Risk Factors For Fungal Infection Research Articles

The predictors of fungal infections after liver transplantation and the influence of fungal infections on outcomes

The primary objective of this study was to assess the incidence, timing, risk factors of fungal infections (FIs) within 3 months after liver transplantation (LT). The secondary objective was to evaluate the impact of FIs on outcomes. Four hundred and ten patients undergoing LT from January 2015 until January 2023 in a tertiary university hospital were included in the present retrospective cohort study to investigate the risk factors of FIs and to assess the impacts of FIs on the prognosis of LT recipients using logistic regression. The incidence of FIs was 12.4% (51/410), and median time from LT to the onset of FIs was 3 days. By univariate analysis, advanced recipient age, prolonged hospital stay prior to LT, high Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and elevated white blood cell (WBC) count, increased operating time, massive blood loss and red blood cell transfusion, elevated alanine aminotransferase on day 1 and creatinine on day 3 after LT, prolonged duration of urethral catheter, prophylactic antifungal therapy, the need for mechanical ventilation and renal replacement therapy were identified as factors of increased post-LT FIs risk. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified that recipient age ≥ 55 years[OR = 2.669, 95%CI: 1.292–5.513, P = 0.008], MELD score at LT ≥ 22[OR = 2.747, 95%CI: 1.274–5.922, P = 0.010], pre-LT WBC count ≥ 10 × 109/L[OR = 2.522, 95%CI: 1.117–5.692, P = 0.026], intraoperative blood loss ≥ 3000 ml [OR = 2.691, 95%CI: 1.262–5.738, P = 0.010], post-LT duration of urethral catheter > 4 d [OR = 3.202, 95%CI: 1.553–6.602, P = 0.002], and post-LT renal replacement therapy [OR = 5.768, 95%CI: 1.822–18.263, P = 0.003] were independently associated with the development of post-LT FIs. Post-LT prophylactic antifungal therapy ≥ 3 days was associated with a lower risk of the development of FIs [OR = 0.157, 95%CI: 0.073–0.340, P < 0.001]. As for clinical outcomes, FIs had a negative impact on intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay ≥ 7 days than those without FIs [OR = 3.027, 95% CI: 1.558–5.878, P = 0.001] but had no impact on hospital length of stay and 1-month all-cause mortality after LT. FIs are frequent complications after LT and the interval between the onset of FIs and LT was short. Risk factors for post-LT FIs included high MELD score at LT, advanced recipient age, pre-LT WBC count, massive intraoperative blood loss, prolonged post-LT duration of urethral catheter, and the need for post-LT renal replacement therapy. However, post-LT prophylactic antifungal therapy was independently associated with the reduction in the risk of FIs. FIs had a significant negative impact on ICU length of stay.

Fungal Infections and Colonization after Bilateral Lung Transplant: A Six-Year Single-Center Experience.

Fungal infections (FIs) are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality within the first year of lung transplant (LT) in LT recipients (LTRs). Their prompt identification and treatment are crucial for a favorable LTR outcome. The objectives of our study were to assess (i) the FI incidence and colonization during the first year after a bilateral LT, (ii) the risk factors associated with FI and colonization, and (iii) the differences in fungal incidence according to the different prophylactic strategies. All bilateral LTRs admitted to the intensive care unit of Padua University Hospital were retrospectively screened, excluding patients <18 years of age, those who had been re-transplanted, and those who had received ventilation and/or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation before LT. Overall, 157 patients were included. A total of 13 (8%) patients developed FI, and 36 (23%) developed colonization, which was mostly due to Aspergillus spp. We did not identify independent risk factors for FI. Groups of patients receiving different prophylactic strategies reported a similar incidence of both FI and colonization. The incidence of FI and fungal colonization was 8% and 23%, respectively, with no differences between different antifungal prophylaxes or identified predisposing factors. Further studies with larger numbers are needed to confirm our results.

Incidence and Impact of Fungal Infections in Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide-Based Graft-versus-Host Disease Prophylaxis and Haploidentical Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: A Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research Analysis

Patients who underwent their first HCT between 2012 and 2017 for acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and myelodysplastic syndrome and received a related haploidentical transplant with PTCy (HaploCy; n=757) or a Sib transplant with PTCy (SibCy; n=403) or CNI (SibCNI; n=1605) were analyzed. The incidence of FI by day 180 post-HCT was calculated as cumulative incidence with death as the competing risk. The associations of FI with overall survival, transplant-related mortality, chronic GVHD, and relapse at 2 years post-HCT were examined in Cox proportional hazards regression models. Factors significantly associated with the outcome variable at a 1% level were kept in the final model. By day 180 post-HCT, 56 (7%) HaploCy, 24 (6%), SibCy, and 59 (4%) SibCNI recipients developed ≥1 FI (P < .001). The cumulative incidence of yeast FI was 5.2% (99% confidence interval [CI], 3.3% to 7.3%) for HaploCy, 2.2% (99% CI, .7% to 4.5%) for SibCy, and 1.9% (99% CI, 1.1% to 2.9%) for SibCNI (P=.001), and that of mold FI was 2.9% (99% CI, 1.5% to 4.7%), 3.7% (99% CI, 91.7% to 6.6%), and 1.7% (99% CI, 1.0% to 2.6%), respectively (P=.040). FI was associated with an increased risk of death, with an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 4.06 (99% CI, 2.2 to 7.6) for HaploCy, 4.7 (99% CI, 2.0 to 11.0) for SibCy, and 3.4 (99% CI, 1.8 to 6.4) for SibCNI compared with SibCNI without FI (P < .0001 for all). Similar associations were noted for transplantation-related mortality. FI did not impact rates of relapse or chronic GVHD. Rates of FI by day 180 ranged between 1.9% and 5.2% for yeast FI and from 1.7% to 3.7% for mold FI across the 3 cohorts. The use of PTCy was associated with higher rates of yeast FI only in HaploHCT and with mold FI in both HaploHCT and SibHCT. The presence of FI by day 180 was associated with increased risk for overall mortality and transplant-related mortality at 2 years regardless of donor type or PTCy use. Although rates of FI were low with PTCy, FI is associated with an increased risk of death, underscoring the need for improved management strategies.

Prevalence of Non-Dermatophytic Molds in Toenails among Diabetic Patients in Homs, Syria

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for fungal infections, including onychomycosis. The study aims to determine the prevalence of toenail onychomycosis in diabetic patients and its correlation with associated factors, identify the causative agents and compare the fungal culture findings with the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) findings of diagnosing 6 fungal isolates. A total of 126 diabetic patients were included between November 2020 to June 2021. Nail samples were subjected to potassium hydroxide 20%. Culture was done on Sabouraud dextrose agar medium (SDA), both with and without cycloheximide. Identification of non-dermatophytic molds was based on colony characteristics, colony reverse, cello-tape flag method and slide culture technique. Molecular analysis was done to make sure of the identification of 6 fungal isolates. Out of 126 cases, 106 (84.1%) had toenails onychomycosis. Non-dermatophytic molds (NDM) were the most common isolates 75 (70.8%), followed by yeasts 8 (7.5%) and mixed infections 23 (21.7%). Distal lateral subungual onychomycosis (DLSO) was the most frequent clinical type 90 (85%). Onychomycosis was found to correlate significantly with advancing age, type 2 diabetes, its duration and clinically abnormal nails. However, there was no significant correlation with gender and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C). When the results obtained by RT-PCR were compared with the results obtained by fungal culture, a 100% match of the isolates was found.

Clinical Characteristics of Central Nervous System Phaeohyphomycosis: A Brief Report of 20 years' Experience.

Central nervous system (CNS) phaeohyphomycosis is a rare and often fatal fungal infection. Our study reported a case series of eight CNS phaeohyphomycosis cases at our institution over the past 20 years. We did not observe common pattern of risk factors, abscess location, or number of abscesses among them. Most patients were immunocompetent without classic risk factors for fungal infection. Early diagnosis and aggressive management with surgical intervention and prolonged antifungal therapy can lead to a favorable outcome. The study highlights the need for further research to better understand the pathogenesis and optimal management of this challenging rare infection.

Updated estimation of the burden of fungal disease in Vietnam.

Anecdotally, the burden of fungal diseases in Vietnam is rapidly rising, but there has been no updated estimate on this issue since a previous report in 2015. In this study, we aimed at estimating the incidence and prevalence of serious fungal infections for the year 2020. We made estimates with a previously described methodology, using reports on the incidence and prevalence of various established risk factors for fungal infections from local, regional or global sources. We estimated 2,389,661 cases of serious fungal infection occurred in Vietnam in 2020. The most common condition was recurrent vaginal candidiasis (4047/100,000 women annually). Among people living with HIV, we estimated 451 cases of cryptococcal meningitis, 1030 of pneumocystis pneumonia, 166 of histoplasmosis and 1612 of talaromycosis annually. Candidaemia incidence was estimated at 12/100,000 population each year. Owing to its high burden of tuberculosis and respiratory diseases, Vietnam had high rates of severe infections caused by Aspergillus species. Incidence of invasive aspergillosis is 24/100,000 population, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis 78/100,000 and severe asthma with fungal sensitisation 102/100,000. Five-year period prevalence of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis is 120/100,000 population /5-year period. Mucormycosis, fungal keratitis and tinea capitis were estimated at 192, 14,431 and 201 episodes each year, respectively. The number of patients with mycoses in Vietnam is likely underestimated due to a lack of local data and limited diagnostic capacity, but at least 2.5% of the population might have some form of serious fungal disease.

Race and ethnicity: Risk factors for fungal infections?

Racial and ethnic identities, largely understood as social rather than biologic constructs, may impact risk for acquiring infectious diseases, including fungal infections. Risk factors may include genetic and immunologic differences such as aberrations in host immune response, host polymorphisms, and epigenomic factors stemming from environmental exposures and underlying social determinants of health. In addition, certain racial and ethnic groups may be predisposed to diseases that increase risk for fungal infections, as well as disparities in healthcare access and health insurance. In this review, we analyzed racial and ethnic identities as risk factors for acquiring fungal infections, as well as race and ethnicity as they relate to risk for severe disease from fungal infections. Risk factors for invasive mold infections such as aspergillosis largely appear related to environmental differences and underlying social determinants of health, although immunologic aberrations and genetic polymorphisms may contribute in some circumstances. Although black and African American individuals appear to be at high risk for superficial and invasive Candida infections and cryptococcosis, the reasons for this are unclear and may be related to underling social determinants of health, disparities in access to healthcare, and other socioeconomic disparities. Risk factors for all the endemic fungi are likely largely related to underlying social determinants of health, socioeconomic, and health disparities, although immunologic mechanisms likely play a role as well, particularly in disseminated coccidioidomycosis.

Pulmonary aspergilloma after previous COVID-19: a case report and a literature review

Pulmonary aspergillosis has always been considered as a disease that occurs in patients with certain risk factors for its development. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that fungal complications are common in patients without aspergillosis risk factors. Thus, invasive aspergillosis is a common complication of COVID-19. There are rare reports of aspergilloma that developed after a severe coronavirus infection in individuals who did not previously have cavitary lesions in the lungs. Development of aspergilloma as an expected long-term complication after COVID-19 may be due to damage of lung structure caused by coronavirus infection, oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation. This article describes a case report of aspergilloma in a patient with confirmed severe COVID-19 and background chronic diseases without risk factors for fungal infection. A review of publications on the development of aspergilloma in patients following COVID-19 is also presented.

Analysis of risk factors of fungal superinfections in viral pneumonia patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Infections with fungi, such as Aspergillus species, have been found as common complications of viral pneumonia. This study aims to determine the risk factors of fungal superinfections in viral pneumonia patients using meta-analysis. This study aims to determine the risk factors of fungal infection s in viral pneumonia patients using meta-analysis. We reviewed primary literature about fungal infection in viral pneumonia patients published between January 1, 2010 and September 30, 2020, in the Chinese Biomedical Literature, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang (China), Cochrane Central Library, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. These studies were subjected to an array of statistical analyses, including risk of bias and sensitivity analyses. In this study, we found a statistically significant difference in the incidence of fungal infections in viral pneumonia patients that received corticosteroid treatment as compared to those without corticosteroid treatment (p < .00001). Additionally, regarding the severity of fungal infections, we observed significant higher incidence of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in patients with high Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation(APACHE) II scores (p < .001), tumors (p = .005), or immunocompromised patients (p < .0001). Our research shows that corticosteroid treatment was an important risk factor for the development of fungal infection in patients with viral pneumonia. High APACHE II scores, tumors, and immunocompromised condition are also important risk factors of developing IPA. The diagnosis of fungal infection in viral pneumonia patients can be facilitated by early serum galactomannan (GM) testing, bronchoalveolar lavage fluidAspergillus antigen testing, culture, and biopsy.

A Case of Gastric Mucormycosis in a 21-Year-Old Patient With Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

Mucormycosis is an angioinvasive, opportunistic infection. Diabetes Mellitus and immunosuppression are the most common risk factors for fungal infection. Without prompt treatment, the infection can be fatal. A 21-year-old male patient presented with gastritis-like symptoms refractory to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy. He recently received treatment for Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), confirmed by bone marrow biopsy and fungal sinusitis. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) revealed extensive gastric involvement by Mucormycosis. The patient was given antifungal drugs and a resection of necrotic stomach tissue. Gastric mucormycosis is a rare presentation of the angioinvasive fungus. The patient's young age and lack of distinguishing risk factors such as diabetes or immunosuppression are also unusual. Furthermore, the patient's unique presentation with gastric mucormycosis compounded by a recent diagnosis of Hemophagocytosis lymphohistiocytosis produces a valuable case study in management.

Liposomal amphotericin B-the present.

Most invasive fungal infections are opportunistic in nature but the epidemiology is constantly changing, with new risk groups being identified. Neutropenia is a classical risk factor for fungal infections, while critically ill patients in the ICU are now increasingly at risk of yeast and mould infections. Factors to be considered when choosing antifungal treatment include the emergence of rarer fungal pathogens, the risk of resistance to azoles and echinocandins and the possibility of drug-drug interactions. Liposomal amphotericin B has retained its place in the therapeutic armamentarium based on its clinical profile: a broad spectrum of antifungal activity with a low risk of resistance, predictable pharmacokinetics with a rapid accumulation at the infection site (including biofilms), a low potential for drug-drug interactions and a low risk of acute and chronic treatment-limiting toxicities versus other formulations of amphotericin B. It is a suitable choice for the first-line empirical or pre-emptive treatment of suspected fungal infections in neutropenic haematology patients and is an excellent alternative for patients with documented fungal disease who can no longer tolerate or continue their first-line azole or echinocandin therapy, both in the haematology setting and in the ICU. Moreover, it is the first-line drug of choice for the treatment of invasive mucormycosis. Finally, liposomal amphotericin B is one of the few antifungal agents approved for use in children of all ages over 1 month and is included in paediatric-specific guidelines for the management of fungal disease.

Serological evidence of chronic pulmonary Aspergillosis in tuberculosis patients in Kenya

BackgroundPulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is a significant risk factor for fungal infection. The cavitary lesions post PTB serves as a good reservoir for fungal colonization and subsequent infection. Furthermore, the severe immunosuppression associated with HIV and TB co-infection is another predisposition. The inadequate capacity to investigate and manage fungal infection in PTB patients increases their morbidity and mortality. The study aimed to provide serological evidence of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) among PTB patients in Kenya. Towards this, we analysed 234 serum samples from patients presenting with persistent clinical features of PTB infections despite TB treatment in four referral hospitals.MethodsThis was a cross sectional laboratory based study and patients were recruited following an informed consent. Serological detection of Aspergillus fumigatus IgG was done using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Bordier Affinity Products SA). Sputum samples were subjected to microscopy and standard fungal culture. The isolated fungi were subjected to macro and micro morphological identifications and confirmed by sequence analysis of calmadulin, betatubilin and ITS genes.ResultsSerological evidence of CPA or fungal sensitization was 46(19.7%) and equivocal or borderline was 14(6.0%). Mycological investigations of sputum resulted in 88(38%) positive for fungal culture. Aspergillus spp. accounted for 25(28%) of which A. fumigatus was 13(14.8%), A. niger 8(9.1%), A. terreus, A. flavus, A. candidus and A. clavatus 1 (1.1%) each. This was followed by Penicillium spp. 10 (11.4%), Scedosporium spp. 5 (5.7%) and Rhizopus spp. 3 (3.4%). Among the yeasts; Candida albicans accounted for 18(20.5%) followed by C. glabrata 5(5.7%). Cryptococcus spp. was isolated from 3(3.4%) of the samples while 13(14.8%) were other yeasts.ConclusionChronic pulmonary aspergillosis is a significant co-morbidity in PTB patients in Kenya that could be misdiagnosed as relapse or treatment failures in the absence of reliable diagnostic and clinical management algorithm. It could be the cause of persistent clinical symptoms despite TB treatment often misdiagnosed as TB smear/GeneXpert MTB/RIF® negative or relapse. We recommend that all patients with persistent clinical symptoms despite TB treatment should be subjected to fungal investigations before retreatment.

P406 Rise in HIV negative Cryptococcal infection in liver disease patient: epidemiology, risk factor, antifungal susceptibility profile from tertiary care hepatobiliary center

Poster session 3, September 23, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PMObjective Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast found ubiquitously in the environment, considered important in immunocompromised individuals with HIV. Non-HIV susceptible groups include malignancies, long-term use of corticosteroids, solid organ transplantation, sarcoidosis, immunosuppressive therapy, and cirrhosis. Cryptococcal infections are rising in HIV-negative cirrhotic patients, accounting for 6-21% of the systemic infections. Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a neglected risk factor for fungal infections. To analyze epidemiology, risk factors, and antifungal susceptibility profile of HIV-negative liver disease patients.Material MethodsThe retrospective study was conducted in tertiary care hepatobiliary center in New Delhi, India from January 2017 to March 2022 after ethical approval. Demographic data, laboratory data, and clinical history of the patients admitted with liver disease and suspected cryptococcal infections were obtained from Hospital records for epidemiology and risk factor analysis. Blood, CSF, serum, urine, and body fluid (Ascitic fluid, peritoneal fluid, pleural fluid, MiniBAL) samples were processed for fungal culture on SDA and SDA with cyclohexamide. Blood and body fluid were also inoculated in an automated blood culture system (BacT/ALERT 3D bioMérieux). Samples were processed for gram stain, India ink, and Cryptococcal antigen. Identification was done by an automated identification system (VITEK 2 compact bioMérieux). The micro-broth dilution method (Sensititre YeastOne colorimetric plate, Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, United States) was used to determine the susceptibility of all Cryptococcus strains to the six antifungal drugs, fluconazole, 5-fluorocytosine, amphotericin B, itraconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole. The results were reported as wild-type (WT) or non-wild-type (non-WT) in accordance with the epidemiological cutoff value (ECV) set for Cryptococcus spp. (Espinel-Ingroff et al., 2012a, b; CLSI, 2018).ResultsWe analyzed 30 patients of suspected cryptococcal infection and obtained 40 C. neoformans isolates from different samples from these patients. Out of 40 samples, C neoformans was isolated from blood (25,62.5%), urine (6,15%), ascitic fluid (4,10%), mini-BAL (2,5%), bone marrow (1,2.5%), CSF (1,2.5%), pleural fluid (1,2.5%). All samples were positive for Cryptococcal antigen. India ink positivity was observed in 56%. Alcoholic liver disease was the most common risk predictive factor seen in 30% of patients. Hepatitis B and C-associated with CLD was seen in 20%. Other risk predictive factors were AKI (70%), diabetes mellitus (20%), TB (10%), autoimmune hepatitis (6.6%), autoimmune disease (autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Sjogren syndrome) (6.6%), Sarcoidosis (3.3%), Hepatocellular carcinoma (3.3%), HIV (3.3%). Hepatic encephalopathy was seen in 70% of patients which mimics the symptoms of C. meningitis.7.5% (3/40), 5% (2/40), 2.5% (1/40), 7.5% (3/40), and 2.5% (1/40) of C. neoformans strains were non-WT to fluconazole, 5-fluorocytosine, amphotericin B, posaconazole, and itraconazole, respectively, but all strains were WT to voriconazole. Overall mortality was 66.6%.ConclusionAbove study shows that liver diseases are an important risk factor for cryptococcal infection owing to immunosuppressed state, use of steroids, and associated comorbidities like DM, TB, AKI, autoimmune disease, Sarcoidosis, hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate and be vigilant about the isolation of Cryptococcus. The use of appropriate antifungals can improve clinical outcomes. As there is increasing resistance to amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, azoles; antifungal susceptibility testing should be done. Cryptococcal antigen detection can be useful in non-CSF samples as well.

Efficacy and safety of caspofungin for patients with hepatic insufficiency

BackgroundTo observe the changes of hepatic function and efficacy of conventional dosage of caspofungin in the treatment of patients with different Child–Pugh scores.MethodsIn total, 200 patients (Child–Pugh A group: 66 patients, Child–Pugh B group: 83 patients, Child–Pugh C group: 51 patients) treated with caspofungin from May 2018 to March 2021 in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University were enrolled. Main investigation items were as follows: sex, age, weight, duration of treatment, dosage, department, underlying diseases, risk factors for fungal infection, albumin, liver enzyme, total bilirubin, serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate. To investigate the changes of liver, kidney function tests and efficacy during the treatments of caspofungin. Patients were divided into three groups according to the duration of treatment of caspofungin:1-week group, 2-week group and 3-week group, respectively.ResultsIn the three groups, albumin, liver enzyme levels, total bilirubin and serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate had no significant difference (P > 0.05). The efficacy of different Child–Pugh scores and different duration of treatment was also significantly different (P > 0.05).ConclusionsCaspofungin is well tolerated and highly effective. And it will not exacerbate the hepatic and renal function when administered with the not-reducing dose, which indicate the clinical application value of caspofungin. Besides, extending the treatment duration has little effect on improving the efficacy of caspofungin. The drug should be withdrawn timely according to the patients’ clinical condition in order to reduce the adverse reactions and economic burden.

Successful management of a cutaneous abscess caused by Candida albicans in a very low birth weight neonate

Fungal sepsis is a sinister infection in the neonatal intensive care unit associated with significant mortality and neurodevelopment sequelae. Very low birth weight and very preterm neonates are often predisposed and manifestations range from mucocutaneous to invasive organ involvement. Prompt recognition and treatment with appropriate antifungal improve survival and neurodevelopmental outcomes. In this report, we describe a neonate with rare dermatological manifestation in the form of a cutaneous fungal abscess with urinary tract involvement. The diagnosis was based on budding yeast cells seen on pus smear examination and culture suggestive of Candida albicans. Risk factors included birth weight <1500 g, placement of central vascular catheter, endotracheal tube, parenteral nutrition, surgical intervention, and use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Amphotericin B deoxycholate and incision and drainage of the abscess were done to manage the abscess successfully. This report highlights the consideration of Candida as an etiological agent for cutaneous abscesses, in case of preterms with risk factors for fungal infection. Evaluation for systemic dissemination is mandatory and management with appropriate antifungal agents is critical for survival.

75. Utility of Fungal Blood Cultures in Portland, Oregon

BackgroundFungal blood cultures (fungal isolators) should be used, if at all, primarily for identification of mold infections. At our institution we noted patients having fungal blood cultures drawn in many other situations, including when the primary team was concerned for candida bloodstream infection. We sought to describe the utility of this practice and of fungal blood cultures in general.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the results of fungal blood cultures for 2 years, from 3/1/2019-3/1/2021. We evaluated the number of episodes, culture results, whether there was a had prior bloodstream infection, and risk factors for fungal infection including renal replacement (RRT), ECMO, and immunosuppression (IS). Immunosuppression was defined as chronic systemic steroid use, recent receipt of high dose steroids within 2 weeks, history of organ transplantation, history of stem cell transplantation, hematologic malignancies, or receipt of a biologic agent.Results187 fungal blood cultures were drawn in 143 patients - 80 cultures in 70 patients from 3/2019-3/2020 and 107 cultures in 73 patients from 3/2020-3/2021. Only 3 patients had positive fungal blood cultures:1 (Candida krusei) from 3/2019-3/2020 and 2 (Candida albicans and Cyrptococcus neoformans) from 3/2020-3/2021; in all 3 cases the organism also grew from standard blood culture isolators. From 3/2019-3/2020, 1/80 cultures were drawn from an individual on ECMO while 15/80 were drawn from individuals on RRT, and 32/80 were in a IS individuals. From 3/2020-3/2021, 45/107 cultures were drawn from an individual on ECMO, 24/107 were drawn in an individual on RRT, and 73/107 were drawn in a IS individuals. The majority of individuals in whom a fungal blood culture was drawn during 3/2020-3/2021 were individuals with COVID-19. Upon chart review most of the cultures were drawn due to concern for candidemia. Results of fungal blood cultures drawn from 3/2019-3/2021 at OHSUConclusionFungal blood cultures have an extremely low yield at our institution, with a 1.6% positivity rate over a 2 year period, and all of those cultures were detected by standard blood culture isolators. Most of these cultures were drawn in situations where this test has no utility. Furthermore, the test has limited utility to detect dimorphic and mold bloodstream infections. Restriction of this test may limit inappropriate use.Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Comparative analysis of infectious complications with outpatient vs. inpatient care for adults with high-risk myeloid neoplasm receiving intensive induction chemotherapy

We recently reported an early hospital discharge (EHD) care strategy following intensive acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-like chemotherapy is safe. To evaluate its impact on infectious outcomes, we compared all adults treated from 8/1/2014 to 7/31/2018 discharging within 72 h of completing chemotherapy (EHD) with hospitalized patients (controls) across 354 induction and 259 post-remission cycles. While overall outcomes were similar, gram-positive bacteremias were more common in EHD patients than control (p<.001), although they received fewer days of IV antimicrobials (p< .001). Notably, cumulative infection risks in EHD patients were similar after induction and post-remission therapy. In multivariable analysis, only EHD status was independently associated with risk for gram-positive bacteremia (p= .01), whereas the only independent risk factor for fungal infection was fluconazole (vs. posaconazole) use (p< .001). The observation of increased rates of gram-positive bacteremias with EHD identifies improvements in catheter management as one area to further increase the safety of this care approach.

Emerging Fungal Threats in Cystic Fibrosis

In the past three decades, fungal respiratory colonization and fungal respiratory infections increasingly raised concern in cystic fibrosis (CF). Reasons for this are a better knowledge of the pathogenicity of fungi, whereby detection is sought in more and more CF centers, but also improvement of detection methods. However, differences in fungal detection rates within and between geographical regions exist and indicate the need for standardization of mycological examination of respiratory secretions. The still existing lack of standardization also complicates the assessment of fungal pathogenicity, relevance of fungal detection and risk factors for fungal infections. Nevertheless, numerous studies have now been conducted on differences in detection methods, epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenicity and therapy of fungal diseases in CF. Meanwhile, some research groups now have classified fungal disease entities in CF and developed diagnostic criteria as well as therapeutic guidelines.The following review presents an overview on fungal species relevant in CF. Cultural detection methods with their respective success rates as well as susceptibility testing will be presented, and the problem of increasing azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus will be highlighted. Next, current data and conflicting evidence on the epidemiology and risk factors for fungal diseases in patients with CF will be discussed. Finally, an overview of fungal disease entities in CF with their current definitions, diagnostic criteria and therapeutic options will be presented.

Epidemiology of fungal infection after hepatobiliary surgeries at National Liver Institute Hospital (Menoufia University)

Objectives To estimate the incidence rate of fungal infections after hepatobiliary surgery and identification of the risk factors. Background Candidemia and disseminated candidiasis are major causes of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients, especially in the ICU, the incidence of invasive candidiasis is on a steady rise because of increasing use of multiple antibiotics and invasive procedures carried out in the ICUs. Participants and methods A prospective cohort hospital-based study was carried out at the National Liver Institute, Menoufia University. The studied group was 210 patients, all of them were examined thoroughly, their data were registered and sampled two times, one at the day of admission to be sure that they are free of fungal infection and the second was after hepatobiliary surgery. A predesigned questionnaire was used, which includes data about personal history, medical history, and suggested risk factors for fungal infections. Results In the present study, the incidence rate of fungal infection among patients who had hepatobiliary surgeries in National Liver Institute was found (45.2%) and by logistic regression analysis of data indicated that the most relevant factors for fungal infection were age (P < 0.001), antibiotic use (P < 0.05), liver disease (P < 0.05), central venous catheter (P < 0.05), urinary catheter (P < 0.05), and ICU hospitalization more than 48 h (P < 0.001). Conclusion High incidence of fungal infection after hepatobiliary surgeries is considered a great health problem. The main risk factors of fungal infection are low immunity, chronic disease, diabetes, hepatitis B virus and/or hepatitis C virus infection, cancer, anemias, organ transplantation, blood transfusion, had central venous catheter, intravenous catheter, had abdominal drain, urinary catheter, parenteral nutrition, history of past operations, and hospitalized in the ICU more than 48 h.

Analysis of clinical characteristics of 43 patients with pulmonary mycosis diagnosed by pathology

To observe the etiological distribution, clinical presentations and imaging features of pulmonary mycosis that is diagnosed by pathology. The etiological distribution, clinical presentations and imaging features of patients with pulmonary mycosis, who were collected in the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University from January 2018 to July 2020, were retrospectively analyzed. The diagnosis of all the patients were confirmed by pathological examination, of lung or bronchi tissue that were obtained through operation, bronchoscope or percutaneous lung puncture biopsy. There were 26 patients' (60.47%, 26/43) pathological specimens were obtained by operation, 14 cases (32.56%, 14/43) were obtained by bronchoscope, and 3 cases (6.98%, 3/43) were obtained by percutaneous lung puncture biopsy. Of the 43 patients who were diagnosed pulmonary mycosis by pathology, 27 patients (62.79%, 27/43) suffered from pulmonary aspergillosis, 11 patients (25.58%, 11/43) suffered from pulmonary cryptococcosis, 3 patients (6.98%, 3/43) suffered from pulmonary mucormycosis, and 2 patients (4.65%, 2/43) suffered from pulmonary candidiasis. There were 27 patients (62.79%, 27/43) with pulmonary fungal disease complicating risk factors of fungal infection, including diabetes mellitus (23.26%,10/43), malignant tumor (16.28%, 7/43), bronchiectasis (9.30%, 4/43), hepatitis B virus (HBV) carrier (6.98%, 3/43), taking glucocorticoids (4.65%, 2/43), pulmonary tuberculosis (4.65%, 2/43), and chemotherapy following colon carcinoma operation (2.33%, 1/43). The common clinical presentations included cough (55.81%, 24/43), expectoration (48.84%, 21/43), hemoptysis (37.21%, 16/43), fever (20.93%, 9/43), gasping (18.60%, 8/43), chest pain (16.28%, 7/43), and hoarseness (3.13%, 1/43). Imaging features of chest included lung nodes in 20 cases (46.51%, 20/43), vascular welt sign in 12 cases (27.91%, 12/43), exudative process in 10 cases (23.26%, 10/43), lung mass or consolidation in 8 cases (18.60%, 8/43), cavitary lesions in 7 cases (16.28%, 7/43), thicken bronchus wall and narrow lumina in 6 cases (13.95%, 6/43), air crescent in 5 cases (11.63%, 5/43). The pulmonary aspergillosis and cryptococcosis are mainly in pulmonary mycosis diagnosed by pathology. The common complications are diabetes mellitus and malignant tumor. The common clinical presentations are cough, expectoration, and hemoptysis. The main imaging features of chest are lung nodes and vascular welt sign can be found in most of pulmonary cryptococcosis.