhinitis and asthma. There are insufficient data on the preferences and attitudes of cat owners who have a cat allergy. Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics of adults sensitized to cats and their association with cat ownership, and to assess owners' attitudes and behaviors. Methods: The study evaluated adult patients, ages between 19 and 74 years, who were sensitized to cat allergen as confirmed by skin-prick tests. The demographic and clinical data of the patients were obtained retrospectively from the hospital medical records system. A telephone interview with patients was conducted to evaluate whether they owned a cat and their attitudes toward cat allergy. A total of 143 patients who could not be reached by telephone or who refused to participate in the study were excluded. Patients were categorized into never owned a cat, early cat ownership (having a cat or cats in the first 2 years of the patient's life), and past and current cat ownership according to the status of patients at the time of their skin-prick test. Current cat owners were questioned whether they relinquished their cats and the presence and the degree of symptoms of both patients who relinquished their cats and patients who continued to live with their cats. Results: A total of 245 patients (women/men, 151/94) with a mean age of 31.56 ± 11.33 were included in the study. Eighty-three patients (33.9%) were current cat owners. After the skin-prick test, 54 cat owners (66.1%) continued living with their cats. Two-thirds of these owners were symptomatic, with 95% experiencing nasal symptoms. Only five of the patients with symptoms (14.3%) reported worsening symptoms. Any significant impact on symptoms was not determined with regard to number of cats, cat breeds, and precautionary measures. Conclusion: Cat allergen is a potential risk for public health. The clinician must engage in shared decision-making as to what type of environmental changes that the patient is willing to make and what treatment options, if any, they are ready to accept, recognizing that most patients will prefer to keep their cats.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Allergic Rhinitis in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) has increased tremendously in the recent year in China. Evidence-based medicine to objectively evaluate the prevalence and risk factors for AR in China is urgently required. Toward this, we systematically searched four English and four Chinese databases to identify the literature on the same, from the year of website establishment until November 2021. A total of 51 studies were evaluated, and data were obtained through Stata 16 analysis. Overall pooled risk factors for adult AR were smoking (odds ratio [OR] = 1.89, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25, 2.87), asthma (OR = 3.30, 95% CI: 1.48, 7.39), a family history of AR (OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 2.31, 4.34), a family history of asthma (OR = 3.99, 95% CI: 2.58, 6.16), drug allergy (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.38, 1.89), food allergy (OR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.39, 3.78), pollen allergy history (OR = 2.41, 95% CI: 1.67, 3.46), antibiotic use (OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.28, 3.36), occupational dust exposure (OR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.70, 2.47), home renovation (OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 0.99, 3.02), and middle school education (OR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.29, 3.06). Overall pooled risk factors for AR in children were passive smoking (OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.82), asthma (OR = 3.26, 95% CI: 2.42, 4.39), a family history of AR (OR = 2.59, 95% CI: 2.07, 3.24), a family history of allergy (OR = 4.84, 95% CI: 3.22, 7.26), a history of allergic diseases (OR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.52, 2.94), eczema(OR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.36, 3.85), owning pets (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.37, 1.77), eating seafood (OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.55), boys (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.43, 1.74), and breastfeeding (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.55, 1.22). The results of our meta-analysis showed that the prevalence of allergy rhinitis was 19% (95% CI 14–25) among adults and 22% (95% CI 17–27) among children, with boys showing a higher prevalence than girls. The development of AR in China is associated with several factors, including allergic diseases (eczema, asthma, pollen allergy, and food allergy), a family history of allergy (AR, asthma, and other allergies), and dwelling and working environment (smoking or passive smoking, occupational dust exposure, and owning pets); conversely, breastfeeding can reduce the risk.

Sensitivity caused by Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae (Astigmata: Pyroglyphidae) in subjects with allergic rhinitis

The house dust mites (HDMs), defined here as members of the family Pyroglyphidae, are present just about everywhere in human dwellings and act as an important risk factor for allergic rhinitis (AR). They are a major perennial allergen source that causes AR. In the present study, 160 subjects clinically diagnosed with AR from the Department of Ear Nose Throat (ENT), Government Rajindra Medical College and Hospital, Patiala, India, and 30 non-allergic healthy, control individuals were selected. Blood samples were taken from all these study subjects for serological testing and ImmunoCAP™ Phadia™ 100 was used for the detection of total and HDM specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels. To detect total IgE levels, a mixture of 14 different allergens was used and, for HDM specific IgE, a mixture of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Trouessart) and D. farinae Hughes allergens. Dust samples were taken from mattresses used by the study subjects with the help of a vacuum cleaner. A floatation method was used for the extraction of mites. Hoyer’s medium was used for the preparation of slides for microscopy. Total IgE levels were elevated in all AR subjects and HDM specific IgE levels were found to be positive in 54.38% of them. Analysis of dust samples showed that 72.50% of samples from the mattresses of AR subjects were found to be positive for the HDMs D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae and 33.33% of those from the control group. Total and HDM specific IgE levels of AR subjects showed statistically significant correlation with each other, but in the control group no such correlation was found. Moreover, a significant result was found between the positive HDM specific IgE levels and the number of D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae found in their respective dust samples. In conclusion, the total IgE and positive HDM specific IgE levels showed that there was a chance of allergic reaction in rhinitis subjects. Furthermore, the significant statistical analysis between positive HDM specific IgE levels against D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae, and the higher prevalence of these two species in the houses sampled provided support for these mites being the major allergen sources for the symptoms of AR in the study area.

Global Asthma Network Phase I, India: Results for allergic rhinitis and eczema in 127,309 children and adults.

The Global Asthma Network phase I study in India aimed to study the prevalence, time trends, and associated risk factors of allergic rhinitis and eczema among 6-7-year-old, and 13-14-year-old school children and their parents. Objectives:The objective of the study was to understand the current prevalence and associated risk factors of Allergic Rhinitis and Eczema in India among 6-7-year-olds, 13-14-year-olds and in their parents/guardians for newer directions to health care providers, policy makers and academicians. Cross-sectional, multicenter study using self- and parent-administered questionnaire among randomly selected school children aged 6 to 7 years from 8 centers and 13 to 14 years from 9 centers and their respective parents/guardians across India. Prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) (%, 95% CI) among 20,084 6-7-year-olds (children), 25,887 13-14-year-olds (adolescents), and 81,296 adults/parents was 7.7% (7.4%-8.1%), 23.5% (23.0%-24.1%), and 9.8% (9.55%-9.96%) and that of eczema was 2.5% (2.3%-2.7%), 3.5% (3.27%-3.71%), and 9.9% (9.7%-10.1%), respectively. Among 6-7-year-olds, AR and eczema showed a significantly (P< .001) declining time trend since the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in school children phase III in 2002-2003. Among 13-14-year-olds, AR (P< .01) but not eczema showed a significant temporal decline. Coexisting atopic condition, parental history of atopy, and some environmental factors consistent with previous studies were significant risk factors among children and adolescents. AR or eczema in either parent strongly predicted the same atopic condition among their adolescent offspring. Among adults, coexisting atopic condition was the strongest predictor of either AR or eczema. There is a slight declining time trend of AR and eczema in India over 2 decades among children and adolescents. Nearly 10% of Indian adults suffer from AR and eczema. Although genetic factors had the strongest association for AR and eczema among all age groups, certain early-life and environmental exposures need consideration to devise preventative strategies.

Association between prenatal or postpartum exposure to tobacco smoking and allergic rhinitis in the offspring: An updated meta-analysis of nine cohort studies.

INTRODUCTIONPrevious studies have suggested an association between tobacco smoke exposure and allergic rhinitis. This study aimed to investigate if prenatal or postpartum smoke exposure will increase the risk of allergic rhinitis in offspring.METHODSPubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library were searched from inception to July 2020 for eligible studies investigating the association between smoking exposure and allergic rhinitis. The random-effects model was adopted for the meta-analysis to obtain the summary odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Subgroup analysis based on the age of children was performed. Sensitivity analysis was carried out to check the robustness of the results. Publication bias of included studies was assessed.RESULTSThis meta-analysis included nine studies, in which six studies suggested that children exposed to prenatal smoking were more likely to develop allergic rhinitis compared with children who were never exposed (OR=1.12; 95% CI: 1.04–1.21). The subgroup analysis divided children those aged <10 years (OR=1.15; 95% CI: 1.06–1.25) and those aged >10 years (OR=0.99; 95% CI: 0.82–1.20). This meta-analysis revealed a positive relationship between postpartum smoke exposure and the development of allergic rhinitis in offspring (OR=1.19; 95% CI: 1.03–1.39) with marked heterogeneity. The subgroup analysis of age in the postnatal group showed similar results in children aged >10 years (OR=1.17; 95% CI: 1.05–1.30) and children aged <10 years (OR=1.21; 95% CI: 0.91–1.60).CONCLUSIONSThis meta-analysis observed an association between parental smoking exposure and allergic rhinitis in offspring. Our findings indicated that both prenatal and postnatal smoke exposure might be risk factors for allergic rhinitis in the offspring.

МЕДИКО-СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ ПО СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЮ СИСТЕМЫ РАННЕЙ ДИАГНОСТИКИ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ АЛЛЕРГИЧЕСКОГО РИНИТА НА РЕГИОНАЛЬНОМ УРОВНЕ

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a screening programme for detecting allergic rhinitis (AR) and its risk factors (RFs) based on a 5-year epidemiological analysis among children ages 0 to 17 years in the Odintsovo urban district in Moscow Oblast, Russia. Methods: A retrospective study of polyclinic facilities' performance indicators and an analysis of outpatient records of patients diagnosed with AR between 2017 and 2021 were carried out. The rates of incidence, prevalence, risks and odds ratios for AR were assessed. Results: A database of identified 28 RFs for AR was registered at the Federal Service for Intellectual Property of the Russian Federation (Rospatent) (Certificate of Registration # 2022620939 dated April 13, 2022). All RFs for AR, in terms of modifiability, were divided into three groups: non-modifiable, partially modifiable and modifiable. When assessing the relative risks and risk probability, it was found that the impact of RFs is uneven in different age groups. Therefore, age groups with the highest risk probability for AR were determined. In addition, a screening program has been developed. Conclusion: Epidemiological research and knowledge of modifiable age-related AR RFs will allow the early detection of AR in children's different age groups through cascade screening programmes. Keywords: Allergic rhinitis, risk factors, screening cascade, allergy, early diagnosis.

Epidemiology and risk factors for allergic rhinitis

Epidemiology and risk factors for allergic rhinitis