Risk Factors For Psychological Symptoms Research Articles

Depression, anxiety, stress, and PTSD symptoms during the first and second COVID-19 waves: a comparison of elderly, middle-aged, and young people in Iran

BackgroundA widespread outbreak of epidemics like Covid-19 is a lethal threat to physical and mental health. Recent studies reported a higher prevalence of mental problems in younger individuals, contrary to the general assumption expected in older people. Therefore, it is necessary to compare anxiety, stress, depression and PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) symptoms in different age groups during the Covid-19 crisis.MethodsA cross-sectional online survey was performed (from Dec. 2020 to Feb. 2021) on three age groups of elderly, middle-aged and young people. Data were collected by DASS-21 (Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale) and IES-R (Impact of Event Revised Scale) and analyzed using ANOVA, χ2 test and logistic regression analysis.ResultsOverall, 601 participants completed the questionnaires, including 23.3% of the elderly (≥ 60 years), 29.5% of the young (18–29 years) and 47.3% of the middle-aged (30–59 years) with 71.4% of women. The logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk of PTSD in young people was higher than in the elderly (β = 2.242, CI: 1.03–4.87, P = 0.041), while the risk of depression, anxiety and stress did not differ significantly among the three age groups. Female gender, occupation, lower economic status, solitary life, and chronic disease were risk factors for psychological symptoms during the Covid-19 pandemic.ConclusionFindings on the higher odds ratio of PTSD symptoms in younger individuals have interestingly potential implications to meet the needs of mental health services during Covid-19.

Association of psychological symptoms with job burnout and occupational stress among coal miners in Xinjiang, China: A cross-sectional study.

The study aimed to investigate the influencing factors of psychological symptoms in relation to job burnout and occupational stress among coal miners in Xinjiang, so as to provide data support for enterprises in an effort to help them identify internal psychological risk factors and improve the mental health of coal miners. A cross-sectional study was carried out. A total of 12 coal mines were selected using the stratified cluster random sampling method and 4,109 coal miners were investigated by means of online electronic questionnaires. The Symptoms Check List-90 (SCL-90), Chinese Maslach Burnout Inventory (CMBI), and Job Demand-Control (JDC) model were respectively used to measure the status of psychological symptoms, job burnout, and occupational stress among coal miners. The mediation analysis was performed through structural equation modeling (SEM) by using Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS). The prevalence of psychological symptoms was higher in the occupational stress group than in the non-occupational stress group, and increased with job burnout (P < 0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis results showed that mild (OR = 1.401, 95% CL: 1.165, 1.685), moderate (OR = 2.190, 95% CL: 1.795, 2.672), or severe levels of burnout (OR = 6.102, 95% CL: 3.481, 10.694) and occupational stress (OR = 1.462, 95% CL: 1.272, 1.679) were risk factors for psychological symptoms in coal miners. The results of structural equation modeling indicated that occupational stress (β = 0.11, P = 0.002) and job burnout (β = 0.46, P = 0.002) had significant positive direct effects on psychological symptoms, and job burnout was an intermediate variable between occupational stress and psychological symptoms. High levels of job burnout and occupational stress were risk factors for psychological symptoms. Both occupational stress and job burnout had direct effects on psychological symptoms, and occupational stress could also have an indirect effect on coal miners' psychological symptoms through the intermediate variable of job burnout.

Protective and Risk Factors for Medical and Nursing Staff Suffering From Psychological Symptoms During COVID-19

Background: With the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in China, the general public but also medical staff were confronted with psychological challenges, suffering from the highly infectious and unknown characteristics of COVID-19. In this study, we surveyed psychological symptoms including anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders in medical staff.Method: A questionnaire star/WeChat link-based survey assessing the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 depression, the Insomnia Severity Index, Social Support scales in addition to lifestyle, and income level was conducted and included 8,288 medical staff from 24 provinces in China. Pearson Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to evaluate single risk factors and significant differences in psychological symptoms before and during the outbreak of COVID-19. Binary logistic regression analyses were conducted for the risk factors of anxiety, depression, and sleep disorder symptoms.Results: Medical staff had a high incidence of psychological symptoms, which was more prominent during the COVID-19 epidemic. Comparatively, females, nurses, first-line department, never exercised, and low income were risk factors for psychological symptoms. Social support including objective support, subjective support, support utility, and regular sports over 3 times per week were protective and manageable elements that could protect from and manage the psychological symptoms of medical staff.Conclusion: The susceptibility of psychological symptoms among medical staff should be of concern to policymakers and the public in the long-term, and the aggravation of mental health problems of medical staff could be eased by providing adequate social support during and after the COVID-19 outbreak.

Mental health status of Chinese physicians working in intensive care unit.

Physicians working in intensive care unit (ICU) are prone to suffer from mental health problems, but there are still very limited data of mental health status of ICU physicians in China. Therefore, this study was to investigate their psychological status. ICU physicians were contacted electronically and asked to complete the Symptom Check-list 90 (SCL-90) for Chinese from December 13 to December 14 in 2018. A total of 1749 valid questionnaires were collected. Fifteen potential relevant factors that could affect the mental health status of ICU physicians were also analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. The total mean score of SCL-90 for surveyed subjects was 175.49±65.79. Near half of the respondents were identified with psychological symptoms. The pooled estimates of all the nine factors, including somatization, obsession-compulsion, interpersonal-sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, and paranoid ideation among ICU physicians, were significantly higher than those in the general population (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that education, title, working hours per week, frequency of night shift were risk factors for psychological symptoms. The situation of psychological health of ICU physicians in China is worrying, and it is urgent to take some effective measures to improve their mental health.

Social Support Protects Chinese Medical Staff from Suffering Psychological Symptoms in COVID-19 Defense

Background: At the very beginning of the epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) in China, not only the public but also the medical staff were confronting with psychological challenging and suffering for the highly infectious and unknown characteristics of the disease. In this study, we surveyed the psychological symptoms like anxiety, depression, and sleep disorder for medical staff. Method: A questionnaire star/ WeChat link-based survey of GAD-7 (Generalized Anxiety Disorder, GAD-7), PHQ-9(Patient Health Questionnaire-9) depression, ISI (Insomnia Severity Index) scales, Social Support Scales besides lifestyle, and income level were conducted and checked for 8288 medical staff from almost 24 provinces in China. Paired T-test and T test was used for the evaluation of single risk factors and significant difference of psychological symptoms before and during the defense. Biliary Logistic regression analyses was conducted for the risk factors of anxiety, depression, and sleep disorder symptoms. Result: The doctors and nurses had more psychological symptoms during the defense against the epidemic compared with before the defense. Female, nurses, lack of social support were risk factors for psychological symptoms. Social support, including objective support, subjective support, and utility of support, were all lower in the anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders affected doctors and nurses. Conclusion: The susceptibility of psychological symptoms of medical staff could be eased by enhancing social support during the CIVOD-19 defense. Funding Statement: This work was supported in part by grants from the Fund of National Natural Science Foundation (No. 81973018). The funding supported the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data. This study was supported by multicenter and multi department cooperation. Declaration of Interests: All of the authors declare no conflict of competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: The Research Ethics Committee of Hainan General Hospital approved the study protocol. Participants indicated their agreement to participate in the study via the electronic informed consent included in the survey.

Stress Exposure and Maternal Depression as Risk Factors for Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Adolescents

Little research has explored the implications of stress inside and outside of the family as a risk factor for psychological symptoms in adolescents of depressed mothers. In a sample of 115 adolescents and their mothers with and without depression histories, adolescents' family and peer stress exposure was measured through the Responses to Stress Questionnaire, and adolescents' anxious/depressed symptoms were measured with the Youth Self Report and Child Behavior Checklist. Mothers reported their current depression symptoms on the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Results suggest that adolescents of mothers with depression histories and current depression symptoms experience more family and peer stress than adolescents of nondepressed mothers. In multiple linear regression analyses, current maternal depression symptoms moderated the relation between adolescent peer stress and adolescent anxious/depressed symptoms, such that peer stress was associated with anxious/depressed symptoms when maternal depression symptoms were average or high, but not when maternal depression symptoms were low.

Assessment on Occurrences of Depression and Anxiety and Associated Risk Factors in the Infertile Chinese Men.

The prevalence of depression and anxiety in the Chinese male population with infertility is still uncertain. The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and a combination of both psychological symptoms was 20.8%, 7.8%, and 15.4%, respectively in 771 infertile Chinese men in the current study by the Mental Health Inventory–5 and the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory–Short Form questionnaires. Differences in demographics (age, education, and income) had no noticeable impact on the development of psychological symptoms. Clinical factors such as concomitant disorders (varicocele, epididymal cyst, and erectile dysfunction) were identified as risk factors associated with depressive symptoms (OR = 1.47; 95% CI [1.14, 1.90]; p < .001) and both depressive and anxiety symptoms (OR = 1.56; 95% CI [1.17, 2.08]; p < .001). An infertility duration over 2 years was associated with a high risk of anxiety symptoms (OR = 3.94; 95% CI [1.20, 12.93], p < .02). Other clinical conditions such as type of treatment and quality of sperm were not significant risk factors for psychological symptoms. This study provides evidence that Chinese men of reproductive age who suffer from infertility are vulnerable to psychological distress.

P149 Urban life is an independent risk factor for psychological symptoms of the Chinese patients with Crohn's disease

P149 Urban life is an independent risk factor for psychological symptoms of the Chinese patients with Crohn's disease

Depressive, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorders at six years after occupational injuries

The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence rates of depressive, anxiety and PTSDs, and the risk factors for psychological symptoms at 6years after occupational injury. This longitudinal study followed workers who were occupationally injured in 2009. Psychological symptoms and return to work were assessed at 3 and 12 months after injury. Injured workers who had completed the initial questionnaire survey at 3 or 12 months after injury were recruited. A self-administered questionnaire was mailed to the participants. For workers with high Brief Symptom Rating Scale and Post-traumatic Symptom Checklist scores, an in-depth psychiatric evaluation was performed using the Mini-international Neuropsychiatric Interview. A total of 570 workers completed the questionnaire (response rate, 28.7%). Among them, 243 (42.6%) had high psychological symptom scores and were invited for a phone interview; 135 (55.6%) completed the interview. The estimated rates of major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)/partial PTSD were 9.2 and 7.2%, respectively, and both these rates were higher at 6 years after injury than at 12 months after injury (2.0 and 5.1%). After adjustment for family and social factors, the risk factors for high psychological scores were length of hospitalization immediately after injury, affected physical appearance, repeated occupational injuries, unemployment, and number of quit jobs after the injury. At 6 years after occupational injury, the re-emergence of psychiatric disorders was observed. Relevant factors for poor psychological health were severity of injury and instability of work. Periodic monitoring of psychological and physical health and economic stability are warranted.

Long-Term Psychological Outcome of Workers After Occupational Injury: Prevalence and Risk Factors

This study aimed to examine the prevalence rates of both post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression at 12 months in workers experiencing different types of occupational injury in Taiwan. Demographic and injury-related risk factors for psychological symptoms were also evaluated. Our study candidates were injured workers in Taiwan who were hospitalized for 3 days or longer and received hospitalization benefits from the Labor Insurance program. A two-staged survey study was conducted. A self-reported questionnaire including the Brief Symptom Rating Scale and Post-traumatic Symptom Checklist was sent to workers at 12 months after injury. Those who met the criteria were recruited for the second-stage phone interview with a psychiatrist using the Mini-international Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A total of 1,233 workers completed the questionnaire (response rate 28.0 %). Among them, 167 (13.5 %) fulfilled the criteria for the MINI interview and were invited. A total of 106 (63.5 %) completed the phone interview. The estimated rate of either PTSD/PPTSD or major depression was 5.2 %. The risk factors for psychological symptoms were female gender, lower education level, loss of consciousness after occupational injury, injury affecting physical appearance, occupational injury experience before this event, life experience before and after this injury, length of hospital stay, self-rated injury severity, and percentage of income to the family. These results showed that occupational injury can cause long-term psychological impact in workers. Key demographic and injury characteristics may enhance the identification of at-risk occupational injured workers who would benefit from targeted screening and early intervention efforts.

Symptoms and responses to critical incidents in paramedics who have experienced childhood abuse and neglect

BackgroundMental and physical symptoms are common in paramedics, which may relate to high work stress, including critical incidents. As previous trauma is a risk factor for psychological symptoms after exposure...

Cognitive–behavioural therapy as an adjunctive treatment in chronic physical illness

SummaryChronic physical illness is a significant risk factor for psychological symptoms, psychiatric disorder and suicide. Properly targeted cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) can improve outcomes for people with chronic physical illnesses. This article looks at practical aspects of the use of CBT as part of the overall medical and psychiatric management of chronic physical illness.

Prevalence and Predictors of Symptoms in the Terminal Stage of Lung Cancer: A Community Study

Background:There is little knowledge concerning the prevalence and predictors of symptoms in the terminal stage of lung cancer.Methods:We examined, retrospectively, all cases of lung cancer diagnosed from 1990 to 1996 in a defined hospital area in Norway. All medical records from general practitioners, nursing homes, and hospitals were investigated. A total of 271 cases were diagnosed, and 247 of 253 deaths (98%) were analyzed.Results:In the terminal 8 weeks, pain was recorded in 85% of the patients, psychological symptoms (anxiety, insomnia, and/or depression) in 71%, dyspnea in 54%, neurologic symptoms in 28%, cough in 24%, nausea in 21%, and hemoptysis in 9%. Young age (p = 0.02) and small cell lung carcinoma (p = 0.03) were risk factors for psychological symptoms. Terminal dyspnea was more frequent in patients with stage III (p = 0.002) and nausea in stage IV (p = 0.02) at the time of diagnosis, while cough (p = 0.04) occurred more often in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Terminal pain was independent of gender, age, performance status, stage, and histology.Conclusion:In a community health service encompassing all lung cancer patients, pain, psychological symptoms, and dyspnea were frequent complaints in the terminal phase. Terminal dyspnea and nausea were associated with staging at the time of diagnosis, and terminal cough and nausea were associated with histology.

Unemployment pre-dates symptoms of depression and anxiety resulting in medical consultation in young men.

There is evidence to support a link between unemployment and lower levels of psychological well-being, but debate continues as to whether unemployment results in psychological morbidity, or whether the association is due to those who are more vulnerable to mental illness becoming unemployed. Here we assess the effect of recent and accumulated unemployment in young men on the risk of developing depression and anxiety leading to medical consultation. Adjustment was made for a measure of pre-existing tendency to depression, behavioural maladjustment, social class, qualifications and region of residence. Some 3241 men from the National Child Development Study (the 1958 British birth cohort) with data from birth to age 33 years, collected at birth and ages 7, 11, 16, 23 and 33 years were used in these analyses. The outcome measure was onset age of anxiety or depression between ages 24 and 33 years, that resulted in consultation with a GP or a specialist. This was used in Cox proportional hazards models where two measures of unemployment were modelled as time varying covariates. Pre-existing tendency to depression was measured by the Malaise Inventory prior to the experience of unemployment at age 23 years. Two measures of unemployment were investigated: any unemployment in the year prior to onset (recent unemployment) and all accumulated unemployment prior to onset (divided into four categories: 0, 1-12, 13-36 and 37+ months of unemployment). After adjustment for potential confounding factors including pre-existing tendency to depression, the relative risk (RR) for developing symptoms resulting in consultation was 2.10 (95% CI: 1.21-3.63), when those who were unemployed in the year prior to onset were compared with those who were not. Accumulated unemployment was not statistically significantly related to onset of symptoms in all men after adjustment for the potential confounding factors: an RR of 1.63 (95% CI: 0.95-2.79) for men with 37+ months of accumulated unemployment when compared with none. However, exclusion of men with a pre-existing tendency to depression indicated by the Malaise Inventory score, increased the RR to 2.30 (95% CI: 1.44-3.65) for recent unemployment and 2.04 (95% CI: 1.17-3.54) for 37+ months of accumulated unemployment when compared with none. Unemployment is a risk factor for psychological symptoms of depression requiring medical attention, even in those men without previous psychological vulnerability.