Risk Factors For Severe Coronavirus Disease Research Articles

Effect of obesity on COVID-19 disease severity in children.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused many injuries and deaths worldwide. Obesity is reported to be an important risk factor for severe COVID-19, although the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. The present study aimed to determine whether obesity or being overweight is associated with the clinical course and severity of COVID-19 in children. In this retrospective study, pediatric patients under the age of 18 years, who applied to our hospital between June 2021 and August 2021, and tested positive with the COVID-19 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction test were included. Age, gender, symptoms at admission, body weight, height, chest radiographs, hemograms, C-reactive protein and other laboratory findings, and days of hospitalization of the pediatric patients were obtained from the hospital automation system. All data were statistically analyzed and compared between underweight, normal, overweight, and obese groups; categorized according to body mass index (BMI). The study included 116 patients. The results showed that the incidence of symptoms was higher in overweight and obese children compared to other groups (p < 0.05), while the rate of lung involvement was significantly higher in obese patients compared to other groups (p < 0.05). The optimum cut-off point for BMI percentile values in terms of lung involvement was determined to be > 91. The results of this study revealed that obese children show more symptoms of COVID-19 disease than normal-weight children. In addition, these children have more frequent lung involvement and therefore have more severe disease.

Comparison of liver fibrosis scores and fatty liver on computed tomography as risk factors for severity of COVID-19.

Increased liver fibrosis scores (LFS), such as fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4) or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score (NFS), and fatty liver are known risk factors for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The purpose of this study was to identify the best scores, which predict the prognosis of COVID-19. Participants comprised consecutive Japanese COVID-19 patients admitted to our hospital between February 14, 2020, and April 14, 2021. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationships between LFS (FIB-4, NFS, aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index [APRI], BARD score, and hepatic steatosis index [HSI]) or fatty liver on computed tomography (CT), and severity of COVID-19. Of the 415 patients (mean age, 59 years), 177 patients (42.7%) needed oxygen therapy, 90 patients (21.7%) worsened to severe COVID-19, and 45 patients (10.8%) died during admission. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that increased FIB-4 and NFS were risk factors for death, severe COVID-19, and oxygen demand; that increased BARD was a risk factor for severe COVID-19 and oxygen demand; and that increased APRI and HSI were not risk factors for any status of COVID-19. Furthermore, increased NFS or BARD and fatty liver were independent risk factors for severe COVID-19 and oxygen demand. This study showed that FIB-4 and NFS were the best liver fibrosis scores that predicted worse prognosis for COVID-19, and that increased NFS or BARD and fatty liver evident on CT represented independent risk factors for severe COVID-19 and oxygen demand.

Association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and COVID-19 severity.

Obstructive sleep apnea and sleep-related hypoxia have been associated with higher rates of hospitalization and mortality among patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We further explored the association between obstructive sleep apnea, COVID-19 severity and related mortality. In addition, we examined the effects of clinical and demographic parameters on COVID-19. In this retrospective study, we included adult patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 prior to the Omicron variant identification. We compared the severity of COVID-19 and mortality with the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea. The study population included 44,275 patients who tested positive for COVID-19. Of these, 97% had mild or asymptomatic disease, 1.2% had moderate disease, and 1.8% had severe disease. Obstructive sleep apnea was diagnosed in 980 (2.2%) patients. In a multivariate analysis, obstructive sleep apnea diagnosis increased the risk of severe COVID-19 by 1.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.1-2.4) compared with mild disease. However, no increase in mortality was associated with obstructive sleep apnea. Interestingly, patients with moderate and high socioeconomic status had a 1.6 times higher risk for severe COVID-19 than patients from the low socioeconomic status group (95% confidence interval: 1.2-2.1 and 95% confidence interval: 1.1-2.3, respectively). The risk of dying due to COVID-19 was 1.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.1-2.5) and 3.1 (95% confidence interval: 1.8-5.3) times higher in patients with medium and high socioeconomic status, respectively, compared with patients with low socioeconomic status. Diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea was found to be an independent risk factor for severe COVID-19. The higher the socioeconomic status, the higher the risk of severe COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.

Clinical characteristics of liver transplant recipients with COVID-19 and analysis of risk factors for the severe disease.

Liver transplant (LT) recipients were at a high risk of infection during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Our purpose was to compare the clinical characteristics of severe and non-severe groups of LT recipients with COVID-19, and to analyze their risk factors for severe disease. 79 LT recipients with COVID-19 were divided into a non-severe group (n = 60) and a severe group (n = 19), and differences in clinical characteristics, laboratory tests, and chest computed tomography (CT) performance were analyzed. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors with severe COVID-19. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted and the area under curve (AUC) values were calculated to assess the predictive value for severe COVID-19. Age was statistically different (p < 0.001) between the two groups. The difference in neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), serum creatinine (Scr), D-dimer, urea, C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and the number of lung segments involved in inflammation between the two groups were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The results revealed that age (OR = 1.255, 95% CI 1.079-1.460), NLR (OR = 1.172, 95% CI 1.019-1.348), and Scr (OR = 1.041, 95% CI 1.016-1.066) were independent risk factors for severe COVID-19. The ROC results showed that high values for age, NLR and Scr predicted severe COVID-19, with AUC values of 0.775, 0.841 and 0.820, respectively, and 0.925 for the three factors combined. Advanced age, and elevated NLR and Scr are independent risk factors for severe COVID-19 in LT recipients.

Assessing antiviral treatment efficacy and risk factors for severe COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients during the Omicron subvariant-dominant period: a retrospective study

BackgroundKidney transplant recipients (KTRs) are at risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and even now that Omicron subvariants have become dominant, cases of severe disease are certain to occur. The aims of this retrospective study were to evaluate the efficacy of antiviral treatment for COVID-19 and to identify risk factors for severe disease in KTRs during Omicron subvariant-dominant periods.MethodsA total of 65 KTRs diagnosed with COVID-19 who received antiviral treatment between July 2022 and September 2023 were analyzed. Mild cases received oral molnupiravir (MP) as outpatient therapy, while moderate or worse cases received intravenous remdesivir (RDV) as inpatient therapy. In principle, mycophenolate mofetil was withdrawn and switched to everolimus. We investigated the efficacy of antiviral treatment and compared the clinical parameters of mild/moderate and severe/critical cases to identify risk factors for severe COVID-19.ResultsAmong 65 cases, 49 were mild, 6 were moderate, 9 were severe, and 1 was of critical severity. MP was administered to 57 cases; 49 (86%) improved and 8 (14%) progressed. RDV was administered to 16 cases; 14 (87%) improved and 2 (13%) progressed. Seventeen (26%) cases required hospitalization, and none died. Comparisons of the severe/critical group (n = 10) with the mild/moderate group (n = 55) demonstrated that the severe/critical group had a significantly higher median age (64 vs. 53 years, respectively; p = 0.0252), prevalence of diabetes (70% vs. 22%, respectively; p = 0.0047) and overweight/obesity (40% vs. 11%, respectively; p = 0.0393), as well as a significantly longer median time from symptom onset to initial antiviral therapy (3 days vs. 1 day, respectively; p = 0.0026). Multivariate analysis showed that a longer time from symptom onset to initial antiviral treatment was an independent risk factor for severe COVID-19 (p = 0.0196, odds ratio 1.625, 95% confidence interval 1.081–2.441).ConclusionThese findings suggest that a longer time from symptom onset to initial antiviral treatment is associated with a higher risk of severe COVID-19 in KTRs. Initiating antiviral treatment as early as possible is crucial for preventing severe outcomes; this represents a valuable insight into COVID-19 management in KTRs.

Specific and Non-specific Aspects and Future Challenges of ICU Care Among COVID-19 Patients with Obesity: A Narrative Review.

Since the end of 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has infected nearly 800 million people and caused almost seven million deaths. Obesity was quickly identified as a risk factor for severe COVID-19, ICU admission, acute respiratory distress syndrome, organ support including mechanical ventilation and prolonged length of stay. The relationship among obesity; COVID-19; and respiratory, thrombotic, and renal complications upon admission to the ICU is unclear. The predominant effect of a hyperinflammatory status or a cytokine storm has been suggested in patients with obesity, but more recent studies have challenged this hypothesis. Numerous studies have also shown increased mortality among critically ill patients with obesity and COVID-19, casting doubt on the obesity paradox, with survival advantages with overweight and mild obesity being reported in other ICU syndromes. Finally, it is now clear that the increase in the global prevalence of overweight and obesity is a major public health issue that must be accompanied by a transformation of our ICUs, both in terms of equipment and human resources. Research must also focus more on these patients to improve their care. In this review, we focused on the central role of obesity in critically ill patients during this pandemic, highlighting its specificities during their stay in the ICU, identifying the lessons we have learned, and identifying areas for future research as well as the future challenges for ICU activity.

Machine learning versus multivariate logistic regression for predicting severe COVID-19 in hospitalized children with Omicron variant infection.

With the emergence of the Omicron variant, the number of pediatric Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19) cases requiring hospitalization and developing severe or critical illness has significantly increased. Machine learning and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to predict risk factors and develop prognostic models for severe COVID-19 in hospitalized children with the Omicron variant in this study. Of the 544 hospitalized children including 243 and 301 in the mild and severe groups, respectively. Fever (92.3%) was the most common symptom, followed by cough (79.4%), convulsions (36.8%), and vomiting (23.2%). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age (1-3 years old, odds ratio (OR): 3.193, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.778-5.733], comorbidity (OR: 1.993, 95%CI:1.154-3.443), cough (OR: 0.409, 95%CI:0.236-0.709), and baseline neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (OR: 1.108, 95%CI: 1.023-1.200), lactate dehydrogenase (OR: 1.993, 95%CI: 1.154-3.443), blood urea nitrogen (OR: 1.002, 95%CI: 1.000-1.003) and total bilirubin (OR: 1.178, 95%CI: 1.005-3.381) were independent risk factors for severe COVID-19. The area under the curve (AUC) of the prediction models constructed by multivariate logistic regression analysis and machine learning (RandomForest + TomekLinks) were 0.7770 and 0.8590, respectively. The top 10 most important variables of random forest variables were selected to build a prediction model, with an AUC of 0.8210. Compared with multivariate logistic regression, machine learning models could more accurately predict severe COVID-19 in children with Omicron variant infection.

Association between COVID-19 severity and relatively high serum adiponectin levels at the time of admission.

At the beginning of 2020, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to epidemics worldwide. Obesity and visceral fat accumulation have been reported to be independent risk factors for severe COVID-19. Several reports have focused on the levels of adipocytokines/adipokines, including adiponectin (APN), which is exclusively secreted from adipocytes, although the importance of these factors in acute disease conditions remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between serum adiponectin levels and COVID-19 severity. Patients with COVID-19 who were admitted to Sumitomo Hospital (Osaka, Japan) from May through October 2021 were included. A total of 107 patients were enrolled in this study. We obtained the anthropometric and clinical laboratory data of the patients at the time of admission and examined the associations between various parameters and COVID-19 severity. The mean period from onset to admission was 6.5 ± 2.8 days. We divided the patients into "non-severe" (mild, moderate-I and moderate-II) (n = 80) and "severe" (n = 27) groups. The "severe" patients were significantly older than "non-severe" patients. Additionally, no significant differences were observed in BMI, sex, or the period from onset to admission. The serum adiponectin levels of "severe" patients at the time of admission were significantly greater than those of "non-severe" patients even after adjusting for age, sex, and BMI. These results suggest that the serum APN levels at the time of admission can predict COVID-19 severity. However, further investigations on the changes in APN levels in acute diseases are needed.

Risk factors for COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease: a nationwide cohort study.

Several studies have demonstrated an increased risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. However, few have investigated the impact of CKD stage and dialysis modality. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the association between CKD stage, dialysis modality and risk of severe COVID-19. Secondly, we aimed to study the impact of comorbidities and drugs on the risk of severe COVID-19 in the CKD population. This nationwide observational study was based on data from the Swedish Renal Registry and three other national registries. Patients with non-dialysis CKD stage 3b-5 or dialysis on 1 January 2020 were included and followed until 31 December 2021. The primary outcome was COVID-19 hospitalization; the secondary outcome was COVID-19 mortality. Associations were investigated using logistic regression models, adjusting for confounders. The study population comprised 7856 non-dialysis CKD patients and 4018 dialysis patients. The adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality were highest in the dialysis group [aOR 2.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.79-2.81; aOR 3.10, Cl 95% 2.03-4.74], followed by CKD 4 (aOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.05-1.68; aOR 1.66, Cl 95% 1.07-2.57), as compared with CKD 3b. No difference in COVID-19 outcomes was observed between patients on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Overall comorbidity burden was one of the strongest risk factors for severe COVID-19 and the risk was also increased in patients prescribed insulin, proton pump inhibitors, diuretics, antiplatelets or immunosuppressants. Worsening CKD stage and comorbidity are independent risk factors for severe COVID-19 in the Swedish CKD population.

Application of clinical and CT imaging features in the evaluation of disease progression in patients with COVID-19

BackgroundThe Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19) pandemic has strained healthcare systems worldwide, necessitating the early prediction of patients requiring critical care. This study aimed to analyze the laboratory examination indicators, CT features, and prognostic risk factors in COVID-19 patients.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted on 90 COVID-19 patients at the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University between December 17, 2022, and March 17, 2023. Clinical data, laboratory examination results, and computed tomography (CT) imaging data were collected. Logistic multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors, and the predictive ability of each risk factor was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.ResultsMultivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that comorbid diabetes (odds ratio [OR] = 526.875, 95%CI = 1.384-1960.84, P = 0.053), lymphocyte count reduction (OR = 8.773, 95%CI = 1.432–53.584, P = 0.064), elevated D-dimer level (OR = 362.426, 95%CI = 1.228-984.995, P = 0.023), and involvement of five lung lobes (OR = 0.926, 95%CI = 0.026–0.686, P = 0.025) were risk factors for progression to severe COVID-19. ROC curve analysis showed the highest predictive value for 5 lung lobes (AUC = 0.782). Oxygen saturation was positively correlated with normally aerated lung volume and the proportion of normally aerated lung volume (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe study demonstrated that comorbid diabetes, lymphocyte count reduction, elevated D-dimer levels, and involvement of the five lung lobes are significant risk factors for severe COVID-19. In CT lung volume quantification, normal aerated lung volume and the proportion of normal aerated lung volume correlated with blood oxygen saturation.

Hospitalization Among Patients Treated With Molnupiravir: A Retrospective Study of Administrative Data

Molnupiravir is an oral antiviral agent authorized for emergency use to treat mild to moderate cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults at high risk for progression to severe clinical outcomes. This study aimed to describe patient characteristics and health outcomes in a cohort of adult patients treated with molnupiravir in an outpatient setting in the United States. This was a retrospective cohort study of adults identified in the HealthVerity database with a pharmacy claim for molnupiravir between December 24, 2021, and April 14, 2022. Hospitalization and health care use were assessed over the 28 days after the molnupiravir pharmacy claim. Among 26,554 patients identified, 71.1% were aged ≥50 years and 58.9% were female. A total of 8794 patients (33.1%) had received at least 1 dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. The most prevalent risk factors for severe COVID-19 identified were hypertension (45.1%), steroid and/or immunosuppressant use (39.6%), and being obese or overweight (24.6%), with 79.1% of patients having ≥1 risk factor. The majority (61.0%) of patients were prescribed comedications contraindicated with or had the potential for major drug-drug interactions with ritonavir-containing regimens. Within 28 days after initiating molnupiravir, 3.3% of patients were hospitalized for any cause and 1.7% for COVID-19-related reasons. Among all hospitalized patients, 9.2% were admitted to an intensive care unit, 3.9% received oxygen, and 3.8% required mechanical ventilation. The majority of patients treated with molnupiravir in early 2022 had at least one risk factor for severe COVID-19 and had comedications that could require treatment modification or monitoring if given a ritonavir-containing regimen. Hospitalization was uncommon after treatment with molnupiravir, with COVID-19-related inpatient admission in <2% of patients. Among those hospitalized, patient use of intensive care and oxygen-based resources was infrequent. The study design, however, does not permit any conclusions regarding the effectiveness of molnupiravir.

Symptoms, Treatment, and Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients Coinfected with Clostridioides difficile: Single-Center Study from NE Romania during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has brought new challenges across medical disciplines, particularly in infectious disease medicine. In Romania, the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection increased dramatically since March 2020 until March 2022. Antibiotic administration for pulmonary superinfections in COVID-19 intensified and, consequently, increased rates of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) were hypothesized. We conducted a single-center, retrospective, observational study on patients from North-Eastern Romania to assess clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 and Clostridioides difficile (CD) coinfection, and to identify risk factors for CDI in COVID-19 patients. The study enrolled eighty-six CDI and COVID-19 coinfected patients admitted during March 2020-February 2021 (mean age 59.14 years, 53.49% men, 67.44% urban residents) and a group of eighty-six COVID-19 patients. On admission, symptoms were more severe in mono-infected patients, while coinfected patients associated a more intense acute inflammatory syndrome. The main risk factors for severe COVID-19 were smoking, diabetes mellitus, and antibiotic administration. Third generation cephalosporins (55%) and carbapenems (24%) were the main antibiotics used, and carbapenems were significantly associated with severe COVID-19 in patients coinfected with CD during hospitalization. Coinfection resulted in longer hospitalization and poorer outcomes. The extensive use of antibiotics in COVID-19, particularly carbapenems, contributed substantially to CD coinfection.

Estimation of Intangible Costs for Factors Associated with Oral Antiviral Drugs for COVID-19 Treatment: A Conjoint Analysis in Japan.

During the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, preferences for factors associated with vaccines have been evaluated. Three oral antiviral drugs have been approved in Japan for patients with mild-to-moderate I COVID-19 symptoms. Although preferences for the drugs may also depend on various factors, these have not been fully evaluated. A conjoint analysis was performed based on an online survey in August 2022 to estimate the intangible costs of factors associated with oral antiviral drugs for COVID-19. Respondents were individuals aged 20-69 across Japan. The attributes included the company (Japanese/foreign) that developed the drug, formulation and size of the drug, frequency of administration per day, number of tablets/capsules per dose, number of days until no longer infectious to others, and out-of-pocket expenses. A logistic regression model was applied to estimate the utility of each level for each attribute. The intangible costs were calculated by comparing the utility to the out-of-pocket attribute. Responses were collected from 11,303 participants. The difference between levels was the largest for companies that developed a drug; the intangible costs were JPY 5390 higher for the foreign company than for the Japanese company. The next largest difference was in the number of days until one is no longer infectious. For the same formulation, the intangible cost was lower for small sizes than large sizes. For similar-sized tablets and capsules, the intangible cost was lower for tablets than capsules. These tendencies were similar regardless of COVID-19 infection history and the presence of risk factors for severe COVID-19 in the respondents. Intangible costs for factors associated with oral antiviral drugs among the Japanese population were estimated. The results may change as the number of people with a history of COVID-19 infection increases and significant progress is made regarding treatments.

Myocardial injury caused by infection of coronavirus

Coronaviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses that are common in animals. In the past 20 years, there have been three large-scale epidemics of coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and coronavirus disease (COVID). Heart disease is an independent risk factor for severe COVID. At the same time, SARS-CoV-2 infection is often complicated with myocardial injury, which is closely related to poor prognosis. The receptors of SARS coronavirus are angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and CD209L, among which ACE2 is the main receptor, and ACE2 is abundant in the heart. The receptor of MERS-coronavirus is dipeptide peptidase 4 (DPP4), which is not expressed in myocardial cells, but existed in vascular endothelial cells and blood. These receptors are important factors for the myocardial injury caused by coronavirus infection.

Impacts of pregnancy and menopause on COVID-19 severity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 4.6 million women.

COVID-19 pandemic is still a public health emergency of international concern. However, whether pregnancy and menopause impact the severity of COVID-19 remain unclear. This study is performed to investigate the truth. Study appraisal and Synthesis follows PRISMA guideline. Meta-analysis is performed in random-effects model. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane database, Central, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO COVID-19 database, and WHO-ICTRP are searched until March 28 2023. In total, 57 studies (4,640,275 COVID-19 women) were analyzed. Pregnant women were at a lower risk of severe COVID-19, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and disease mortality compared to those nonpregnant women with comparable comorbidities. In contrast, pregnant women with more prepregnancy comorbidities were at a higher risk of severe COVID-19, ICU admission and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). In addition, pregnant women with pregnancy complications had a significantly increased risk of severe COVID-19 and ICU admission. Menopause increased COVID-19 severity, IMV requirement and disease mortality. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) inhibited COVID-19 severity in postmenopausal women. Premenopausal and postmenopausal women had a lower chance of severe illness than age-matched men. The impact of pregnancy on COVID-19 severity was significant in Americans and Caucasians, while the effect of menopause on COVID-19 severity was only significant in Chinese. Pregnancy and menopause are protective and risk factors for severe COVID-19, respectively. The protective role of pregnancy on COVID-19 is minimal and could be counteracted or masked by prepregnancy or pregnancy comorbidities. The administration of estrogen and progesterone may prevent severe COVID-19.

Mild COVID-19 outcomes in adults with inborn errors of immunity: a single-center experience

Currently, 640 million cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 6.6 million deaths have been reported world-wide. Risk factors for severe COVID-19 are known, including those with compromised immunity. Among patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI), early reports of severe outcomes lead to strict masking and social distancing measures. While this resulted in relatively low infection rates among those with IEI, real-world data describing the clinical course of COVID-19 in this patient population have remained limited. We performed a retrospective study of adult IEI patients followed by our center in which a positive test (rapid antigen or PCR) for COVID-19 was determined between November 2021-November 2022. Medical charts were reviewed, and patient interviews conducted. All patients provided informed consent. Twenty-nine patients were enrolled (22 females, 7 males), aged between 18–69 years (median: 20–29 years). The cohort included those with antibody deficiencies (41.37%), combined immunodeficiencies (34.48%; HIES, CARD11, STAT1-GOF), immune dysregulation disorders (20.69%; LRBA deficiency, AIRE deficiency) and phagocyte defect (3.45%; CGD). The duration of symptoms ranged between 3 days-4 weeks (median: < 1 week). Upper respiratory symptoms (including sore throat, congestion) were reported in 97% while fever was present in 41% of patients. Prior to infection, 14 (48%) patients had underlying asthma or bronchiectasis - 2 subsequently experienced shortness of breath and were treated with inhalers or Sotrovimab, respectively. No treatment was required in 65.5% of cases. The remaining received Paxlovid (10.3%), Sotrovimab (13.79%), or antibiotics (10.3%). Of the 2 patients with STAT1-GOF, one tested positive during a repeat episode of febrile neutropenia which required hospitalization. No other patients were hospitalized or needed ICU admission. No deaths were recorded. In light of these favourable outcomes, patients with IEI can gradually and safely return to normal activities.

AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF PRACTICE OF COVID-19 VACCINATION AMONG HEALTHCARE WORKERS AT A TERTIARY HEALTHCARE CENTRE: A SURVEY BASED ANALYSIS.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The rapid and extensive spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has become a major cause of concern for the healthcare profession. Development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is considered as the only way to signicantly reduce the threat of this pandemic in view of no proper treatment available against COVID-19 till date. However, the success of COVID-19 vaccination in India is dependent upon the acceptance of vaccine among general population, besides the proven safety and efcacy of the Indian COVID-19 vaccines (Co vishield and Co vaxin). In view of that, we conducted an online survey among the rst to be vaccinated priority group (healthcare workers) in India who are at high risk of exposure, with the aim to assess the beliefs and experiences related to Indian COVID-19 vaccines and to project that upon the general population of India. Method: This cross sectional study was conducted using a validated self administered online questionnaire that was distributed through emails, online social networking platforms (online survey) and also printed form of questionnaire in both English and Hindi languages (paper survey). The participants of the study were informed about the objectives of the study and after obtaining an informed consent, they completed the questionnaire on their background and vaccinationbehaviour related variables (including past vaccine compliance, risk factors for severe COVID-19, and COVID-19 vaccine perceptions and experience). Results: Our study included 750 healthcare workers (HCW) of which 415 were doctors, 286 were medical students and 49 were paramedical staff, Of the total number of participants, n=617 (82.3%) have received the COVID-19 vaccine. 75.6% of the study population (n=504) were not hesitant for getting vaccination against COVID-19. Majority of the HCWs believed in the safety and efcacy of COVID-19 vaccine and wanted their family members to get vaccinated. Conclusions: Our study concludes that Health Care Workers show acceptance and condence in the vaccination programme against Covid 19. This can contribute to general population compliance and willingness to accept Covid 19 vaccine.

COVID-19 and Cardiac Implications-Still a Mystery in Clinical Practice.

Although initially the evolution of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) seemed less severe in pediatric patients, in the three years since the beginning of the pandemics, several severe cases have been described, pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome (PIMS) has been defined, pathogenesis is being continuously studied, and many aspects regarding the long-term evolution and multi-organ damage are still unexplained. Cardiac injuries in COVID-19 represent most-likely the second cause of mortality associated with the infection. A wide-spectrum of cardiac abnormalities were reported to be associated with COVID-19 in children including ventricular dysfunction, acute myocardial dysfunction, arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, coronary artery dilation or aneurysms, and less common pericarditis and valvulitis. Risk factors for severe COVID-19 in children should be identified, laboratory tests and imaging techniques should be performed to reveal cardiac injury as soon as possible. The aim of this review was to highlight the great value of repeated cardiological monitoring in patients with COVID-19, underlining also the peculiarities in terms of pediatric population. This review is looking for answers on questions like 'Why do some, but not all, patients with COVID-19 develop cardiac injury or severe hyperinflammatory status?', 'Which factors are involved in triggering COVID-19 associated cardiac injury?', 'What are the mechanisms involved in the etiology of cardiac injury?', 'Is there a clear relationship between hyperinflammation and cardiac injury?', 'Is hyperinflammatory status the pre-stage of cardiac injury in COVID-19 patients?' which still lack clear answers. The understanding of mechanisms involved in the development of COVID-19 associated cardiac injury might shed light on all the above-mentioned mysteries and might increase the likelihood of favorable evolution even in severe cases.

Home-based exercise alters pulmonary function and cellular stress markers in overweight middle-aged men during covid-19 Home quarantine

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the effects of a combined home-based exercise program on potential indicators of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in overweight middle-aged men during home quarantine caused by COVID-19.MethodsForty men (aged 45–64 years) were assigned to the exercise (EXE, n = 20) or control (CON, n = 20) groups. A 6-week combined program was carried out three days/week, starting at 20 min per session at 50% maximal heart rate (HRmax) and advancing to 45 min at 70% HRmax. Pulmonary functional and cellular stress biomarkers were measured before and after the training program. Analysis of the covariance (ANCOVA) was used for comparison between the two groups considering the baseline values.ResultsThirty-six participants (EXE, n = 17; CON, n = 19) completed the research protocol. The EXE group showed post-training improvements in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FEV1/FVC, Vital capacity (VC), and Forced expiratory flow at 25-75% (FEF25-75) compared to the CON group (P < 0. 05). Further, the plasma levels of fibrinogen, Interleukin (IL)-6, Interleukin (IL)-1β, D-dimer, and angiotensin (Ang II) decreased in the EXE group compared to the CON group (P < 0. 05). After six weeks of the training program, leukocyte counts increased in the EXE group compared to the CON group (P < 0. 05). There was a significant positive correlation between body mass index (BMI) with cardiovascular and inflammatory biomarkers other than white blood cells (WBC) in the EXE group (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe findings suggest that combined home-based exercise during home quarantine improves risk factors for severe COVID-19 in overweight middle-aged men. These improvements were further correlated with changes in BMI. Future research is required to confirm the findings of this study.

Risk Factors for Severe COVID-19 Among Healthcare Workers.

Evaluate potential risk factors for severe COVID-19 among healthcare workers at the University of Virginia Medical Center in Charlottesville, VA, USA. We conducted retrospective manual chart review of data from healthcare workers who were diagnosed with COVID-19 from March 2020 to March 2021. Using data from patient medical histories, we ascertained risk factors for COVID-19-related Emergency Department (ED) encounter, hospitalization, or death. We had 634 patients total and 9.8% had a severe COVID-19-related outcome. A history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)/pulmonary embolism (PE)/stroke (OR 19.6 [5.11, 94.7]), as well as asthma, chronic lung disease, diabetes, or current immunocompromised status were associated with increased adjusted odds of COVID-19-related ED encounter/hospitalization/death. A pre-existing history of DVT/PE/stroke is a novel risk factor for poor COVID-19 outcomes among a cohort of health care workers.