Risk Factor For Essential Hypertension Research Articles

ACE I/D and A2350G Polymorphisms are Correlated with Body Mass Index, but Not with Body Weight and Essential Hypertension: Study in Javanese Postmenopausal Women

Background: Genetics was one of the risk factors for essential hypertension (EH). Research on ACE I/D and A2350G polymorphisms associated with risk factors for hypertension in Indonesia has never been done. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the relationship between the genotype and alleles of this gene with EH, body weight, and body mass index (BMI) in Javanese postmenopausal women.Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study involved 69 postmenopausal Javanese women according to several criteria related with hypertension risk factors. The data were obtained from the measurement and questionnaire results, along with Towards Health Card Records. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) genotyping method used was the restriction fragment length polymorphism and allele-specific.Results: The prevalence of hypertension, prehypertension, and normotension in Javanese postmenopausal women were 0.246, 0.13, and 0.623, respectively. The frequency of BMI classification as underweight, normal, overweight, or obese were 0.029, 0.42, 0.261, and 0.29, respectively. The ACE I/D and A2350G polymorphism variant genotypes and frequencies found were II (0.464), ID (0.522), DD (0.014), and AA (1). Meanwhile, the alleles and their frequencies at ACE I/D gene polymorphism were I (0.725) and D (0.275). The II and ID genotype was mostly found in normotension subjects. The DD genotype was only available in hypertension subjects. There was no association between genotypes and alleles of ACE I/D, hypertension, body weight, and BMI classification (p>0.05). There was an association between these genotypes, alleles, and BMI (p<0.05).Conclusion: ACE I/D polymorphism is susceptible for BMI in Javanese postmenopausal women.Keywords: Javanese postmenopausal, essential hypertension, ACE I/D, ACE A2350G

Aminotransferases as causal factors for metabolic syndrome: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.

Circulating aminotransferases (ALT and AST) have been used as biomarkers for liver injury. The causal relationships between aminotransferases and metabolic syndrome remain ambiguous. We conducted bidirectional and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses between aminotransferases and traits related to metabolic syndrome using genetic variants obtained from genome-wide association studies (GWASs). MR-PRESSO tests were adopted to remove outliers and eliminate pleiotropy. MR steiger tests were conducted to ensure the correct direction of the causal effects. Both aminotransferases were risk factors for essential hypertension. ALT is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. The bidirectional causal relationship between ALT and hyperglycemia, serum lipids, and obesity was demonstrated. The effect of fasting glucose on AST was demonstrated, while type 2 diabetes did not affect AST. The effect of HDL-C on ALT and the effect of triglycerides on AST were found in multivariable MR analyses. Our bidirectional MR analyses suggest that ALT and AST are causally associated with several metabolic syndrome-related traits, especially hypertension and type 2 diabetes. These findings highlight the potential role of aminotransferases as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for metabolic syndrome.

Causal Relationship Between Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Hypertension: AMendelian Randomization Study.

This study aimed to investigate the causal relationships between branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and the risks of hypertension via meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization analysis. A meta-analysis of 32 845 subjects was conducted to evaluate the relationships between BCAAs and hypertension. In Mendelian randomization analysis, independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with BCAAs at the genome-wide significance level were selected as the instrumental variables. Meanwhile, the summary-level data for essential hypertension and secondary hypertension end points were obtained from the FinnGen study. As suggested by the meta-analysis results, elevated BCAA levels were associated with a higher risk of hypertension (isoleucine: summary odds ratio, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.08-1.47]; leucine: summary odds ratio, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.07-1.52]; valine: summary odds ratio, 1.32 [95% CI, 1.12-1.57]). Moreover, the inverse variance-weighted method demonstrated that an elevated circulating isoleucine level might be the causal risk factor for essential hypertension but not secondary hypertension (essential hypertension: odds ratio, 1.22 [95% CI, 1.12-1.34]; secondary hypertension: odds ratio, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.54-1.68]). The increased levels of 3 BCAAs positively correlated with an increased risk of hypertension. Particularly, elevated isoleucine level is a causal risk factor for essential hypertension. Increased levels of leucine and valine also tend to increase the risk of essential hypertension, but further verification is still warranted.

The Association of M235T Genetic Polymorphism in Angiotensinogen Gene and Other Non-Genetic Factors with Essential Hypertension among Jordanian Patients.

Hypertension, characterized by elevated pressure, poses a significant health risk. Recent studies in Jordan highlight high hypertension rates, emphasizing the need for genetic investigations to comprehend essential hypertension determinants. The AGT gene, part of the Renin Angiotensin System, is linked to blood pressure regulation. Limited information exists on the frequency of this polymorphism among Jordanian hypertensive patients. This study explores the association between the AGT M235T polymorphism and essential hypertension in Jordan. A cross-sectional study with 435 participants (199 hypertensive, 236 non-hypertensive) was conducted at the University of Jordan Hospital. Blood pressure was measured, and genetic analysis of the AGT M235T polymorphism was completed using the PCR-RFLP technique. Chi-square and t-tests were used for comparisons using SPSS software. Hypertensive patients exhibited significantly higher weight, BMI, and blood pressure. Genotyping results showed no significant difference (p > 0.05, Chi-square) in AGT M235T polymorphism distribution between control and patient groups. In addition, allele frequencies showed comparable patterns (p > 0.05, Chi-square). All genotype frequencies showed no deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equation (p > 0.05, Chi-square). The AGT M235T genetic polymorphism is not more prevalent among hypertensive patients in Jordan, although the average weight and BMI among hypertensive patients is higher than the non-hypertensive participants. Obesity can be addressed as a potential risk factor for essential hypertension in Jordan. In addition, it is recommended to find out the influence of the AGT M235T genetic polymorphism on the response of antihypertensive drugs among hypertensive patients in Jordan.

Assessment of the Performance of Obesity Measures in the Screening of Hypertension in a South African Adolescent Population.

Obesity is known to be one of the most significant risk factors for essential hypertension in childhood. However, whether obesity cut-offs may predict hypertension screening in adolescents remains controversial. This study investigated the performance of obesity cut-off values for the screening of hypertension in a South African adolescent population. In this cross-sectional study, 1144 adolescents aged between 11 and 17 years were recruited from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Anthropometric and blood pressure (BP) parameters including diastolic blood pressure (DBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and heart rate (HR) were measured. Assessment of the sensitivity and specific of obesity cut-off values in predicting hypertension was performed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Obesity was positively associated (p < 0.01) with hypertension. Obese individuals, based on the predicted obesity using BMI percentile cut-off (pBMI85.2%), were more likely to develop hypertension (odds ratio: 2.070; p < 0.001) than their counterparts based on the observed obesity cut-off (pBMI95%) (Odd ratio: 1.748 p = 0.004). The area under the curve (AUC) of BMI percentile and WHtR for screening SBP percentile, and DBP percentile and HR as per ROC analysis, was low (<0.65). Equally, the sensitivity and specificity were low (<0.6) for all BP measures (SBP, DBP, and HR). Furthermore, the cut-off values for blood pressure measures, as established by ROC analysis using anthropometric measures, were far below the recommended cut-off values for hypertension screening. The obesity cut-offs for BMI percentile and WHtR established in this populations showed poor performance in diagnosing hypertension even though they were strong predictors of hypertension.

RISK CONFERRED BY POLYMORPHIC VARIANTS OF VITAMIN D RECEPTOR (VDR) AND ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR (AGTR1) GENES FOR ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION

Objective: The aim of this study was to establish the role of 1166A&gt;C polymorphism of the AGTR1 gene (rs5186) and A/G polymorphism of the VDR gene (rs2228570) in risk prediction of essential hypertension (EH). Design and method: The study included patients with EH and hypertensive-mediated organs damage (2nd stage), moderate, high/very high cardiovascular risk. 100 subjects were involved in the case-control study. There were 70.84% females, 29.16% males among them, the mean age was 57.86±7.81 yo. Age- and gender-matched controls (n = 60) whose blood pressure measurements were in normal range and without any apparent diseases were randomly selected to compare with the patient data. In order to detect AGTR1 (rs5186) and VDR (rs2228570) gene polymorphism the qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was done. AGTR1 gene genotyping was performed for 72 patients and 48 healthy individuals and VDR gene – for 100 patients and 60 healthy subjects. Results: The distribution of genotypes and alleles AGTR1 (rs5186) and VDR (rs2228570) in the study and control groups did not differ significantly (p&gt;0.05). C-allele of AGTR1 gene (rs5186) increases the risk of EAH more than 2 times [OR–2.31; 95% CI OR:1.19–4.47; p = 0.011], as well as AC- and the combination of AC- + CC-genotypes [OR–2.09; 95% CI OR:1.03–4.25; p = 0.038 and OR–2.30; 95% CI OR:1.14–4.64; p = 0.017]. The epidemiological analysis showed that polymorphic variants VDR (rs2228570) genes are not the risk factors of EH in the observed. Although, the combination of wild alleles of both genes in the homozygous state (AAAGTR1/AAVDR) makes a protective effect [OR = 0,42; OR 95%CI:0,18-1,0; ⇙2 = 3,74; p = 0,05], the combination of minor alleles (C-allele AGTR1 /AAVDR+C-allele AGTR1/AGVDR) increases the risk of EH more than threefold [OR = 3,36; OR 95%CI:1,24-9,09; ⇙2 = 5,88; p = 0,015]. Conclusions: Genotypes and alleles of VDR (rs2228570) gene are not associated with the risk of developing EH in the examined. C-allele of AGTR1 gene (rs5186) increases the risk of hypertension more than 2 times [OR–2.31; p = 0.011]. Combination of minor C-allele of AGTR1 gene and A-allele of VDR gene (C-allele AGTR1 /AAVDR+C-allele AGTR1/AGVDR) escalates the risk of EH more than 3 times [OR = 3,36; p = 0,015].

Serum creatinine to bilirubin ratio associated with essential hypertension.

Previous studies have shown that serum bilirubin (BIL) is significantly decreased, and serum creatinine (Cr) level is increased in patients with essential hypertension (EH). In this paper, the ratio of serum Cr to BIL was measured to explore whether the ratio was associated with EH risk. 80 EH cases were selected as the observation group. 44 cases with normal blood pressure were selected as the control group. Serum Cr and BIL levels were detected, and the ratio values were calculated. Compared with the control group, the Cr to total bilirubin (TBIL) ratio (Cr/TBIL, CTR), Cr to direct bilirubin (DBIL) ratio (Cr/DBIL, CDR) and Cr to indirect bilirubin (IBIL) ratio (Cr/IBIL, CIR) in the EH group were significantly increased (p<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that EH risk was positively correlated with CTR and CIR, while it was negatively correlated with serum BIL (p<0.05). The area under the ROC curve of CTR, CDR and CIR in diagnosing EH were 0.719 (95% CI: 0.631-0.796) (p<0.001), 0.700 (95% CI: 0.611-0.779) (p<0.001) and 0.716 (95% CI: 0.628-0.793) (p<0.001), respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that CTR, CDR and CIR were independent risk factors for EH (CTR OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.11-1.48, p=0.0008), (CDR OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.003-1.067, p=0.032), (CIR OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.07-1.29, p=0.001). CTR and CIR are positively correlated with the incidence of EH. With the increase of blood pressure, CTR and CIR increase. CTR and CIR are independent risk factors for the incidence of EH.

Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) C677T and A1298C Gene Polymorphism as Risk Factors for Essential Hypertension

Hypertension has relatively large morbidity and mortality rates throughout the world, including in Indonesia. The prevalence of hypertension tends to be greater in patients with a family history of hypertension. This is thought to be influenced by polymorphisms in the

APOE Genetic Polymorphism rs7412 T/T Genotype May Be a Risk Factor for Essential Hypertension among Hakka People in Southern China.

Objective One of the causes of hypertension is a genetic factor. The purpose of this study was to look at the relationship between apolipoprotein E (APOE) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms and essential hypertension in the Hakka population. Methods The study included 2,850 patients with hypertension and 2,034 controls. APOE rs429358, rs7412, and MTHFR rs1801133 were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-microarray. The differences in these polymorphisms between the two groups were analyzed. Results The genotype and allele frequency of APOE and MTHFR polymorphisms did not differ significantly between hypertensive patients and controls. Patients with hypertension who were APOE rs429358C/C homozygous had higher TG, TC, LDL-C, and Apo-B levels, whereas patients with the T/T genotype had higher HDL-C levels. Patients with hypertension who were APOE rs7412T/T homozygous had higher TG and TC levels and lower LDL-C and Apo-B levels. Homocysteine (Hcy) levels in patients with MTHFR CC, CT, and TT genotypes were increased, while patients with the TT genotype and T allele had higher Hcy levels than those of patients with other genotypes and the C allele. The APOE rs7412T/T genotype in the co-dominant model (APOE rs7412T/T vs. C/C) (gender-, age-, smoking-, and drinking-adjusted OR 2.682, 95% CI, 1.072–6.710, P=0.035) was a significant risk factor for hypertension. The APOE rs429358 and MTHFR rs1801133 genotypes in co-dominant, dominant, and recessive models were not significant risk factors for hypertension. Conclusions It supports that APOE polymorphisms are related to hypertension in the Hakka population. Specifically, the APOE rs7412T/T genotype may be a risk factor for hypertension.

ACE I/D genetic polymorphism as a risk factor of essential hypertension

Examining genetic mechanisms of essential hypertension as a cardiovascular risk factor will make it possible to provide monitoring of public health using a personified approach to early diagnostics of cardiovascular pathologies. This will raise effectiveness of preventive activities aimed at reducing population mortality. Our research goal was to examine features of ACE (the angiotensin-converting enzyme) I/D gene polymorphism (rs4646994) as a risk factor of essential hypertension. Our test group included 35 people with diagnosed essential hypertension; the reference group was made of 34 relatively healthy people. Lipid spectrum indicators were estimated with an automated or semi-automated analyzer or by calculation. Insulin and cytokines were determined by using the enzyme immunoassay. Genotyping was performed by using the polymerase chain reaction in real time mode. The research results revealed that the examined patients with essential hypertension had authentic differences from the reference group regarding BMI, lipid spectrum indicators with very low density lipoproteins and triglycerides contents being by 1.3 times higher; insulin contents, by 1.9 times higher; IL-6 contents, by 2.2 times higher; and VEGF, by 1.4 times higher. Genetic analysis revealed 1.3-time higher prevalence of the D-allele of the ACE I/D gene in the patients with essential hypertension (we showed that the dominant inheritance was adequate, P = 0.041). The carriage of this allele was associated with the analyzed disease (OR = 3.16; 95 % CI = 1.08–9.20). We showed an association between insertion-deletion polymorphisms of the ACE (the angiotensin-converting enzyme) I/D gene and developing essential hypertension in the examined test group (the relative risk was RR = 1.87; 95 % CI =1.07–3.61). This polymorphism can be considered a potential marker of sensitivity to developing essential hypertension.

Association of Nap Frequency With Hypertension or Ischemic Stroke Supported by Prospective Cohort Data and Mendelian Randomization in Predominantly Middle-Aged European Subjects.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between daytime napping frequency and the incidence of essential hypertension or stroke as well as to validate causality in this relationship via Mendelian randomization (MR). We conducted Cox regression analysis on 358 451 participants free of hypertension or stroke from UK Biobank. To validate the results of the observational analysis, we conducted a 2-sample MR for daytime napping frequency (123 single-nucleotide polymorphisms) with essential hypertension in FinnGen Biobank, stroke, and ischemic stroke in MEGASTROKE consortium and performed a corresponding 1-sample MR on the UK Biobank data. Compared with never napping, usually napping was associated with a higher risk of essential hypertension (hazard ratio, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.08-1.17]), stroke (hazard ratio, 1.24 [95% CI, 1.10-1.39], and ischemic stroke (hazard ratio, 1.20 [95% CI, 1.05-1.36]) in our prospective observational analysis. Both the 1-sample and 2-sample MR results indicated that increased daytime napping frequency was likely to be a potential causal risk factor for essential hypertension in FinnGEN (odds ratio, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.06-1.92]) and UK Biobank (odds ratio, 1.40 [95% CI, 1.28-1.58]). The 2-sample MR results supported the potential causal effect of nap frequency on ischemic stroke in MEGASTROKE (odds ratio, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.04-1.62]). Prospective observational and MR analyses provided evidence that increased daytime nap frequency may represent a potential causal risk factor for essential hypertension. The potential causal association of increased nap frequency with ischemic stroke was supported by 2-sample MR and prospective observational results.

Генетический полиморфизм ACE I/D как фактор риска развития эссенциальной гипертензии

Examining genetic mechanisms of essential hypertension as a cardiovascular risk factor will make it possible to provide monitoring of public health using a personified approach to early diagnostics of cardiovascular pathologies. This will raise effectiveness of preventive activities aimed at reducing population mortality. Our research goal was to examine features of ACE (the angiotensin-converting enzyme) I/D gene polymorphism (rs4646994) as a risk factor of essential hypertension. Our test group included 35 people with diagnosed essential hypertension; the reference group was made of 34 relatively healthy people. Lipid spectrum indicators were estimated with an automated or semi-automated analyzer or by calculation. Insulin and cytokines were determined by using the enzyme immunoassay. Genotyping was performed by using the polymerase chain reaction in real time mode. The research results revealed that the examined patients with essential hypertension had authentic differences from the reference group regarding BMI, lipid spectrum indicators with very low density lipoproteins and triglycerides contents being by 1.3 times higher; insulin contents, by 1.9 times higher; IL-6 contents, by 2.2 times higher; and VEGF, by 1.4 times higher. Genetic analysis revealed 1.3-time higher prevalence of the D-allele of the ACE I/D gene in the patients with essential hypertension (we showed that the dominant inheritance was adequate, P = 0.041). The carriage of this allele was associated with the analyzed disease (OR = 3.16; 95 % CI = 1.08–9.20). We showed an association between insertion-deletion polymorphisms of the ACE (the angiotensin-converting enzyme) I/D gene and developing essential hypertension in the examined test group (the relative risk was RR = 1.87; 95 % CI =1.07–3.61). This polymorphism can be considered a potential marker of sensitivity to developing essential hypertension.

ADD1 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Are Associated With Essential Hypertension Among Han and Mongolian Population in Inner Mongolia Area.

Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) and α-adducing (ADD1) are candidate genes that play key roles during essential hypertension (EH) incidence. However, the association between their genetic mutations and the risk of EH is unclear. The present study investigated specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from CYP11B2 and ADD1, and their potential role as risk factors for EH based on 423 Mongolian and 410 Han people in Inner Mongolia province. In the allelic model, people with ADD1 rs2239728-A presented a 0.74-fold risk than rs2239728-C, whereas the ADD1 rs4961-T was associated with a 1.37-fold higher risk than allele G in the Han population. The genetic model reported that the rs2239728-A carrier (AA + AC) was 0.59-fold lower than the CC carrier, whereas the rs4961-G carrier (GG + GT) was 0.59-fold lower than the TT carrier in the dominant model. After gender adjustment, people with rs2239728-A was a 0.63-fold risk than –C in EH, but the rs4961-T carrier was associated with a 1.63-times higher risk than –G in females. Haplotype analysis showed that GCCT was associated with essential hypertension in the Han population, and it was a risk factor for EH. Our identification reported novel SNPs of ADD1 with protective significance for EH among females in the Chinese Han population, together with its haplotype GCCT as a risk factor for EH.

Association of RAAS gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to essential hypertension in military secret service personnel

Objective: To analyze the relationship between renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to essential hypertension (EH) in military secret service personnel. Methods: In October 2019, military secret service personnel (162 people) who were recuperating in a sanatorium from January to December 2017 were selected as the research subjects, all of whom were Han and male. The patients (79 people) who were diagnosed with EH according to the diagnostic criteria of hypertension in the "Chinese Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension" (2016 Revised Edition) were the case group, and the people with normal blood pressure (83 people) were the control group. Occupational epidemiological investigation was conducted, 5 ml of fasting cubital venous blood was collected, genomic DNA was extracted by phenol-chloroform method, and RAAS gene polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The distribution differences of genotype and allele frequency between groups were compared, and the relationship between genotype, allele frequency and EH was analyzed. Results: The average age of military secret service personnel was (38.2±5.3) years old, and there was no statistical significance in the average age and the age distribution over 40 years old of the case group and the control group (P>0.05) . There were significant differences in the distribution of AGT gene M235T locus, ACE gene I/D polymorphism genotype and allele between the case group and the control group (P<0.05) . The TT genotype with AGT gene M235T locus (OR=3.28, 95%CI: 1.21-8.91) and DD genotype with ACE gene (OR=2.86, 95%CI: 1.17-7.00) were risk factors for EH in military secret service personnel. Conclusion: The TT genotype of AGT gene M235T and the DD genotype of ACE gene may be the susceptibility genotypes of military secret service personnel for EH.

Assessment of patterns of dyslipidaemia amongst hypertensive patients

Background: Abnormalities in serum lipid and lipoprotein levels (Dyslipidaemia) are recognized as major modifiable cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and have been identified as independent risk factors for essential hypertension giving rise to the term dyslipidemic hypertension. The present study was conducted to assess patterns of dyslipidaemia amongst hypertensive patients.Materials and Methods: 76 hypertensive patients of both genders were recruited. Group I consisted of hypertensive patients and group II had healthy control. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures, Body mass index (BMI), Fasting blood glucose and fasting serum lipid profile was recorded.Results: Group I had 40 males and 36 females and group II had 38 males and 38 females. In group I and group II, SBP (mm Hg) was 162.4 and 116.4, DBP (mm Hg) was 98.4 and 70.2, BMI (kg/m2) was 28.6 and 26.2, WC (cm) was 96.4 and 90.4, WHR was 0.98 and 0.94, FBS (mmol/L) was 5.1 and 4.6, TG was 1.24 and 1.10, HDL-c was 1.26 and 1.24, LDL- c was 3.01 and 2.42 and TC was 4.82 and 4.15 respectively. Elevated TC (≥5.2 mmol/L) was seen in 34% and 7.5%, elevated TG (≥1.7 mmol/L) in 7% and 1%, elevated LDL-C (≥3.4 mmol/L) in 29% and 6.2%, low HDL-C (2 lipid abnormality in 24% and 12% in group I and II respectively. Conclusion: There was high patterns of dyslipidemia amongst hypertensive patients as compared to healthy subjects.

Association of Endothelin-Converting Enzyme and Endothelin-1 Gene Polymorphisms with Essential Hypertension in Malay Ethnics.

Objectives Endothelin-1 (ET-1), the most potent endogenous vasoconstrictor, generated by enzymatic cleavage catalyzed by an endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE), plays a significant role in the regulation of hypertension. Methods This study investigates the effect of endothelin-1 (Lys198Asn/rs5370) and ECE (rs212526 C/T) gene polymorphisms with essential hypertension (EH) among Malay ethnics. To determine the association of gene polymorphism, 177 hypertensives and controls (196) were genotyped using Taqman method. Results A significant difference was observed in ET-1 rs5370 and ECE rs212526 gene polymorphisms between EH and control subjects (P < 0.001). A significantly high body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and lipid profiles were observed among the EH patients when compared to controls (P < 0.05). Moreover, T allele (rs5370) carriers in males have a high risk for EH. There was no significant association between gender in ECE C/T polymorphisms (P > 0.05). Conclusion Based on our result, it is evident that the T allele of ET-1 rs5370 polymorphism and C allele of ECE rs212526 have a significant genetic risk factor in EH among Malay subjects, and BMI and age are associated with hypertension.

Impact of stress and hypertension on the cerebrovasculature.

Both stress and hypertension (HTN) are considered major health problems that negatively impact the cerebral vasculature. In this article we summarize the possible relationship between stress and HTN. We conducted a systematic review of the literature using a database search of MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Psychological stress is known to be an important risk factor for essential hypertension. Acute stress can induce transient elevations of blood pressure in the context of the fight-or-flight response. With increased intensity and duration of a perceived harmful event, the normal physiological response is altered, resulting in a failure to return to the resting levels. These changes are responsible for the development of HTN. Genetic and behavioral factors are also very important for the pathogenesis of hypertension under chronic stress situation. In addition, HTN and chronic stress may lead to impaired auto-regulation, regional vascular remodeling, and breakdown of the blood brain barrier (BBB). The effects of both HTN and chronic stress on the cerebral blood vessels shows that both have common structural and functional effects including endothelial damage with subsequent increased wall thickness, vessel resistance, stiffness, arterial atherosclerosis, and altered hemodynamics. Most of the above mentioned vascular effects of stress were primarily reported in animal models. Further in-vivo standardization of pathological vascular indices and imaging modalities is warranted. Radiological quantification of these cerebrovascular changes is therefore essential for in depth understanding of the healthy and diseased cerebral arteries functions, identification and stratification of patients at risk of cardiovascular and neurological adverse events, enactment of preventive measures prior to the onset of systemic HTN, and the initiation of personalized medical management.

The Association of Angiotensin-converting Enzyme I/D and Angiotensinogen M235T Polymorphism Genes with Essential Hypertension: A Meta-analysis

Objective: Essential or primary hypertension in developing countries has become a major problem. Recent hypertension-related research has revealed susceptibility genes in genome-wide association studies. Several studies have associated angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) I/D and angiotensinogen (AGT) M235T polymorphisms with essential hypertension, but results have been inconsistent. This meta-analysis aimed to clarify the association of AGT and ACE polymorphisms with the risk of primary hypertension.&#x0D; Methods: PubMed, Embase database, Medline, Goggle Scholar, Scopus.com, as well portal Garuda (www.garuda.ristekdikti.go.id) and Cochrane were used to retrieve all publications from 2006-2020 relating risk factors for hypertension with ACE I/D and AGT M235T polymorphisms. The meta-analysis was conducted from January –April 2020. All association studies were identified and data extracted from each study. Revman 5.3 software was used for meta-analysis to estimate odds ratios (OR) after extracting data and evaluating the quality of the enrolled studies.&#x0D; Results: A total of 27 studies (totaling 5,105 patients and 5196 controls) were identified. The overall effect suggested ACE I/D was significantly associated with primary hypertension (OR: 95%CI=1.51[1.29-1.77], p=0.004). There was no association between AGT M235T with risk of essential hypertension.&#x0D; Conclusion: This meta-analysis found significant association between ACE I/D gene polymorphisms with primary hypertension susceptibility. However, the AGT M235T gene had no association with the risk of primary hypertension. The Adrenoreceptor-beta/Renin Angiotensin System (ADRB/RAS) A allele should be considered a risk factor for essential hypertension.

The relationship between apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and essential hypertension and the analysis of the efficacy of nanotechnology

The study aimed to detect the genetic polymorphism of apolipoprotein E (Apo E) in residents of Guizhou, China, explore its relationship with essential hypertension, and discuss the efficacy of nanotechnology in the treatment of hypertension. A total of 200 people in Guizhou, China were detected with Apo E polymorphisms and were divided into groups, The experimental group consists of people with essential hypertension and the control group of normal people. The SPSS 26.0 software was used to determine the correlation between Apo E gene polymorphisms and the essential hypertension risk. Logistic regression analysis was adopted to determine the risk factors of the Apo E gene for essential hypertension. Magnetic nanoparticles are used to help extract DNA, improve efficiency, and analyze the distribution of alleles in the population. The distribution frequencies of the six genotypes of E2/2, E2/3, E3/3, E3/4, E2/4, and E4/4 were 1.0%, 15.5%, 64.0%, 17.0%, 1.5%, and 1.0%, respectively, and the distribution frequencies of the three alleles of ε2, ε3, and ε4 were 9.5%, 80.3%, and 10.3%, respectively. There are more Apo E gene ε4 carriers in the experimental group than the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P &lt;0.05). The Apo E ε4 allele carriers had higher low-density lipoprotein and Apo B levels than the Apo E ε3 and Apo E ε2 gene carriers. Family history of hypertension and Apo E ε4 were both the main risk factors for essential hypertension. This study investigated the relationship between apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and essential hypertension, and extracted DNA by magnetic nanoparticles to help analyze the distribution of alleles in hypertension population, which could provide theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of essential hypertension in Guizhou Province, China.

The Association Between Traditional Chinese Medicine Body Constitution Deviation and Essential Hypertension: A Case-Control Study.

The prevention and treatment of hypertension is valued globally. The World Health Organization advocates combining traditional medicines in the prevention and treatment of diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) assumes that diseases originate from the attenuation of one's body constitution. A few studies have found that hypertension is correlated with TCM body constitution. However, body constitution is also affected by living environment. Therefore, investigating the correlation between deviations in body constitution and essential hypertension in different living environments is necessary to provide the basis for using TCM in combination with conventional Western medicine to prevent and treat hypertension. The aim of this study was to explore the association between TCM body constitution deviation and essential hypertension. A case-control study was designed. Participants were selected from the outpatient clinics and neighboring communities of a regional teaching hospital in southern Taiwan. The study included 210 hypertension and 210 nonhypertension cases. Blood pressures were measured using an electronic sphygmomanometer to confirm the presence or absence of hypertension. The TCM Body Constitution Questionnaire, demographic datasheet, and hypertension-related factors questionnaire were used to collect data. A higher proportion of patients with body constitution deviation were found in the hypertension group than the nonhypertension group. The proportions of patients with Yin-Xu, Yang-Xu, and stasis constitution were 44.8%, 32.4%, and 30.6%, respectively, in the hypertension group and 28.6%, 25.2%, and 19.6%, respectively, in the nonhypertension group. After performing univariate analysis, the results showed significant differences between the two groups in terms of average body mass index; emotional traits of anger, worry, and fear; hyperlipidemia; hyperuricemia; Yin-Xu constitution; and stasis constitution. However, the multivariate analysis revealed having a Yin-Xu constitution to be a risk factor of essential hypertension after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, emotional traits, drinking habit, hyperlipidemia, and hyperuricemia. The results suggest that Yin-Xu and stasis constitutions are respectively associated with essential hypertension. The findings offer a valuable reference to governments and healthcare professionals to prevent the risk of essential hypertension. Screening and healthcare measures for TCM Yin-Xu or stasis constitution may be included in related prevention plans to minimize public exposure to the risk factors of essential hypertension.