Risk Factors For Catheter-related Thrombosis Research Articles

Central Venous Catheter-associated Venous Thromboembolism in Children: A Prospective Observational Study.

Our objective was to study the proportion of children developing Catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) following central venous Catheter (CVC) insertion and the risk factors of CRT in pediatric patients with CVC. One hundred four children aged 29 days to 18 years who had a percutaneous non-tunneled CVC inserted were enrolled. Ultrasonogram (USG) with venous Doppler scan was performed within 48 hours of CVC removal to diagnose CRT. The major indications for CVC insertion were surgical care 34 (32.6%) and ICU care 28(26.9%). The median age of the patients was 3 years, and 75% were males. The median number of CVC days was 10 (IQR 5.15). CRT was seen in 45(43.3%), of which 33 (73.3%) were asymptomatic. The rate of CRT was 35.69 cases per 1000 CVC days (95% CI 26.03-47.75). The number of days a catheter was in place and USG-guided catheter insertion was a significant risk factor. The multivariate logistic regression model showed that the duration of CVC in situ was independently associated with the development of CRT (OR, 1.06; 95% CI 1.0-1.1; P =0.02). CVC duration was a major risk factor for the development of CRT. There was a higher risk of developing a symptomatic CRT with central venous catheters than hemodialysis sheaths.

Risk factors for central venous catheter-related thrombosis in hospitalized children: a single-center a retrospective cohort study.

This study aimed to explore the risk factors of catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) in children in Southwest China who underwent central venous catheter (CVC) insertion. An observational cohort study was conducted at a single tertiary center in southwest China between November 2019 and February 2020. All patients who received a CVC were enrolled and Doppler-ultrasound examination was performed weekly until CVC removal. All patients in this study were hospitalized and were observed and followed up in this hospital. Patient demographics, medication, biochemical indexes, catheter maintenance practice, activities after CVC placement data were analyzed. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the incidence of CRT, and the Cox regression model was used to analyze the factors influencing CRT. A total of 594 children were included in the study, and the median indwelling time was 10 days, with the shortest being 1 day and the longest 60 days. The overall incidence of CRT was 26.60% (158/594), the 15-day cumulative incidence rate was 30.81%, and the 45-day cumulative incidence rate was 46.27%. After 45 days, the incidence of CRT further increased. Age <12 months [hazard ratio (HR), 1.654; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.171-2.338], use of 20% mannitol or glycerol fructose (HR, 1.593; 95% CI: 1.058-2.398), CVC placement by a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) doctor (HR, 1.921; 95% CI: 1.347-2.740), placement length ≥9 cm (HR, 1.633; 95% CI: 1.142-2.336), and D-dimer >1.5 mg/L (HR, 1.451; 95% CI: 1.044-2.015) were risk factors for CRT. Limb exercises (HR, 0.660; 95% CI: 0.469-0.929) after placement was a protective factor for CRT. The incidence of CRT was higher in children with CVCs, and the key duration of CRT monitoring should be within 15 and 45 days after placement. Patients with age <12 months, using 20% mannitol or glycerol fructose, insertion length ≥9 cm, D-dimer >1.5 mg/L before placement are more likely to happen CVC-CRT than other patient, and it is necessary to be highly vigilant and take preventive measures.

Catheter-related thrombosis after cardiac surgery in patients with both central venous and pulmonary artery catheters inserted into the right internal jugular vein: a single-center, prospective, observational study.

Central venous catheters (CVCs) and pulmonary artery catheters (PACs) are widely used in intensive care and perioperative management. The detection and prevention of catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) are important because CRT is a complication of catheter use and can cause pulmonary embolism and bloodstream infection. Currently, there is no evidence for CRT in patients using both CVC and PAC. We conducted a single-center, prospective, observational study to identify the incidence, timing, and risk factors for CRT in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery and using a combination of CVC and PAC through the right internal jugular vein (RIJV). Out of 50 patients, CRT was observed using ultrasonography in 39 patients (78%), and the median time of CRT formation was 1day (interquartile range: 1-1.5) after catheter insertion. The mean duration of PAC placement was 3days (interquartile range: 2-5), and the maximum diameter of CRT was 12mm (interquartile range: 10-15). In short-axis images, CRT occupied more than half of the cross-sectional area of the RIJV in five patients (10%), and CRT completely occluded the RIJV in one patient (2%). Platelet count, duration of PAC placement, and intraoperative bleeding amount were found to be high-risk indicators of CRT. In conclusion, patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery and using both CVC and PAC had a high incidence of CRT. Avoiding unnecessary PAC placement and early removal of catheters in patients at high risk of developing CRT may prevent the development of CRT.

Risk Factors for Catheter-Related Thrombosis in Multiple Myeloma Patients Undergoing Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation.

Background and Objectives: Cancer associated thrombosis (CAT) is a common complication of neoplasms. Multiple myeloma (MM) carries one of the highest risks of CAT, especially in the early phases of treatment. Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) as the standard of care in transplant-eligible patients with MM carries a risk of catheter-related thrombosis (CRT). The aim of this study was identification of the risk factors of CRT in MM patients undergoing ASCT in 2009–2019. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients with MM undergoing ASCT. Each patient had central venous catheter (CVC) insertion before the procedure. The clinical symptoms of CRT (edema, redness, pain in the CVC insertion area) were confirmed with Doppler ultrasound examination. We examined the impacts of four groups of factors on CRT development: (1) patient-related: age, gender, Body Mass Index (BMI), obesity, Charlson comorbidity index, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation comorbidity index, renal insufficiency, and previous thrombotic history; (2) disease-related: monoclonal protein type, stage of the disease according to Salmon–Durie and International Staging System, number of prior therapy lines, and MM response before ASCT; (3) treatment-related: melphalan dose, transplant-related complications, and duration of post-ASCT neutropenia; (4) CVC-related: location, time from placement to removal. Results: Symptomatic CRT was present in 2.5% (7/276) of patients. Univariate analysis showed an increased risk of CRT in patients with a catheter-related infection (OR 2.4, 95% CI; 1.109–5.19, p = 0.026), previous thrombotic episode (OR 2.49, 95% CI; 1.15–5.39, p = 0.021), previous thrombotic episode on initial myeloma treatment (OR 2.75, 95% CI; 1.15–6.53, p = 0.022), and gastrointestinal complications of ASCT such as vomiting and diarrhea (OR 3.87, 95% CI; 1.57–9.53, p = 0.003). In multivariate analysis, noninfectious complications were associated with higher CRT incidence (OR 2.75, 95% CI; 1.10–6.19, p = 0.031). Conclusions: The incidence of symptomatic CRT in ASCT in MM was relatively low. Previous thrombotic events, especially during the induction of myeloma treatment, increased CRT risk during ASCT. Dehydration following gastrointestinal complications may predispose to higher CRT incidence.

Exploration of the high-risk factors of catheter-related thrombosis in breast cancer

Objective: To explore the high risk factors of catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) in breast cancer patients, and provide the basis for the development of appropriate prevention and treatment strategies. Methods: A total of 1 432 breast cancer patients scheduled to receive central venous catheterization in National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College from January 1, 2015 to August 31, 2019 were selected. Baseline information and catheterization information of patients were collected. The occurrence of CRT was confirmed by vascular ultrasound examination, and the influencing factors of CRT were analyzed. Results: The total number of catheter days were 121, 980 days in 1 432 patients with breast cancer, and the average number of catheter days in each patient was 85.2 days. The incidence of CRT was 6.8% (97/1 432), which was 0.79 cases/1 000 catheter days. Among 815 patients with centrally inserted central venous catheters (CICC), 43 (5.3%) had CRT, which was 0.70 cases/1 000 catheter days. Among 617 patients with peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICC), 54 (8.8%) developed CRT, which was 0.90 cases/1 000 catheter days. CRT was most common in subclavian vein (63.9%). Multivariate regression analysis showed that age ≥ 60 years old (OR=1.712, 95% CI: 1.056-2.775, P=0.029), PICC (OR=1.732, 95% CI: 1.130-2.656, P=0.012), the catheter position except subclavian vein (OR=10.420, 95% CI: 1.207-89.991), secondary adjustment of catheter position (OR=3.985, 95% CI: 1.510-10.521, P=0.005) and high D-Dimer level (OR=1.129, 95% CI: 1.026-1.241, P=0.012)were independent risk factors for CRT. Conclusions: The CRT problem can't be ignored in the clinical treatment of breast cancer patients with central venous catheterization. Screening the appropriate age of patients and the type of central venous catheters, reducing the secondary adjustment of catheter position, and timely monitoring the level of D-dimer are helpful to the prevention and treatment of CRT.

Catheter-related thrombosis incidence and risk factors in adult cancer patients with central venous access devices.

Central venous access devices (CVAD) are commonly employed in the management of cancer patients. While having several benefits they are associated with significant risks. To review the incidence and risk factors for catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) in cancer patients with a CVAD. We performed a prospective observational cohort study of adult patients with cancer requiring a CVAD between 1 January 2004 and 29 June 2016. The rate of, and risk factors for the development of, symptomatic CRT were evaluated. A total of 4920 central lines was inserted into 3130 patients. The incidence of CRT was 3.6%. CRT developed a median of 12 days following line insertion. Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) were associated with the highest rates of CRT (hazards ratio (HR) 22.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.9-170.6). Older age groups developed CRT at lower rates (HR 0.57; 95% CI 0.39-0.84 for age 50-61 years, and HR 0.63; 95% CI 0.45-0.89 for age >61 years) compared to age <50 years. Increased CRT was seen in patients with prior CRT (HR 1.81; 95% CI 1.19-2.77). There was a trend to more CRT events with a Khorana tumour score of 1 compared to those with a score of 0 (HR 1.37, 95% CI 1.00-1.88). Hodgkin lymphoma, germ cell and oesophagus cancers had the highest CRT rates. Side of insertion was not associated with thrombosis risk (HR 0.77; 95% CI 0.57-1.05; P = 0.10). Age <50 years, PICC lines and prior CRT were associated with highest CRT rate. Cancer subtype and insertion side were not predictive of thrombosis.

Development and validation of a new clinical prediction model of catheter-related thrombosis in cancer patients.

e14031 Background: The central venous catheter brings convenience for drug delivery and improves comfort for cancer patients, it also causes serious complications. The most common one is catheter-related thrombosis (CRT). This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and risk factors of CRT in cancer patients, and to develop an effective prediction model for CRT in cancer patients. Methods: The development of our prediction model was based on the data of a retrospective cohort (n = 3131) from National Cancer Center. The validation of our prediction model was done in a prospective cohort from National Cancer Center (n = 685) and a retrospective cohort from Hunan Cancer Hospital (n = 61). The predictive accuracy and the discriminative ability were determined by the receiver operating characteristic curves and calibration plots. Results: Multivariate analysis demonstrated that sex, cancer type, catheter type, position of the catheter tip, chemotherapy status, and antiplatelet/anticoagulation status at baseline were independent risk factors for CRT. The area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of our prediction model was 0.741 (CI: 0.715-0.766) in the primary cohort; 0.754 (CI: 0.704-0.803) and 0.658 (CI: 0.470-0.845) in validation cohorts respectively. Good calibration and clinical impact were also shown in primary and validation cohorts. The high-risk group had a higher incidence of CRTs than the low-risk group in the primary cohort and two validation cohort (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Our model is a novel prediction tool for CRT risk which helps to assigning cancer patients into high-risk or low-risk group accurately. Our model will be valuable for clinicians in decision making of thromboprophylaxis.

A retrospective analysis of risk factors associated with catheter-related thrombosis: a single-center study.

Catheter-related thrombosis may lead to catheter infections and failure, further deep venous thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. Recognizing the risk factors for catheter-related thrombosis is extremely important to inform the development of catheter care guidelines. Data were collected from a total of 1,532 patients who had undergone venous catheterization, including indwelling catheterization from 19 March 2019 to 30 March 2019 in the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital. The factors for which data were to be collected included the patients' physical characteristics, catheter-related factors, and catheter care-related factors. Logistic regression analysis, the chi-squared test, Fisher's exact test, and the t-test were used to analyze the data. Of the 1,532 patients studied, 28 developed intraductal thrombi, and of the factors analyzed, malignancy, a catheterization history, a history of thrombophilia, surgery during the week before catheterization, the catheterization duration, and anticoagulant therapy were significant risk factors associated with catheter-related thrombosis (all p < 0.05). There were no significant associations between the catheter brand, the number of lumens, the insertion direction, or the factors associated with catheter care and catheter-related thrombosis (all p > 0.05). Our study incorporated clear and systematic risk factors associated with catheter-related thrombosis. Malignancy, history of thrombophilia, history of catheterization, surgery during the week before catheterization, and catheterization duration were associated with increased risks of catheter-related thrombosis. Prophylactic anticoagulation was effective for preventing and treating catheter-related thrombosis.

A prospective study on the incidence and risk factors of central venous catheter-related thrombosis after gastrointestinal surgery

Objective To investigate the incidence and risk factors of central venous catheter-related thrombosis after gastrointestinal surgery. Methods From May 2018 to May 2019, 124 patients who received surgical treatment with central venous catheter placement in gastrointestinal surgery department at Harrsion International Peace Hospital were prospectively analyzed, and the factors that may be related to catheter-related thrombosis were collected.And performed ultrasound screening before the removal of central venous catheter, According to whether there was thrombosis or not, they were divided into thrombosis group(n=66) and non-thrombosis group(n=58). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed for the factors with statistical differences between the two groups. Results A total of 66 patients were diagnosed with catheter-related thrombus by ultrasonography, with an incidence of 53.2%(66/124), 63 cases with no clinical symptoms(50.8%), only 3 cases with clinical symptoms, and the incidence of catheter-related thrombus with symptoms was 2.4%(3/124). The operation type, central venous catheter indwelling time, fibrinogen on the 3rd day after surgery and D-dimer on the 3rd day after surgery between the two groups had statistically significant differences (χ2=21.415, 7.651, t=5.7181, 0.418, all P<0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that operation type(OR=0.157, 95%CI: 0.040-0.612, P=0.008), fibrinogen on the 3rd day after surgery(OR=7.371, 95%CI: 2.318-23.442, P=0.001), D-dimer on the 3rd day after surgery(OR=6.920, 95%CI: 2.854-16.783, P=0.000) were independent risk factors of catheter-related thrombosis. Conclusion The incidence of central venous catheter-related thrombosis is higher after gastrointestinal surgery, and most patients have no obvious clinical symptoms.The patients who undergoing tumor surgery or with abnormal levels of fibrinogen and D-dimer on the 3rd day after surgery should aware of catheter-related thrombosis. Key words: Gastrointestinal diseases; Surgery; Central venous catheters; Venous thrombosis; Risk factor; Neoplasms; Fibrinogen; Fibrin fragment D

Risk factors of catheter-related thrombosis in early-stage breast cancer patients: a single-center retrospective study.

PurposeTotally implantable venous access devices (TIVADs) are widely used in cancer patients. The main purpose of our study is to observe the incidence and identified risk factors of catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) in breast cancer patients with TIVAD.Patients and methodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study of consecutive breast cancer patients who received the ultrasound-guided TIVAD implantation for the administration of chemotherapy from 2013 to 2016. The primary outcome was CRT (both symptomatic and asymptomatic detected by ultrasound). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify the risk factors for breast cancer TIVAD-related CRT.ResultsA total of 209 breast cancer patients with a newly implanted TIVAD for chemotherapy were included in this study. The average time of port duration was 7 months. Of the enrolled 209 patients, 33 patients (15.8%) had CRT, 2 of the 33 cases were symptomatic (1 pulmonary embolism, 1 deep-venous thrombosis [DVT]), the other 31 cases were asymptomatic detected by routine ultrasound examination of the catheter-associated vein before TIVAD removal with all cycles of chemotherapy completed. In total, 19 (57.6%) of CRT patients underwent directly TIVAD removal without any further treatments, 14 patients received anticoagulation treatments for 3–30 days followed by TIVAD removal. No DVT event was observed within at least 1.5 years of follow-up. In the multiple-variable analysis, tumor size >2 cm (OR 2.735, 95% CI 1.042–7.177; P=0.032), positive HbsAg (OR 2.803 95% CI 1.027–7.856; P=0.047) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) >3.6 mmol/L (OR 2.360, 95% CI 1.059–5.351; P=0.040) were the significant independent risk factors of breast cancer TIVAD-related CRT.ConclusionCRT is a common complication in breast cancer patients with TIVAD for chemotherapy. Tumor size, HbsAg status and LDL level were independent predictors of breast cancer for TIVAD-related CRT. Removal of the port without anticoagulation treatments might be a feasible choice for asymptomatic TIVAD-related CRT.

Cancer-associated thrombosis in patients with implanted ports: a prospective multicenter French cohort study (ONCOCIP)

AbstractThe need to accurately identify cancer outpatients at high risk of thrombotic complications is still unmet. In a prospective, multicenter cohort study (ONCOlogie et Chambres ImPlantables [ONCOCIP]), consecutive adult patients with a solid tumor and implanted port underwent 12-month follow-up. Our primary objective was to identify risk factors for (1) catheter-related thrombosis, defined as ipsilateral symptomatic upper-limb deep-vein thrombosis with or without pulmonary embolism, and (2) venous thromboembolism other than catheter-related, defined as any symptomatic superficial- or deep-vein thrombosis (other than catheter-related) or pulmonary embolism, and incidental pulmonary embolism. All events were objectively confirmed and centrally adjudicated. Rate assessments integrated competing risk of death. Overall, 3032 patients were included (median age: 63 years; women: 58%). The most frequent cancer locations were breast (33.7%), lung (18.5%), and colorectal (15.6%), cancer being metastatic in 43.2% of patients. Most patients (97.1%) received chemotherapy. By 12 months, 48 (1.6%) patients had been lost to follow-up and 656 (24.6%) had died; 3.8% (n = 111) of patients had experienced catheter-related thrombosis, and 9.6% (n = 276) venous thromboembolism other than catheter-related. By multivariate analysis, use of cephalic vein for catheter insertion predicted catheter-related thrombosis, whereas ongoing antiplatelet therapy was protective; risk factors for venous thromboembolism other than catheter-related were advanced age, previous venous thromboembolism, cancer site, and low hemoglobin level or increased leukocyte count before chemotherapy. In conclusion, this large prospective cohort study showed a high rate of venous thromboembolism in patients with a solid tumor and implanted port. Risk factors for catheter-related thrombosis differed from those for venous thromboembolism not catheter-related. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02025894.

Large Cohort Study of Central Venous Catheter Thrombosis during Intravenous Antibiotic Therapy.

The frequency and risk factors for central venous catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) during prolonged intravenous (i.v.) antibiotic therapy have rarely been reported. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency, incidence, and risk factors for CRT among patients being treated with prolonged i.v. antibiotic therapy. The secondary objective was to describe the clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, and clinical management. This cohort study was conducted between August 2004 and May 2010 in a French referral center for osteoarticular infections. All patients treated for bone and joint infections with i.v. antimicrobial therapy through a central venous catheter (CVC) for ≥2 weeks were included. Risk factors were identified using nonparametric tests and logistic regression. A case-control study investigated the role of vancomycin and catheter malposition. A total of 892 patients matched the inclusion criteria. CRT developed in 16 infections occurring in 16 patients (incidence, 0.39/1,000 catheter days). The median time to a CRT was 29 days (range, 12 to 48 days). Local clinical signs, fever, and secondary complications of CRT were present in 15, 8, and 4 patients, respectively. The median C-reactive protein level was 95 mg/liter. The treatment combined catheter removal and a median of 3 months (1.5 to 6 months) of anticoagulation therapy. The outcome was good in all patients, with no recurrence of CRT. Three risk factors were identified by multivariate analysis: male sex (odds ratio [OR], 5.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1 to 26.6), catheter malposition (OR, 5.3; 95% CI, 1.6 to 17.9), and use of vancomycin (OR, 22.9; 95% CI, 2.8 to 188). Catheter-related thrombosis is a rare but severe complication in patients treated with prolonged antimicrobial therapy. Vancomycin use was the most important risk factor identified.

A systematic review of patient-related risk factors for catheter-related thrombosis.

To identify patient-related risk factors for venous thrombosis in patients with central venous catheters (CVC) or peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC). We performed a systematic review of the literature assessing patient-related risk factors for thrombosis related to CVC or PICC. The databases PubMed, Ovid and the Cochrane library were searched for observational studies pertaining to patient-related risk factors for CVC and PICC-related thrombosis. The initial search through PubMed, Ovid and the Cochrane library yielded 516 results. After 71 duplicates were removed, 445 articles were assessed for eligibility based on title and abstract. Four hundred and eleven articles were then excluded and 33 full text articles were manually assessed for eligibility. Eight articles were eliminated as they did not contain content relevant to the review. Twenty-five studies were then selected to assess 20 risk factors. There were no consistent significant associations for catheter-related thrombosis across the twenty-five studies. Multiple studies identified age, malignancy, diabetes, obesity, chemotherapy, thrombophilia and a history of thrombosis as significant risk factors for catheter-related thrombosis. Inconsistent findings among studies make it difficult to establish which patient-related risk factors are associated with catheter-related thrombosis. Future studies could include larger sample sizes and more cases of catheter-related thrombosis to produce more significant results. Identification of patient-related risk factors could lead to early recognition of upper limb deep vein thrombosis in patients with catheters, thereby preventing complications.

Central venous catheter-related thrombosis.

Thrombotic complications associated with the use of central venous catheters (CVCs) are common and lead to distressing patient symptoms, catheter dysfunction, increased risk of infections, long-term central venous stenosis, and considerable costs of care. Risk factors for catheter-related thrombosis include use of larger, multilumen, and peripherally inserted catheters in patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy. Symptomatic catheter-related thrombosis is treated with anticoagulation, generally without removing the catheter. The intensity and duration of anticoagulation depend on the extent of thrombosis, risk of bleeding, and need for continued use of a CVC. To date, the clinical benefit of prophylactic doses of anticoagulant has been disappointing and these agents are not used routinely for this purpose. This chapter focuses on recent evidence, remaining controversies, and practical approaches to reducing the burden of thrombosis associated with CVCs.

Incidence and risk factors for central venous catheter-related thrombosis in hematological patients

Catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) is a serious complication in hematological patients, but the risk factors for its occurrence are not well established. The study objectives were to estimate the incidence of CRT and to identify the risk factors for developing CRT in hematological patients. In a prospective setting, 104 consecutive patients with 200 insertions of central venous catheters were enrolled into the study. The patients were screened for CRT by compression Doppler ultrasound every 10–14 days. Additionally, ultrasonography was performed in the case of clinical symptoms suggesting CRT. Over the course of 6,098 catheter days of follow-up, the incidence of CRT was 13.5 %. In 18/27 cases (66.6 %), radiological evidence of CRT was preceded by clinical symptoms. However, in 9/27 (33.3 %), CRT was clinically asymptomatic. The median times to symptomatic and asymptomatic CRT were 17 (range 1–49) and 8 (range 1–16) catheter days, respectively. In univariate analysis, the risk factors for CRT were exit-site infection (ESI) (P < 0.001), two or more prior chemotherapy lines (P = 0.015), catheter-related blood stream infection (P < 0.001), and Coagulase-negative staphylococci infection (P = 0.002). In multivariate analysis, ESI (OR 5.0; 95 % CI 1.6–6.3; P = 0.006) and two or more prior chemotherapy lines (OR 3.57; 95 % CI 1.27–10.11; P = 0.015) remained significantly associated with the risk of CRT. The results of our study provide information regarding the characteristic features of the patients who are at high risk of thrombosis, for whom Doppler ultrasound screening should be considered.

Management bei katheterassoziierter Armvenenthrombose

Central venous catheters (CVCs) are important tools in the care of patients with acute or chronic diseases, but catheter-related thrombosis and thrombotic occlusions are frequent complications, especially if CVCs are implanted for long-term use. In this review we focus on the management of these complications. Risk factors for catheter-related thrombosis include dislocation of the catheter tip, the presence of malignant disease and hypercoagulability. Catheter-related thrombosis is associated with catheter infection, pulmonary embolism and post-thrombotic syndrome. Catheter-related thromboses which most frequently involve the subclavian vein are usually diagnosed by duplex ultrasound examination and treated with anticoagulation therapy for a minimum of three months or longer if the catheter is left in place. Prevention of catheter-related thrombotic complications includes proper positioning of the CVC with the catheter tip lying in the proximal superior vena cava and regular flushing of the catheter with saline solution or unfractionated heparin. The use of anticoagulants for primary prevention is currently not recommended.

Identification of Risk Factors for Catheter-Related Thrombosis in Patients with Totally Implantable Venous Access Ports in the Forearm

To identify risk factors for the development of catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) in patients with totally implantable venous access ports (TIVAP) in the forearm, and to analyze the effect of prophylaxis and treatment. We retrospectively identified 200 patients (94 men, 106 women, mean age 57.7 +/-14 y) with TIVAP implantation in the forearm between 3/2010 and 11/2010. Type, number of punctures and sonographically defined diameter of the accessed vein were analyzed. Chemotherapy administered prior to the implantation procedure and history of thrombo-embolic events were assessed. Thrombo-embolic prophylaxis (TEP) following port implantation and treatment as well as course of CRT were analyzed. Twenty-one patients (10.5%) were diagnosed with CRT. Accessed vessels and mean diameter were basilic (n=150, 3.7 mm), brachial (n=39, 3.5 mm) and cephalic (n=11, 3.5 mm) vein. Neither type nor vessel diameter had effect on CRT development (P>.05). Implantation in the left forearm resulted in a significantly higher rate of CRT (P=.04). Ninety-five patients (47.5%) received chemotherapy and 30 patients (15.0%) had a history of thrombosis prior to implantation; both had no effect on development of CRT. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) was prescribed in 94/200 patients (47.0%) and had no effect on development of CRT (P>.05). Therapeutic anticoagulation with LMWH resulted in clinical improvement in 12/21 patients (57.4%). TIVAPs of the forearm may be associated with a certain rate of early and late CRT. The simplest vein to puncture should be selected for vascular access. Thrombo-embolic prophylaxis appears to be rather ineffective for prevention of CRT.

Risk factors for catheter‐related thrombosis (CRT) in cancer patients: a patient‐level data (IPD) meta‐analysis of clinical trials and prospective studies

Knowledge of independent, baseline risk factors for catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) may help select adult cancer patients who are at high risk to receive thromboprophylaxis. We conducted a meta-analysis of individual patient-level data to identify these baseline risk factors. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CENTRAL, DARE and the Grey literature databases were searched in all languages from 1995 to 2008. Prospective studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were eligible. Studies were included if original patient-level data were provided by the investigators and if CRT was objectively confirmed with valid imaging. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of 17 prespecified baseline characteristics was conducted. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. A total sample of 5636 subjects from five RCTs and seven prospective studies was included in the analysis. Among these subjects, 425 CRT events were observed. In multivariate logistic regression, the use of implanted ports as compared with peripherally implanted central venous catheters (PICCs), decreased CRT risk (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.23-0.80), whereas past history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.05-3.92), subclavian venipuncture insertion technique (OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.07-4.34) and improper catheter tip location (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.22-3.02), increased CRT risk. CRT risk is increased with use of PICCs, previous history of DVT, subclavian venipuncture insertion technique and improper positioning of the catheter tip. These factors may be useful for risk stratifying patients to select those for thromboprophylaxis. Prospective studies are needed to validate these findings.

Incidence and Predictive Factors of Symptomatic Thrombosis Related to Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters In Chemotherapy Patients

AbstractAbstract 4206 Background:The use of peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) lines has significantly enhanced the management of chemotherapy patients. While deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of a catheterized vein is a common and potentially serious complication, such thromboses are frequently asymptomatic. Indeed, the true incidence of symptomatic catheter-related DVT in cancer patients remains unclear, and there is a lack of reliable data on the risk factors of catheter-related thrombosis. Moreover, little work has focused on predictive factors of symptomatic events related specifically to PICC lines in chemotherapy patients. Methods:We performed a retrospective cohort study of consecutive cancer patients who received an ultrasound guided PICC line for the administration of chemotherapy at The Ottawa Hospital between September 1, 2009 and December 31, 2009. Relevant demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics were collected, including factors previously suggested as being predictive of catheter-related DVT. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed for symptomatic PICC-related DVT, defined as a clot in one or more of the deep veins of the catheterized arm leading to and confirmed by Doppler ultrasound. Results:In total, 340 cancer patients obtained PICC lines for the administration of chemotherapy. Of these patients, 19 (5.6%; 95% CI: 3.6–8.6) developed symptomatic PICC-related DVT. In the univariate analysis, demographic factors were not significant predictors of PICC-related DVT, including gender, age, body mass index and smoking status. Interestingly, factors previously suggested as being associated with central venous catheter-related clots in prior studies were not significant determinants in our analysis; in particular, side of line placement (p=0.281), catheter tip location (p=0.539), number of lumens (p=0.911), number of insertion attempts (p=0.964), and catheter repositioning (p=0.731) were not predictive. Importantly, patients with diabetes were three times more likely to develop PICC-related DVT (OR 3.0, p=0.039), while the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or metastatic cancer increased the odds of developing PICC-related DVT (OR 3.3, p=0.078; OR 2.3, p=0.083 respectively). Diabetes remained a significant risk factor after adjustment for effect of metastases and COPD (OR 3.175, p=0.039). Further, the presence of metastases was a significant predictor (OR 3.34, p=0.024) in our multivariate model. Conclusion:Symptomatic PICC-related DVT are frequent in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Previously described factors associated with catheter-related thrombosis, such as tip location, lumen size, and side of catheter, were not predictive of PICC-related DVT in our study. In addition, known risk factors for DVT, including gender and obesity, were not predictive, which may suggest an alternate pathophysiologic process in this particular population. Diabetes, advanced disease and COPD appear to increase the risk of developing PICC-related DVT in chemotherapy patients, although the biologic mechanism of this result is not clear. To our knowledge, this is the largest study to date to exclusively examine PICC-associated DVT in cancer patients. Further studies with larger number of patients are required to better characterize risk factors and their relative impact in developing PICC-related DVT. Disclosures:Tay:Ortho-Biotech:Honoraria;Pfizer: Honoraria.

Independent Risk Factors of Catheter-Related Thrombosis (CRT) in Adult Cancer Patients: An Individual Patient-Level Data (IPD) Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials and Prospective Cohort Studies

Purpose: Symptomatic catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) complicates roughly 5% of central venous catheter insertions in cancer patients. Recent studies have failed to show a reduction in CRT with routine use of pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis in all patients. We conducted a meta-analysis of individual patient-level data to identify independent, baseline risk factors of CRT that may help to select high-risk patients for prophylaxis.Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, CENTRAL, DARE, Grey literature databases were searched in all languages from 1995–2008. Only prospective studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. The primary end-point was objectively confirmed symptomatic and asymptomatic CRT. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of 17 prespecified baseline characteristics was conducted. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated.Results: A total sample of 5636 subjects from 5 RCTs and 7 prospective studies was included in the analysis. Among these subjects, 425 CRT events were observed (8%). In multivariate logistic regression, the use of implanted ports as compared with peripherally implanted central venous catheters (PICC), decreased CRT risk (OR = 0.43; 95% CI, 0.23–0.80). Alternatively, past history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (OR = 2.03; 95% CI, 1.05–3.92), subclavian venipuncture insertion technique (OR = 2.16; 95% CI, 1.07–4.34), and improper catheter tip location (OR = 1.92; 95% CI, 1.22–3.02), increased CRT risk.Conclusions: CRT risk is increased with using PICC catheters, previous history of DVT, subclavian venipuncture insertion technique and improper positioning of the catheter tip. These factors may be useful for risk stratifying patients to select those for thromboprophylaxis. Prospective studies are needed to validate these findings.