Disease Risk Factors In Adults Research Articles

Healthy Dietary Patterns with and without Meat Improved Cardiometabolic Disease Risk Factors in Adults: A Randomized Crossover Controlled Feeding Trial.

We assessed the effects of consuming a U.S.-style healthy dietary pattern (HDP) with lean, unprocessed beef (BEEF) compared to a U.S.-style HDP without meat (vegetarian, VEG) on short-term changes in cardiometabolic disease (CMD) risk factors in adults classified as overweight or obese. Forty-one adults (22 females, 19 males; age 39.9 ± 8.0 y; BMI 29.6 ± 3.3 kg/m2; mean ± SD) completed two 5-week controlled feeding periods (randomized, crossover, controlled trial). For the BEEF HDP, two 3-oz (168-g) servings/d of lean, unprocessed beef were predominately substituted for some starchy vegetables and refined grains in the VEG HDP. Baseline and post-intervention measurements were fasting CMD risk factors, with serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), and total apolipoprotein B as primary outcomes. VEG reduced LDL, insulin, and glucose compared to BEEF. Reductions did not differ between VEG vs. BEEF for TC, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), apolipoprotein A1, small, dense LDL IV, buoyant HDL2b, TC-to-HDL ratio, and systolic blood pressure. Total apolipoprotein B and all other CMD risk factors measured were not influenced by HDP type nor changed over time. Adopting a U.S.-style HDP that is either vegetarian or omnivorous with beef improved multiple cardiometabolic disease risk factors among adults classified as overweight or obese.

A Review of Fetal Development in Pregnancies with Maternal Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)-Associated Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Dysregulation: Possible Links to Pregestational Prediabetes.

Research has identified fetal risk factors for adult diseases, forming the basis for the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis. DOHaD suggests that maternal insults during pregnancy cause structural and functional changes in fetal organs, increasing the risk of chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in adulthood. It is proposed that altered maternal physiology, such as increased glucocorticoid (GC) levels associated with a dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in maternal stress and T2DM during pregnancy, exposes the fetus to excess GC. Prenatal glucocorticoid exposure reduces fetal growth and programs the fetal HPA axis, permanently altering its activity into adulthood. This programmed HPA axis is linked to increased risks of hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and mental disorders in adulthood. With the global rise in T2DM, particularly among young adults of reproductive age, it is crucial to prevent its onset. T2DM is often preceded by a prediabetic state, a condition that does not show any symptoms, causing many to unknowingly progress to T2DM. Studying prediabetes is essential, as it is a reversible stage that may help prevent T2DM-related pregnancy complications. The existing literature focuses on HPA axis dysregulation in T2DM pregnancies and its link to fetal programming. However, the effects of prediabetes on HPA axis function, specifically glucocorticoid in pregnancy and fetal outcomes, are not well understood. This review consolidates research on T2DM during pregnancy, its impact on fetal programming via the HPA axis, and possible links with pregestational prediabetes.

The association of obesogenic environments with weight status, blood pressure, and blood lipids: A cross-sectional pooled analysis across five cohorts

In this observational cross-sectional study, we investigated the relationship between combined obesogenic neighbourhood characteristics and various cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults, including BMI, systolic blood pressure, and blood lipids, as well as the prevalence of overweight/obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia. We conducted a large-scale pooled analysis, comprising data from five Dutch cohort studies (n = 183,871). Neighbourhood obesogenicity was defined according to the Obesogenic Built-environmental CharacterisTics (OBCT) index. The index was calculated for 1000m circular buffers around participants’ home addresses. For each cohort, the association between the OBCT index and prevalence of overweight/obesity, hypertension and dyslipidaemia was analysed using robust Poisson regression models. Associations with continuous measures of BMI, systolic blood pressure, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides were analysed using linear regression. All models were adjusted for age, sex, education level and area-level socio-economic status. Cohort-specific estimates were pooled using random-effects meta-analyses. The pooled results show that a 10 point higher OBCT index score was significantly associated with a 0.17 higher BMI (95%CI: 0.10 to 0.24), a 0.01 higher LDL-cholesterol (95% CI: 0.01 to 0.02), a 0.01 lower HDL cholesterol (95% CI: −0.02 to −0.01), and non-significantly associated with a 0.36 mmHg higher systolic blood pressure (95%CI: −0.14 to 0.65). A 10 point higher OBCT index score was also associated with a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity (PR = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.05), obesity (PR = 1.04; 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.08) and hypertension (PR = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.04), but not with dyslipidaemia. This large-scale pooled analysis of five Dutch cohort studies shows that higher neighbourhood obesogenicity, as measured by the OBCT index, was associated with higher BMI, higher prevalence of overweight/obesity, obesity, and hypertension. These findings highlight the importance of considering the obesogenic environment as a potential determinant of cardiovascular health.

Associations Between Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease in Young Adults

Introduction Cardiovascular disease (CVD) impacts 50% of U.S. adults although few studies evaluate young adults’ cardiovascular disease risk. Early identification of cardiovascular disease risk may mitigate increased adulthood incidence. We analyzed (CVD) risk factors and their association with cardiovascular fitness ([Formula: see text] o2max) to devise effective strategies to improve cardiovascular health across the lifespan. Methods A cross-sectional study evaluated the effect of a single bout of aerobic exercise on cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults aged 18 to 36 years. Glycemic control (HbA1C), cardiovascular fitness ([Formula: see text]o2max), percent body fat, lean body mass, waist circumference, and body mass index (BMI) were analyzed using correlation analysis and multiple linear regression. Results Statistically significant relationships were observed between percent body fat (r = .83, P < .001) and BMI, and waist circumference (r = .83, P < .001) and BMI. Percent body fat ( P < .001) and race ( P = .018) predicted exercise time, with Asians exercising the longest. Percent fat ( P < .001) and HbA1C ( P = .039) were identified as predictors of cardiovascular fitness which was low in spite of primarily normal average HbA1C levels. Conclusions HbA1C and body fat negatively influence cardiovascular fitness ([Formula: see text] o2max) in young adults increasing adulthood cardiovascular disease risk. Research investigating the effect of HbA1C on cardiovascular health especially in youth is warranted.

Editorial

Editorial

Carnosine supplementation improves glucose control in adults with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes: A randomised controlled trial

Background and aimsType 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Carnosine, a naturally occurring dipeptide, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-glycating effects, with preliminary evidence suggesting it may improve important chronic disease risk factors in adults with cardiometabolic conditions. Methods and resultsIn this randomised controlled trial, 43 adults (30%F) living with prediabetes or T2DM consumed carnosine (2 g) or a matching placebo daily for 14 weeks to evaluate its effect on glucose metabolism assessed via a 2-h 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. Secondary outcomes included body composition analysis by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), calf muscle density by pQCT, and anthropometry. Carnosine supplementation decreased blood glucose at 90 min (−1.31 mmol/L; p = 0.02) and 120 min (−1.60 mmol/L, p = 0.02) and total glucose area under the curve (−3.30 mmol/L; p = 0.04) following an oral glucose tolerance test. There were no additional changes in secondary outcomes. The carnosine group results remained significant before and after adjustment for age, sex, and change in weight (all>0.05), and in further sensitivity analyses accounting for missing data. There were no significant changes in insulin levels. ConclusionThis study provides preliminary support for larger trials evaluating carnosine as a potential treatment for prediabetes and the initial stages of T2DM. Likely mechanisms may include changes to hepatic glucose output explaining the observed reduction in blood glucose without changes in insulin secretion following carnosine supplementation.

The effect of a new developed synbiotic yogurt consumption on metabolic syndrome components, oxidative stress status, and some other cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults with metabolic syndrome: a study protocol for a randomized clinical trial

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome is recognized as one of the most common global health issues, which may cause numerous side effects. Studies have shown the favorable effects of probiotic supplements on glycemic indices, lipid profiles, and oxidative stress status. However, the number of studies investigating the effects of food products containing probiotics and prebiotics on metabolic diseases is limited. Limited evidence also shows that products containing Lactobacillus plantarum could affect metabolic alterations in chronic diseases. No previous study evaluated the impact of synbiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus plantarum on people with metabolic syndrome. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate the effect of the newly developed synbiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pentosus, and Chloromyces marcosianos yeast on the components of metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress status, and some other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in adults with metabolic syndrome.MethodsIn this study, 44 patients with metabolic syndrome will be randomly assigned to intervention and control groups in a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Participants in the intervention group will consume 300 g of synbiotic yogurt daily, while those in the control group will consume 300 g of regular yogurt daily for 12 weeks. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and biochemical parameters will be evaluated before and after the intervention.DiscussionThe management of the metabolic syndrome presents significant clinical challenges. While probiotic supplementation for these individuals has been considered, the consumption of probiotic-rich foods has received considerably less attention.Trial registration numberIranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20220426054667N1) (2022–05-18).

Evaluation of brewers’ spent grain on cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults: Lessons learned from a pilot study

The beer industry generates large amounts of leftover barley called brewers’ spent grain (BSG). Fiber-rich grains like barley are associated with ameliorating cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. This randomized pilot study investigated the influence of daily BSG consumption for 8 weeks on lipid profiles, inflammation, and metabolic functions in healthy adults. Subjects (n = 37, 26 ± 4 y; BMI 23 ± 3 kg/m2) received muffins containing 8.3 g BSG or 0 g BSG daily for 8 weeks. Body composition, blood pressure, and fasting blood were collected at baseline and week 8. Gastrointestinal symptoms and Bristol stool scale ratings remained stable throughout the study in both groups. Dietary fiber intake increased in the BSG group (5 g/day; 26%; p = 0.003); however, there were no significant between-group effects on blood lipids, glucose, insulin sensitivity, C-reactive protein, body composition, or blood pressure. Consuming 8.3 g BSG for 8 weeks is well tolerated and improves dietary fiber intake but does not significantly impact CVD risk factors in this sample of healthy adults. Subject health status, sample size, and BSG flour substitution rate may support the lack of effect in the current study. Larger controlled trials are needed to understand the potential of BSG as a value-added ingredient and its impact on human health.

Association of Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors with Musculoskeletal Function in Acute Coronary Syndrome Ward Inpatients.

This study explored the association of multiple risk factors with musculoskeletal function in adults hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome. Sixty-nine inpatients (55 ± 6 years; 67% male) admitted to the cardiology ward within <12 h were assessed regarding stress, smoking, alcoholism, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. The musculoskeletal function was assessed by predicted values of handgrip strength of the dominant hand (HGS-D%) and maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures (MIP% and MEP%, respectively). After adjustment by age and sex, drinking habits showed the strongest linear association with the total number of cardiovascular disease risk factors [standardized ß, p-value] (ß = 0.110, p < 0.001), followed by smoking load (ß = 0.028, p = 0.009). Associations were also observed for HGS-D% with mean blood pressure (ß = 0.019 [0.001; 0.037], p = 0.048); MIP% with mean blood pressure (ß = 0.025 [0.006; 0.043], p = 0.013); and MEP% with drinking habits (ß = 0.009 [0.002; 0.016], p = 0.013) and body mass index (ß = 0.008 [0.000; 0.015], p = 0.035). Peripheral and respiratory muscle strength must be interpreted in the context of its association with cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome.

Time of the day of exercise impact on cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

To compare the effect of a single bout of morning vs. evening exercise on cardiovascular risk factors in adults. Systematic review and meta-analysis. A systematic search of studies was conducted using PubMed and Web of Science from inception to June 2022. Selected studies accomplished the following criteria: crossover design, acute effect of exercise, blood pressure, blood glucose, and/or blood lipids as the study's endpoint, a washout period of at least 24 h, and adults. Meta-analysis was performed by analyzing: 1) separated effect of morning and evening exercise (pre vs. post); and 2) comparison between morning and evening exercise. A total of 11 studies were included for systolic and diastolic blood pressure and 10 studies for blood glucose. Meta-analysis revealed no significant difference between morning vs. evening exercise for systolic blood pressure (g ∆ = 0.02), diastolic blood pressure (g ∆ = 0.01), or blood glucose (g ∆ = 0.15). Analysis of moderator variables (age, BMI, sex, health status, intensity and duration of exercise, and hour within the morning or evening) showed no significant morning vs. evening effect. Overall, we found no influence of the time of the day on the acute effect of exercise on blood pressure neither on blood glucose.

Prevalence, incidence and relative risk of cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults with atopic dermatitis: A systematic review

AbstractAtopic dermatitis (AD) has been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). A better understanding of CVD risk factors in AD populations may help dermatologists better counsel their patients regarding potential risks and treatment choices. This systematic literature review evaluated the prevalence, absolute risk (i.e., incidence) and relative risk of CVD risk factors in adults with AD. MEDLINE, Embase and The Cochrane Library were searched for English‐language articles published between January 2005 and the search date (16–17 March 2021) using terms for AD, prevalence/risk and CVD risk factors. Observational studies that reported the prevalence, absolute risk and/or relative risk of CVD risk factors in adults with AD were eligible. Of the 1277 unique articles identified, 71 met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were cross‐sectional or retrospective cohort studies from Europe, North America or Asia; many used national databases. Studies were heterogeneous, with inconsistent definitions of AD and risk factors (especially smoking and obesity), different methodologies and different populations (e.g., ethnicity). Within most controlled studies, the prevalence of several risk factors, particularly obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia, was higher for AD than for controls. Where assessed, the prevalence of most CVD risk factors increased with increasing AD severity. Relative risks varied across studies. Only nine studies reported the temporal relationship between AD and CVD risk factors. Six studies reported absolute or relative risk of developing CVD risk factors (diabetes, hypertension and smoking) in AD populations; only one of these reported an elevated risk (hypertension). Despite the high number of studies to date, conclusive data regarding the relationship between AD and many CVD risk factors are lacking, and additional, carefully designed, prospective studies are required. Video content can be heard at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jvc2.87none

Identifying Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Adults with Explainable Artificial Intelligence.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between risk factors causing cardiovascular diseases and their importance with explainable machine learning models. In this retrospective study, multiple databases were searched, and data on 11 risk factors of 70 000 patients were obtained. Data included risk factors highly associated with cardiovascular disease and having/not having any cardiovascular disease. The explainable prediction model was constructed using 7 machine learning algorithms: Random Forest Classifier, Extreme Gradient Boost Classifier, Decision Tree Classifier, KNeighbors Classifier, Support Vector Machine Classifier, and GaussianNB. Receiver operating characteristic curve, Brier scores, and mean accuracy were used to assess the model's performance. The interpretability of the predicted results was examined using Shapley additive description values. The accuracy, area under the curve values, and Brier scores of the Extreme Gradient Boost model (the best prediction model for cardiovascular disease risk factors) were calculated as 0.739, 0.803, and 0.260, respectively. The most important risk factors in the permutation feature importance method and explainable artificial intelligence-Shapley's explanations method are systolic blood pressure (ap_hi) [0.1335 ± 0.0045 w (weight)], cholesterol (0.0341 ± 0.0022 w), and age (0.0211 ± 0.0036 w). The created explainable machine learning model has become a successful clinical model that can predict cardiovascular patients and explain the impact of risk factors. Especially in the clinical setting, this model, which has an accurate, explainable, and transparent algorithm, will help encourage early diagnosis of patients with cardiovascular diseases, risk factors, and possible treatment options.

Relationship of anthropometric measurements and percent body fat mass to cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults with cerebral palsy.

Adults with cerebral palsy (CP) face high morbidity from cardiovascular disease (CVD). Of concern, classic screening parameters are inconsistent in identifying CVD risk in this population. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), which provides direct measurements of fat mass (FM), may be an alternative screening method. To evaluate whether FM measurement with DEXA is feasible in screening adults with CP and compare FM and anthropometric measures to CVD risk factors. Cross-sectional study. Outpatient rehabilitation hospital. Forty-seven adults with CP. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) were measured; waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and body mass index (BMI) were calculated. Blood pressure (BP), FM by DEXA, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and lipid measurements were obtained. Logistic regression models investigated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between anthropometric measurements/FM and CVD risk factors; correlations were assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients. Elevated BP or hypertension diagnosis was present in 47.8%; HbA1c ≥5.7% in 22.2%; and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level below optimal for 33.3%. DEXA FM was obtained in 29 of 47 participants, as surgical metal and positioning limited many studies. Excess FM was noted in 75.9% versus 41.3% overweight/obese by BMI. WC correlated with HbA1c (r= 0.46, p= .002), HDL (r= -0.36, p= .018), and triglyceride (TG) levels (r= 0.30, p= .045); however at-risk WC values were associated only with odds of elevated HbA1c (OR 8.53, 95% CI 1.46-50.05; p= .018). HC correlated with HbA1c levels (r= 0.38, p= .011) and systolic BPs (r= 0.35, p= .019); similarly, ORs for elevated HC were weakly associated with elevated HbA1c and BPs (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01-1.16; p= .024 and OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01-1.14; p= .024, respectively). WHR correlated with TGs; however few TG levels were elevated. FM measures were not associated with at-risk lab values or BPs. DEXA FM measurements may not be feasible for CVD screening in many adults with CP. Although CVD risk factors are frequently present, anthropometric measurements commonly used for general population screening may not translate well to adults with CP.

Effects of inulin-type fructans supplementation on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

IntroductionThis review aims to assess the effects of dietary supplementation with inulin-type fructans (ITF) compared with no supplementation on cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults and assess the quality of...

1418-P: Effect of Eight-Hour Time-Restricted Eating vs. Daily Calorie Restriction on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Adults with Obesity

Background: Time restricted eating (TRE) is a form of intermittent fasting that involves confining the period of eating to 8-h and fasting with zero-calorie beverages for 16-h. Short-term studies (2-3 month) suggest that 8-h TRE produces moderate weight loss and improves blood pressure and plasma lipids. What remains unknown is whether these improvements by TRE would become more pronounced over longer periods of time (6-months) , and whether these benefits are comparable to that of daily calorie restriction (CR) . Objective: Accordingly, this study compared the effects of 8-h TRE versus CR and a no-intervention control group on body weight and cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults with obesity over 6-months. Design: Adults with obesity (n = 63) were randomized to 1 of 3 interventions for 6-months: 8-h TRE (ad libitum eating between 12:00 to 8:00 pm, fasting between 8:00 to 12:00 pm) ; CR (25% energy restriction daily) ; or control (ad libitum food intake with no meal timing restrictions) . Results: By month 6, body weight decreased (P = 0.02) by CR (-4.9 ± 1.4%) but not TRE (-3.4 ± 0.7%) , versus controls (-0.7 ± 1.1%) . Diastolic blood pressure was significantly (P = 0.04) reduced by TRE (-4.0 ± 1.4 mm Hg) , but not CR (-0.1 ± 1.7 mm Hg) , versus controls (1.6 ± 1.5 mm Hg) . Changes in systolic blood pressure, fat mass, visceral fat mass, lean mass, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and heart rate did not differ between groups at month 6. Adherence to 8-h TRE remained high throughout the trial, i.e. subjects adhered to the 8-h eating window on 6 ± 0.1 days/week. Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest CR may produce greater weight loss compared to TRE over 6-months. While TRE did not produce significant weight loss, the diet did lower diastolic blood pressure. This would suggest that this intermittent fasting regimen may produce improvements in cardiovascular parameters in the absence of body weight reductions. Disclosure S. Lin: None. S. Cienfuegos: None. K. Gabel: None. K. Varady: None. A. Mulas: None. Funding NIH-NIDDK (1R01DK128180 - 01A1)

Association of Exposure to Abuse, Nurture, and Household Organization in Childhood With 4 Cardiovascular Disease Risks Factors Among Participants in the CARDIA Study.

BackgroundWe investigated associations of childhood abuse with 4 cardiovascular disease risk factors in adulthood, and whether exposure to nurturing and household organization in childhood mitigated these associations.Methods and ResultsThe CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study (baseline examination, 1985–1986) was used to examine associations of childhood exposures (measured retrospectively at the year 15 examination) with incident obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia (assessed from baseline to year 30). Race‐ and sex‐stratified Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine associations of exposure to childhood abuse with incident cardiovascular disease risk factors. Interaction terms between exposure to abuse and exposure to nurturing relationship and household organization were included to test for effect modifications. Exposure to occasional/frequent abuse (versus no abuse) was associated with incident type 2 diabetes among White men (hazard ratio [HR], 1.81; 95% CI, 1.06–3.08). Exposure to low versus no abuse was associated with incident hyperlipidemia among White men (HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.09–1.67) and White women (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.01–1.56). Risks of incident hyperlipidemia were higher for White women who experienced abuse and lived in dysfunctional households (HR, 3.61; 95% CI, 1.62–8.05) or households with low levels of organization (HR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.25–3.36) compared with White women who experienced abuse but lived in well‐organized households (HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.41–1.06). Similar patterns were seen for Black men who lived in dysfunctional households (HR, 3.62; 95% CI, 1.29–10.12) or households with low organization (HR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.08–3.72).ConclusionsWe identified race‐ and sex‐specific associations of childhood exposures with incident cardiovascular disease risk factors. The associations of household organization and dysfunction with cardiovascular disease risks merits further investigation.

Sex-specific associations of fat mass and muscle mass with cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults with type 2 diabetes living with overweight and obesity: secondary analysis of the Look AHEAD trial

BackgroundDistinguishable sex differences exist in fat mass and muscle mass. High fat mass and low muscle mass are independently associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in people living with type 2 diabetes; however, it is unknown if the association between fat mass and CVD risk is modified by muscle mass, or vice versa. This study examined the sex-specific interplay between fat mass and muscle mass on CVD risk factors in adults with type 2 diabetes living with overweight and obesity.MethodsDual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measures were used to compute fat mass index (FMI) and appendicular muscle mass index (ASMI), and participants were separated into high-fat mass vs. low-fat mass and high-muscle mass vs. low-muscle mass. A two-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA: high-FMI vs. low-FMI by high-ASMI vs. low-ASMI) was performed on CVD risk factors (i.e., hemoglobin A1C [A1C]; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; triglycerides; systolic and diastolic blood pressure; cardiorespiratory fitness, depression and health related-quality of life [HR-QoL]) at baseline and following a 1-year intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) for females and males separately, with a primary focus on the fat mass by muscle mass interaction effects.ResultsData from 1,369 participants (62.7% females) who completed baseline DXA were analyzed. In females, there was a fat mass by muscle mass interaction effect on A1C (p = 0.016) at baseline. Post-hoc analysis showed that, in the low-FMI group, A1C was significantly higher in low-ASMI when compared to high-ASMI (60.3 ± 14.1 vs. 55.5 ± 13.5 mmol/mol, p = 0.023). In the high-FMI group, there was no difference between high-ASMI and low-ASMI (56.4 ± 12.5 vs. 56.5 ± 12.8 mmol/mol, p = 0.610). In males, only high-FMI was associated with higher A1C when compared to low-FMI (57.1 ± 14.4 vs. 54.2 ± 12.0 mmol/mol, p = 0.008) at baseline. Following ILI, there were significant fat mass by muscle mass interaction effects on changes in the mental component of HR-QoL in males.ConclusionConsidering that A1C predicts future CVD, strategies to lower A1C may be especially important in females with low fat and low muscle mass living with type 2 diabetes. Our results highlight the complicated and sex-specific contribution of fat mass and muscle mass to CVD risk factors.

Longitudinal study of body mass index and percentage of overweight in Japanese children grouped by maturity.

Childhood obesity is a known risk factor for adult diseases, making its evaluation highly important. However, the evaluation is complex because there is no gold standard method. Body mass index (BMI) and percentage of overweight (POW) are widely used in Japan. However, they have the following limitations: it is difficult to set cutoffs for BMI because it dynamically varies in childhood, and POW has not been studied extensively, especially regarding its difference during maturity. Therefore, our study analyzed BMI/POW in Japanese children grouped by maturity. We used longitudinal school check-up data collected from elementary and junior high schools in 20 municipalities. We made percentile curves of BMI/POW and calculated the percentage of participants considered overweight/obese by sex, age, and maturity. Maximum increment age (MIA) was calculated using the graphical fitting method. We included 35,461 subjects aged 15 in 2018. Early-maturing children had higher BMI. The difference among maturity groups decreased by shifting the percentile curves by differences in MIA. Therefore, the use of BMI might lead to the overestimation of overweight/obesity in early-maturing children and underestimation in late-maturing children. The POW percentile curves were "N"-shaped around the MIA, indicating the inappropriate evaluation during this period. The percentile curves of children categorized as overweight/obese were also "N"-shaped, confirming that MIA affects the evaluation of childhood obesity. The possibility of overestimation/underestimation needs verification with the data of accurate age, pubertal changes, and adult diseases. In conclusion, it is difficult to evaluate childhood obesity only with height and weight.

Overview of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Adults in São Paulo, Brazil: Prevalence and Associated Factors in 2008 and 2015

Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in Brazil. Objective To provide population-based data on prevalence and factors associated with CVD risk factors. Methods Individuals aged ≥20 years from two editions of the cross-sectional Health Survey of São Paulo focusing on Nutrition (ISA-Nutrition), performed in Sao Paulo city in 2008 (n=590) and 2015 (n=610), were evaluated for: obesity, central obesity, waist/height ratio, high blood pressure (HBP), dyslipidemia, diabetes, and number of CVD risk factors [...]

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Central Obesity among Adults with Normal BMI in Shaanxi, China: A Cross-Sectional Study.

(1) Background: The study aims to estimate the prevalence of normal weight with central obesity (NWCO) and to examine the relationship between NWCO and cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults of the province of Shaanxi. (2) Methods: A population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among residents who were aged 18–80 years and had been living in Zhenba County, Shaanxi Province, for over six months in 2018. Descriptive data analysis and prevalence/frequency were conducted. Logistic regression analyses were used to detect the corresponding factors associated with central obesity. (3) Results: A total of 2312 participants (936 men and 1376 women) were analyzed. The prevalence of NWCO was 58.3%. NWCO was significantly associated with hypertension and dyslipidemia. Compared with normal weight non-central obesity (NWNO), the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for hypertension were 1.47 (95% CI 1.10–1.98) in men and 1.55 (1.14–2.10) in women, and the corresponding odds ratios for dyslipidemia were 2.71 (1.77–4.13) in men and 1.84 (1.29–2.61) in women. Female sex, age over 58 years, and lower education level were also significantly predictors of abdominal obesity. (4) Conclusions: Body mass index alone as a measure of obesity is not sufficient for assessing health risks. Central obesity index should be used together for clinical assessment.