Risk Factors In Chinese Women Research Articles

Pregnancy outcomes in different stages of systemic lupus erythematosus among Chinese women - a retrospective cohort study.

To analyze the outcomes of pregnancies and risk factors in Chinese women with different stages of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A total of 55 conceptions in 52 patients with SLE between Jan 2007 and Jan 2019 were retrospected systematically from a general hospital graded 3A in China. Medical records provided us a good way to retrieve the clinical parameters and lab data of patients. Pregnant women with SLE activity had significant hyperimmunoglobulin, hypocomplement, low platelet counts, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein and 24-h urine protein. Hydroxychloroquine had been used to reduce the rates of SLE activity in pregnant women. Logistic regression analysis showed low platelet counts, hypocomplement and 24-h urine protein were significantly correlated with fetal loss. Compared to those in stable stage, the active SLE patients have more risks of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, thrombocytopenia, lupus nephritis and placental infarction, and have worse fetal outcomes, including the higher rate of fetal loss, preterm and asphyxia neonatorum. Different stages of SLE during pregnancy are closely related to maternal and fetal outcomes. It is imperative to provide SLE women with pregnancy consultation and regular multispecialty care.

Prevalence and associated risk factors of insomnia among pregnant women in China

BackgroundInsomnia is common during pregnancy but the prevalence and risk factors of insomnia in Chinese women during pregnancy is not well studied. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of insomnia and its risk factors in Chinese women during pregnancy. MethodsIn this cross sectional study, 436 Chinese pregnant women with Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) ≥ 8 were clinically assessed using the insomnia criteria based on the combination of DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-4th Edition) and ICD-10 (International Classification of Dieases, 10th Edition). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Scale (DBAS), Pregnancy Pressure Scale (PPS), Perceived physical discomfort level and number, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and a general socio-demographic questionnaire were administered. ResultsThe results showed that about 20% of the pregnant women met the strict diagnosis criteria of insomnia. Independent-samples t-test revealed that several risk factors were correlated with the group with insomnia (N = 84) compared to the group without insomnia (N = 352). Binary Logistic regression analysis found that more significant bed partner influence (OR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.03–3.60), depressive symptoms (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.00–1.14), daytime sleepiness (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01–1.14), subjective somatic discomfort (OR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.11–4.65), kinds of somatic discomfort (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.03–1.27) and later gestation (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01–1.09) were significantly associated with insomnia. ConclusionIn this cohort of Chinese pregnant women, about a fifth of women suffered from clinically significant insomnia. Measures to prevent the adverse effects of insomnia should be provided to pregnant women with depressive symptoms, Sleep disturbance of the bed partner, excessive daytime sleepiness and somatic discomfort, especially late in gestation.

Risk factors for cervical cancer in women in China: A meta-model.

Objectives:Cervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women in China. This analysis is a quantitative evidence synthesis pooling information about each cervical cancer risk factor.Methods:A meta-model was developed to estimate the risk of cervical cancer for a woman aged 18–85 years in Mainland China based on her risk profile at the time of assessment. The meta-model was built using findings of a systematic literature review that identified 21 case–control studies reporting data on 105 groups of cervical cancer risk factors in Chinese women. Extracted risk factors were ranked, and 17 were selected by Chinese clinical experts for inclusion in the meta-model. Risk equations were developed for each selected study. Predicted risks for each study were dependent on the risk profile under consideration and study-specific risks were pooled to an overall risk estimate using a random-effects meta-analysis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using 100 artificial patient profiles (in the absence of patient data).Results:Predicted risks for the 100 profiles suggested that the model had good face validity and could differentiate between high and non-high cervical cancer risk profiles.Conclusion:This innovative meta-model approach assesses cervical cancer risk in Chinese women from a holistic perspective and could be adapted for other diseases and settings.

Risk factors for breast cancer in women residing in urban and rural areas of eastern China.

To investigate breast cancer risk factors in Chinese women residing in urban and rural areas of eastern China using a large-scale cross-sectional survey. In this multistage, stratified cluster sampling epidemiological survey, information on demographic characteristics, diet and lifestyle variables were gathered using a carefully designed questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analysis and subgroup analyses of the data were performed, including separate analyses of data from women residing in urban and rural areas. A total of 122,058 women were included in the survey. Age, body mass index, number of miscarriages, family history of breast cancer and menopausal status were found to be risk factors for breast cancer, while the consumption of soya bean products was a protective factor. Among women residing in urban areas, high or moderate intake of soya bean products and red meat were protective factors. Among women residing in rural areas, obesity and a high intake of milk were identified as risk factors for breast cancer, while a moderate intake of soya bean products was a protective factor. This type of data is crucial for understanding the risk factors for breast cancer and could facilitate the development and targeting of effective intervention strategies, with the ultimate aim of breast cancer prevention.

Associations of cardiorespiratory fitness with cardiovascular disease risk factors in middle-aged Chinese women: a cross-sectional study.

BackgroundHigh levels of physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are each associated with a favorable cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profile. However, the relationship between CRF and obesity is still inconsistent across studies, and there has been no thorough exploration of the independent contribution of CRF to different CVD risk factors in Chinese women. This study investigated the relationship between CRF and CVD risk factors in 40–49 year old women in Beijing.MethodsThe study included 231 urban-dwelling asymptomatic 40–49 year old women. Body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BF%), blood glucose, blood lipids, blood pressure, and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured at rest. Cycle ergometer exercise tests were conducted to assess CRF as indicated by maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Participants were categorized into three CRF levels (low, moderate and high).ResultsHigh CRF level was associated with significantly less BF%, lower PWV, and higher weekly physical activity compared with low and moderate CRF (P < 0.05). Compared to high CRF, the odds ratios for having ≥3 main CVD risk factors (overweight, hypertension, and dyslipidemia) in low and moderate CRF were 2.09 (95% CI: 1.48-2.94) and 1.84 (95% CI: 1.29-2.62), respectively. The proportion of participants with clinical ST segment depression and prolonged QTC interval during cycle ergometer testing was significantly higher in women with low CRF.ConclusionsOverall, Chinese middle-aged women demonstrated a moderate level of CRF. CRF was independently associated with CVD risk factors, including overweight, hypertension, dyslipidemia, arterial stiffness, and abnormal ECG during exercise, with the least fit women exhibiting the highest number of CVD risk factors.

Investigation on XRCC1 genetic polymorphism and its relationship with breast cancer risk factors in Chinese women

Breast cancer (BC) remains one of the most common cancers among women. The human X-ray repair cross-complementing 1 (XRCC1) gene plays key roles in base excision repair, and genetic polymorphisms of XRCC1 may be associated with the susceptibility to BC. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the XRCC1 genetic polymorphisms and BC susceptibility. A total of 354 BC patients and 366 cancer-free controls were enrolled in this study. Data about the risk factors of BC were collected using questionnaires. The XRCC1 genetic polymorphism was determined using created restriction site-polymerase chain reaction (CRS-PCR) and DNA sequencing methods. No significant differences in the allelic and genotypic frequencies of c.1804C>A genetic polymorphism were detected between cases and controls. The distributions of BC patients' risk factors were not significantly different between CC, CA, and AA genotypes. These findings indicate that the c.1804C>A genetic polymorphism of XRCC1 gene is not significantly associated with BC susceptibility in the Chinese women.

The association between genetic variant of MDR1 gene and breast cancer risk factors in Chinese women

Previous studies indicated that the human multidrug resistance 1 gene (MDR1) is an important candidate gene influencing the susceptibility to breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to detect the association between the MDR1 genetic variants and breast cancer susceptibility. A total of 647 subjects consisted of 322 patients with breast cancer and 325 cancer-free healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Data about the risk factors of breast cancer were summarized by questionnaires. The c.1465C>T genetic variant in MDR1 were genotyped by created restriction site-PCR (CRS-PCR) and verified by DNA sequencing methods. No significant differences in the allelic and genotypic frequencies of c.1465C>T polymorphism were detected between breast cancer patients and healthy controls. Our data suggest that there are no significant differences about the distribution of the risk factors of breast cancer patients among CC, CT and TT genotypes. These preliminary results from this study indicate that the c.1465C>T variant is not significantly associated with breast cancer susceptibility in the studied populations.

Investigation on MDR1 gene polymorphisms and its relationship with breast cancer risk factors in Chinese women

The human multidrug resistance 1 gene (MDR1) is an important candidate gene influencing the susceptibility to various diseases, including breast cancer. The object of this study was to investigate on MDR1 gene polymorphisms and its relationship with the susceptibility to breast cancer. A total of 271 patients with breast cancer and 225 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Data about the risk factors for breast cancer were collected using questionnaires. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and DNA sequencing methods were used to investigate the c.3073A > C polymorphisms. We observed no significant differences in the allelic and genotypic frequencies of c.3073A > C polymorphisms between patients and control subjects. Furthermore, there were no significant differences about the distribution of the breast cancer patients' risk factors among AA, AC and CC genotype. Results from this study suggested that c.3073A > C polymorphism was not associated with the susceptibility to breast cancer in the studied population. Future studies evaluating the association between c.3073A > C variant and breast cancer risks are essential to reach to more reliable results on larger populations.

Breast cancer risk assessment with five independent genetic variants and two risk factors in Chinese women

IntroductionRecently, several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with breast cancer risk. However, most of the studies were conducted among Caucasians and only one from Chinese.MethodsIn the current study, we first tested whether 15 SNPs identified by previous GWAS were also breast cancer marker SNPs in this Chinese population. Then, we grouped the marker SNPs, and modeled them with clinical risk factors, to see the usage of these factors in breast cancer risk assessment. Two methods (risk factors counting and odds ratio (OR) weighted risk scoring) were used to evaluate the cumulative effects of the five significant SNPs and two clinical risk factors (age at menarche and age at first live birth).ResultsFive SNPs located at 2q35, 3p24, 6q22, 6q25 and 10q26 were consistently associated with breast cancer risk in both testing set (878 cases and 900 controls) and validation set (914 cases and 967 controls) samples. Overall, all of the five SNPs contributed to breast cancer susceptibility in a dominant genetic model (2q35, rs13387042: adjusted OR = 1.26, P = 0.006; 3q24.1, rs2307032: adjusted OR = 1.24, P = 0.005; 6q22.33, rs2180341: adjusted OR = 1.22, P = 0.006; 6q25.1, rs2046210: adjusted OR = 1.51, P = 2.40 × 10-8; 10q26.13, rs2981582: adjusted OR = 1.31, P = 1.96 × 10-4). Risk score analyses (area under the curve (AUC): 0.649, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.631 to 0.667; sensitivity = 62.60%, specificity = 57.05%) presented better discrimination than that by risk factors counting (AUC: 0.637, 95% CI: 0.619 to 0.655; sensitivity = 62.16%, specificity = 60.03%) (P < 0.0001). Absolute risk was then calculated by the modified Gail model and an AUC of 0.658 (95% CI = 0.640 to 0.676) (sensitivity = 61.98%, specificity = 60.26%) was obtained for the combination of five marker SNPs, age at menarche and age at first live birth.ConclusionsThis study shows that five GWAS identified variants were also consistently validated in this Chinese population and combining these genetic variants with other risk factors can improve the risk predictive ability of breast cancer. However, more breast cancer associated risk variants should be incorporated to optimize the risk assessment.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Urinary Incontinence in Chinese Women

To estimate the current prevalence rate of urinary incontinence (UI) and to identify risk factors in Chinese women, we conducted a population-based survey in 3058 women in Beijing, China, in 2009. The prevalence rate of UI was estimated to be 22.1%, with stress UI (12.9%) being more prevalent than urgency UI (1.7%) and mixed UI (7.5%). The prevalence rates of UI, urgency UI, and mixed UI increased with age, with the highest recorded in participants aged ≥70 years. However, stress UI was most commonly seen in participants aged 50 to 69 years. Risk factors for UI included aging, lower education background, older age of menarche, menstrual disorder, pregnancy history, episiotomy, chronic pelvic pain, gynecological disease, other chronic diseases, constipation, fecal incontinence, lower daily water intake, and frequency of high protein intake. UI is a common disorder in Chinese women, and many risk factors are able to affect the development of UI.

Risk Factors for Low Sexual Function Among Urban Chinese Women: A Hospital‐Based Investigation

Sexual dysfunction is a common problem affecting women's quality of life. However, reports on sexual dysfunction and its risk factors in Chinese women are scarce in the literature. To identify the potential risk factors for low sexual function in urban Chinese women. A cross-sectional hospital-based survey was conducted in Nanjing, China. Data on sexual function and related variables of 1,457 women from the urban district of Nanjing city were obtained. Potential risk factors for low sexual function were determined using multiple logistic regression analysis. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) was used to evaluate sexual function, and the median of the FSFI score was used as a cutoff to define women with low sexual function. The mean FSFI total score was 23.25 ± 4.00 (median = 22.8). Multivariate analysis showed that age (odds ratio [OR] 1.840 for 40-49 years; 5.006 for 50-60 years), depression (OR 1.896), low education level (primary or secondary school only, OR 1.450), alcohol use (OR 2.671), menopause or postmenopause (OR 3.157), chronic medical disease (OR 1.605), poor health status of partner (OR 3.358), presence of sexual dysfunction in partner (OR 4.604), dystocia (OR 3.109), and living apart from the partner (OR 1.316) were independent risk factors for low sexual function of women in urban China. By contrast, better communication with the partner regarding sex (OR 0.531) was a protective factor. Low sexual function for urban Chinese women was associated with multiple variables. Women who communicated more frequently with their partner were less likely to have low sexual function.

Mammographic density and breast cancer risk factors in Chinese women.

Abstract Abstract #4082 Background: Past studies have indicated that mammographic density is associated with not only breast cancer risk but also breast cancer risk factors in women living in western nations. However, to data, no such association has been shown among native Chinese women. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the effects of age, body mass index (BMI), age at menarche, parity, and menopausal status on mammographic patterns in women from a province of Northern China.&amp;#x2028; Methods: Seven hundred and two women's mammograms and information of the breast cancer risk factors were obtained from Shanxi province cancer hospital in Northern China. Mammograms were assessed according to the Wolfe classification.&amp;#x2028; Results: Age, BMI, parity, and menopause were inversely and independently related to high-risk mammographic parenchymal patterns. However, there was no statistically significant association between age at menarche and high mammographic density. Relative to subjects aged less than or equal to 35 years, subjects aged greater than 55 years had reduced 62% (OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.14 – 1.00) odds of having a high-risk pattern. In comparison to women whose BMI was less than or equal to 25, there was a 51% and 72% reduction in the odds of having high-risk mammographic patterns for those with BMI 25 to 30 and larger than or equal to 30 respectively (OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.32 - 0.74; OR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.12 - 0.68 respectively). Women with more than three children had decreased 68% risk to have high mammographic density compared to those who were nulliparous (OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.1 – 1.0). Premenopausal women were more than four times likely to have a high-risk pattern than postmenopausal women (OR = 4.12, 95% CI: 2.17 – 7.87).&amp;#x2028; Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that mammographic parenchymal patterns are also associated with some risk factors of breast cancer in native Chinese women. This is consistent with most studies carried out in Western countries. Further studies are needed to determine the relationship between quantitative percentage density and breast cancer risk factors. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 4082.

Relationships of age, menopause and central obesity on cardiovascular disease risk factors in Chinese women.

To evaluate the inter-relationships of age- and menopause- related changes of general obesity and body fat distribution and their independent effects on cardiovascular risk factors. Cross-sectional study. One-hundred and thirty-six premenopausal and 193 postmenopausal Chinese women with body mass index (BMI) < 30 kg/m2. Anthropometric surrogates of general obesity (BMI, total body fat percentage) and central obesity (waist-to-hip ratio, centrality index) were measured. Blood pressure, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c and lipid profiles were also measured. Significant correlation coefficients between age, general obesity, central obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors were noted. Through the menopausal transition, the BMI and total body fat percentage were increased significantly. After adjustments for age and BMI, the postmenopausal women showed higher android fat percentage, centrality index, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, serum concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and atherogenic indices than the premenopausal women. In multiple stepwise regression models, age exerted independent effects on oral glucose tolerance test 2 h plasma glucose level, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol level, and LDL cholesterol. Menopause was an independent variable in relation to the changes of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, total and LDL cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels and atherogenic indices. The centrality index was the major independent variable of all the cardiovascular disease risk factors, except total and LDL cholesterol level. However, the variation of total body fat percentage had no independent effect on any cardiovascular disease risk factors. Through the aging and menopausal effects, women will increase total body fat content, favoring the central body fat distribution. Age, menopause and central obesity were all independent and significant factors to the cardiovascular disease risk factors in Chinese women.

Glucose Intolerance and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Chinese Women with a History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Women with a history of gestational diabetes (GDM) are at increased risk of developing diabetes compared with other women. There are few data on associations between GDM and cardiovascular risk factors. Between 1988 and 1995, 801 Chinese women with a history of GDM were recruited for a 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and assessment of various cardiovascular risk factors, namely obesity, hypertension and dyslipidaemia, 6 weeks after delivery at the Diabetes Centre of the Prince of Wales Hospital. Another 431 women with no past history of diabetes or GDM recruited in a diabetes prevalence study were used as control subjects. After adjustment for age, body mass index and smoking, the prevalence of glucose intolerance remained higher in women with a history of GDM when compared to normal controls. The relative risks of obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in women with a history of GDM comparing to normal subjects were, respectively, 2.4, 7.5, 2.4, 8.1 and 5.0. After excluding those with abnormal glucose tolerance, subjects with a history of GDM still had more adverse cardiovascular risk factors, including higher blood pressure, glycaemic and lipid parameters, than control subjects (after adjustment for age, body mass index and smoking). In conclusion, compared with normal subjects, Chinese women with a history of GDM had an 8-fold increased risk of having diabetes based on their OGTTs performed 6 weeks postdelivery. These women also have increased rates of other cardiovascular risk factors including obesity, high blood pressure and dyslipidaemia.

The effect of age on cardiovascular risk factors in Chinese women

Chinese women traditionally have a low incidence of coronary heart disease. However, information on cardiovascular risk factors in this population are relatively scarce. We examined these risk factors in 601 Hong Kong Chinese women (age±SEM, 38.5±0.4 years; range, 18–66 years) stratified into four age groups (group 1, ≤30 years; group 2, 31–40 years; group 3, 41–50 years; group 4, ≥51 years). Increasing age in Chinese women was associated with increased body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein B, fasting and 2-h plasma glucose, glycated haemoglobin, fasting plasma insulin and urate concentrations. After adjustment for body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio and smoking, all these age-related associations remained statistically significant except for fasting plasma insulin concentration. There was a progressive increase with age in the prevalence of glucose intolerance, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and obesity. These prevalence rates further increased in subjects aged 51 years (the mean menopausal age in Asian women) or above. These findings suggest that age had an important and independent effect on cardiovascular risk in Chinese women and that, as in Caucasians, the onset of menopause might further increase this risk.