Risk Factors For Hyperthyroidism Research Articles

Thyroid Heart Disease Was Successfully Treated With Acetazolamide

Introduction: Loop diuretics are currently the first-choice treatment for acutely decompensated HF therapy and for maintaining euvolemia, but the addition of other diuretic agents, such as the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide might be effective for patients with refractory heart failure. Case: A 35-year-old woman referred from a private hospital came to the emergency unit at Sanjiwani Regional Hospital with complaints of shortness of breath and palpitations, and both legs were swollen. The patient has risk factors for hyperthyroidism and a family history of coronary heart disease. On physical examination, he was conscious of compost mentis with blood pressure 85/50 mmHg, heart rate 79 times/minute, respiratory rate 45 times/minute with saturation 93%, rales (+), oedema in both legs, cold acral; laboratory examination showed TsHs 0.22 uIU/ml, FT4 26.29 pmol/L. Discussion: Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that reduces proximal tubular sodium reabsorption and may improve diuretic efficiency when added to loop diuretics, thereby potentially facilitating decongestion, was not associated with an increased incidence of adverse events, and associated with a shorter duration of hospital stay. Conclusion: Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that may improve diuretic efficiency when added to loop diuretics.

Overall, sex-and race/ethnicity-specific prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in US adolescents aged 12-18 years.

Thyroid dysfunction significantly affects the health and development of adolescents. However, comprehensive studies on its prevalence and characteristics in US adolescents are lacking. We investigated the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in US adolescents aged 12-18 years using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2002 and 2007-2012 cycles. Thyroid dysfunction was assessed using serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4) measurements. We analyzed the prevalence across demographic subgroups and identified associated risk factors. The study included 2,182 participants, representing an estimated 12.97 million adolescents. The group had a weighted mean age of 15.1 ± 0.06 years, with males constituting 51.4%. Subclinical hyperthyroidism emerged as the most prevalent thyroid dysfunction, affecting 4.4% of the population. From 2001-2002 to 2011-2012, subclinical hyperthyroidism remained consistent at 4.99% vs. 5.13% in the overall cohort. Subclinical and overt hypothyroidism was found in 0.41 and 1.03% of adolescents respectively, and overt hyperthyroidism was rare (0.04%). The prevalence of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) positivity in the overall population were 5.8 and 9.8%, respectively. Positivity for TgAb was risk factors for hypothyroidism, while older age, female and Black Americans were risk factors for hyperthyroidism. Female adolescents and adolescents with an older age were more likely to be positive for TPOAb and TgAb, while Black and Mexican Americans had a lower risk of TPOAb and TgAb positivity. Subclinical hyperthyroidism was the most common form of thyroid dysfunction, and its prevalence remained stable from 2001-2002 to 2011-2012. Notable disparities in the prevalence of hyperthyroidism and antibody positivity were observed among different age, sex and racial/ethnic groups.

Trends in Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction and its Associations With Mortality Among US Participants, 1988-2012.

Various dynamic factors could influence the prevalence and distribution of thyroid dysfunction. To provide national estimates and temporal trends in prevalence of thyroid dysfunction over the past 3 decades in United States and determine the impact of thyroid dysfunction on mortality in US adults. A cross-sectional analysis of data from 33 117 participants aged 12 years or older in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (1988-1994), 1999-2002, and 2007-2012. The weighted mean age was 41.6 years, and 48.3% were men. In 2007 through 2012, the prevalence of subclinical and overt hypothyroidism, subclinical and overt hyperthyroidism was 4.3%, 0.33%, 3.2%, and 0.2% respectively. Eighty percent of individuals with thyroid dysfunction were previously undiagnosed. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism was stable, whereas overt hypothyroidism (0.54% [95% CI, 0.35-0.8] vs 0.33% [95% CI, 0.23-0.48]) and hyperthyroidism (0.8% [95% CI, 0.58-1.1] vs 0.2% [95% CI, 0.12-0.33]) were less prevalent in 2007-2012 compared to 1988-1994. Older age, White Americans, obesity, and positivity for thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyroglobulin antibody were risk factors for hypothyroidism, whereas older age, women, and Black Americans were risk factors for hyperthyroidism. Over a median follow-up of 17.2 years, no significant association was observed between any type of thyroid dysfunction with the risk of total or cardiovascular mortality. However, among individuals aged 65 years or older, subclinical hypothyroidism was associated with a higher risk of total mortality (hazard ratio, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.00-1.37; P = .05) and cardiovascular mortality (HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.04-1.62; P = .02). The prevalence of subclinical thyroid dysfunction remained relatively unchanged, whereas that of overt thyroid dysfunction decreased. Subclinical hypothyroidism was associated with a higher mortality among individuals aged 65 years or older.

The Utilization of Chinese Herbal Products for Hyperthyroidism in National Health Insurance System (NHIRD) of Taiwan: A Population-Based Study

Background Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) relieves associated symptoms of hyperthyroidism such as heat intolerance, palpitations, tremor, anxiety, weight loss, increased frequency of bowel movements, and shortness of breath. However, there are no studies regarding the core prescription patterns of herbal formula and single herbs for hyperthyroidism in Taiwan. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective, observational study using the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) in Taiwan to analyze the prescription patterns of TCM. Demographic factors, such as sex, age, occupational status, and residential area, and the risk factors for hyperthyroidism were also studied. Results The outpatient or/and inpatient services for hyperthyroidism receive 17,707 cases in a year. Overall, there were 13,394 newly diagnosed patients. TCM was used in 73% of the patients, and 77.3% of the patients were females. The acceptability of TCM was higher among female patients. Most patients were diagnosed with hyperthyroidism between the ages of 30 and 49 years. The most common comorbidity identified was diabetes mellitus. The most commonly prescribed Chinese herbal product (CHP) formula was Jia-Wei-Xia-Yao-San, while Xia-Ku-Cao was the most commonly prescribed single CHP. There was a high coprescription rate for Xuan-Shen, Bei-Mu, and Mu-Li. Conclusion This study describes the core prescription pattern of TCM used in the treatment of patients with hyperthyroidism in Taiwan. The most frequently used CHPs could be potential candidates for future pharmacologic studies or clinical trials.

Planning and diagnostic nursing strategy in the clinical management of the patient with hyperthroidism

Hyperthyroidism is a common disease that affects 0.8% of the population in Europe. It occurs when the thyroid gland produces more thyroid hormones than your body needs. There are several types of treatment, such as antithyroid drugs, treatment with radioactive iodine (131I) and finally surgery, in addition to these treatments, reference is made to a good hygienic-dietary orientation. Objective: to assess from the nursing field the safest and most effective type of hyperthyroidism treatment, including the risk factors to take into account when carrying out these. Methodology: systematic searches were carried out in bibliographic sources of trials and articles published between 2015 and 2021. Including studies that contained data on risk factors for hyperthyroidism. Results: of 426 related articles found, 13 met the inclusion criteria. Total thyroidectomy surgery induced a 26% therapeutic failure rate and 95% radioactive iodine treatment compared to the 19.1% therapeutic failure in antithyroid drug treatment. Conclusion: Despite the verification of the efficacy of all existing hyperthyroidism treatments, antithyroid drugs have greater efficacy and safety than the rest of the treatments studied, in relation to the time and rate of remission. On the other hand, risk factors such as tobacco and female sex are evidenced, which are negative factors when carrying out treatment for hyperthyroidism.

Prevalence and risk factors for hyperthyroidism in Irish cats from the greater Dublin area

BackgroundHyperthyroidism is common in older cats. Prevalence varies geographically, but is anecdotally considered low in Ireland. The aim of this study was to document prevalence of hyperthyroidism in older cats in the greater Dublin area of Ireland and to assess environmental and clinical associations for development and identification of the disease.MethodsPrimary-care veterinary practices were requested to select cats aged 10 years or older where blood sampling was being performed for health screening or clinical investigations. Surplus serum/plasma samples were submitted to University College Dublin Diagnostic Endocrine Laboratory for total thyroxine (T4) measurement. Cats were classified as hyperthyroid, equivocal or euthyroid based on a total T4 concentration (reference interval, 15–60 nmol/L), of >60 nmol/L, 30–60 nmol/L or <30 nmol/L, respectively. Simultaneous free T4 or repeat (after 4–6 weeks) total T4 measurement was recommended in all equivocal cases. Animals receiving treatment for hyperthyroidism were excluded. A questionnaire completed by the client and veterinarian detailing historical and physical information was also required. Associations between categorical variables were analysed by Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test and odds ratio (OR) calculated. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsSamples were submitted from 507 cats including 107 (21.1%) hyperthyroid, 54 (10.6%) equivocal and 346 (68.2%) euthyroid. The presence of goitre (P < 0.0001), tachypnoea (P = 0.0378), tachycardia (P = 0.002), polyphagia (P = 0.0003) and weight loss (P < 0.0001) were significantly associated with hyperthyroidism. Cats with goitre were more likely to be diagnosed as hyperthyroid [OR 2.85, (95% CI 1.75–4.62] compared to those without. However, goitre was only palpated in 40 of 102 (39.2%) hyperthyroid cats. Increasing age was the only significant (P < 0.002) risk factor for development of hyperthyroidism. A relationship between hyperthyroidism and sex, breed, lifestyle, parasite control, vaccination status or feeding habits was not identified.ConclusionsHyperthyroidism is not uncommon in Irish cats. Age was the only significant risk factor for its development. The high proportion of hyperthyroid cats without palpable goitre (> 60%) may reflect failure to detect goitre and account for the perceived low prevalence of this condition in Ireland.

Breed, Coat Color, and Hair Length as Risk Factors for Hyperthyroidism in Cats.

BackgroundHyperthyroidism is very common in older cats, but the etiopathogenesis is poorly understood. Decreased risk of hyperthyroidism has been reported in certain colorpoint breeds, and this observation previously has been hypothesized to result from relatively greater tyrosine availability for thyroid hormone production because of limited ability to convert tyrosine to melanin pigment. However, studies investigating a potential link between coat pigmentation and risk of hyperthyroidism are limited.ObjectiveTo identify associations between coat phenotype and hyperthyroidism by investigation of breed, coat color, and hair length as risk factors for the disease.AnimalsData were used from 4,705 cats aged ≥10 years, referred to a single veterinary teaching hospital (2006–2014) in the United Kingdom.MethodsRetrospective, epidemiological, cross‐sectional study using Bayesian multivariable logistic regression to assess risk factors for hyperthyroidism.ResultsBurmese (odds ratio [OR], 0.01; 0.00–0.23; P = .004), Tonkinese (OR, 0.05; 0.00–0.95; P = .046), Persian (OR, 0.21; 0.10–0.44; P < .001), Siamese (OR, 0.27; 0.12–0.61; P = .002), Abyssinian (OR, 0.04; 0.00–0.74; P = .031), and British shorthair (OR, 0.47; 0.28–0.79; P = .004) breeds had decreased risk of hyperthyroidism compared to domestic shorthairs. Longhaired, nonpurebred cats (OR, 1.30; 1.03–1.64; P = .028) were at increased risk of hyperthyroidism. Coat color/pattern was not associated with hyperthyroidism in nonpurebred cats.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceWe identified decreased risk of hyperthyroidism in the Tonkinese, Abyssinian, and British shorthair breeds, identified an association between risk of hyperthyroidism and hair length, and confirmed decreased risk in Burmese, Siamese, and Persian breeds. Additional studies are warranted to further investigate these findings.

Prevalence of and risk factors for feline hyperthyroidism in South Africa.

Objectives Hyperthyroidism is a disorder of older cats that may have a geographical variation in prevalence. Prevalence studies have not yet been performed in South Africa, a geographical area where hyperthyroidism in cats has recently been observed and where, reportedly, the incidence appears to be increasing. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of feline hyperthyroidism in South Africa and to identify any potential risk factors. Further information on the worldwide prevalence and possible causative factors would increase our understanding of the aetiology of this disease and help identify any preventive measures. Methods Serum total thyroxine (tT4) and canine thyroid-stimulating hormone (cTSH) were measured in 302 cats aged 9 years and older that were presented at various veterinary clinics throughout South Africa. In cats with equivocal tT4 and undetectable cTSH values, serum free thyroxine (fT4) was also measured. At the time of blood sampling a questionnaire was completed regarding vaccination history, internal and external parasite control, diet and environment. Results Prevalence of hyperthyroidism (tT4 >50 nmol/l or tT4 between 30 and 50 nmol/l with TSH <0.03 ng/ml and fT4 >50 pmol/l) was 7% (95% confidence interval 4.4-10.4), with no significant difference between healthy (5%) and sick (8%) cats. Cats ⩾12 years of age (odds ratio [OR] 4.3, P = 0.02) and cats eating canned food (OR 2.1, P = 0.1) were more likely to be diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. No significant relationship between vaccinations, parasite control or indoor environment and hyperthyroidism was observed. Hyperthyroid cats were more likely to present with weight loss (OR 3.2, P = 0.01) and with a heart rate ⩾200 beats per min (OR 5, P = 0.01) than cats without the disease. Conclusions and relevance Hyperthyroidism does not appear to be uncommon in the South African cat population. Risk factors for hyperthyroidism, specifically older age and eating canned food, were present in this as in other reported populations.

A critical review of food-associated factors proposed in the etiology of feline hyperthyroidism.

Since the first description of feline hyperthyroidism (HT) in 1979, several studies have been undertaken to define the etiology of the disease. Epidemiologic studies, after investigating non-food- and food-associated factors, suggest a multifactorial etiology. However, in the absence of prospective cohort studies that can confirm a cause-and-effect relationship between HT and associated risk factors, no causative factor for HT has been identified to date. Feline HT resembles toxic nodular goiter in humans, with autonomously functioning upregulated iodide uptake systems. Contribution of the diet to HT development remains controversial. The purpose of this paper is to review critically the reported food-associated risk factors for HT.

Smoking a risk factor for hyperthyroidism

Smoking a risk factor for hyperthyroidism