Risk Factors Smoking Research Articles

Loss Aversion and Current, Former, and Never-Smoking Status.

Loss aversion (LA) is a bias in decision-making wherein potential losses have a greater influence on choices than equivalent gains. Such a bias may protect individuals from harm. Consistent with this idea, lower LA has been measured in individuals who endorse current cigarette smoking as well as other substance use compared to controls matched on important sociodemographic variables (age, gender, and educational attainment). The goal of the present study was to systematically replicate and extend this association between LA and smoking status by comparing those meeting criteria for current-, former-, and never-smoking status. In total, 984 individuals (N = 984) that endorsed current cigarette smoking (past 30-day use; n = 361), former-smoking (no past 30-day use, >100 cigarettes lifetime; n = 317), and never-smoking (no past 30-day use, <100 cigarettes lifetime; n = 306) were recruited using standard crowdsourcing methods and completed measures of LA (50-50 gambles) and delay discounting (DD) (monetary choice questionnaire), an important decision-making bias with an established relationship to cigarette-smoking status. Lower LA was observed in those endorsing current smoking compared to former smoking (t[952] = -9.57, Bonferroni corrected p < .0001), and never-smoking (t[952] = -3.99, Bonferroni corrected p = .0002). LA was also greater in former- compared to the never-smoking (t[952] = -5.26, Bonferroni corrected p < .0001). This pattern did not change when accounting for DD and sociodemographics. DD results replicated prior findings. The results support LA as a decision-making bias related to the risk of cigarette smoking and other substance use. Further research is needed to understand the causal contributions of LA and DD and their potential intersections. Low LA is a risk factor for cigarette smoking. This study reports higher LA among individuals that endorsed never-smoking and former-smoking status in comparison to those endorsing current cigarette smoking. LA may influence or be influenced by a change in smoking status.

Social Determinants of Cardiovascular Risk, Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease, and Cardiovascular Events.

Background Although there is research on the impact of social determinants of health (SDOHs) on cardiovascular health, most existing evidence is based on individual SDOH components. We evaluated the impact of cumulative SDOH burden on cardiovascular risk factors, subclinical atherosclerosis, and incident cardiovascular disease events. Methods and Results We included 6479 participants from the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). A weighted aggregate SDOH score representing the cumulative number of unfavorable SDOHs, identified from 14 components across 5 domains (economic stability, neighborhood and physical environment, community and social context, education, and health care system access) was calculated and divided into quartiles (quartile 4 being the least favorable). The impact of cumulative SDOH burden on cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, and obesity), systemic inflammation, subclinical atherosclerosis, and incident cardiovascular disease was evaluated. Increasing social disadvantage was associated with increased odds of all cardiovascular risk factors except dyslipidemia. Smoking was the risk factor most strongly associated with worse SDOH (odds ratio [OR], 2.67 for quartile 4 versus quartile 1 [95% CI, 2.13-3.34]). Participants within SDOH quartile 4 had 33% higher odds of increased high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (OR, 1.33 [95% CI, 1.11-1.60]) and 31% higher risk of all cardiovascular disease (hazard ratio, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.03-1.67]), yet no greater burden of subclinical atherosclerosis (OR, 1.01 [95% CI, 0.79-1.29]), when compared with those in quartile 1. Conclusions Increasing social disadvantage was associated with more prevalent cardiovascular risk factors, inflammation, and incident cardiovascular disease. These findings call for better identification of SDOHs in clinical practice and stronger measures to mitigate the higher SDOH burden among the socially disadvantaged to improve cardiovascular outcomes.

Patients with Laryngeal Disorders Who Undergone Microlaryngeal Surgery at The Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya

Objective: To describe laryngeal abnormalities undergoing microlaryngeal surgery (MLS). Material and Methods: A retrospective analytical study by examining the central medical record and electronic medical record of patients with laryngeal disorders in the otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery (ORL-HNS) Outpatient Unit and the Teratai ORL-HNS Surgery Inpatient Care Unit at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, from January 1 until December 31, 2019, utilizing the chi-square test followed by the Wald test. Results: The number of patient visits from January 1 until December 31, 2019, amounted to 80 patients, most of whom were male and belonged to the 19-60 age group. The histopathology results of patients with neoplasms indicated moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, while the same procedure applied to patients without neoplasms mainly indicated vocal nodules. In this case, the most used technique was a biopsy. Patients with smoking risk factors amounted to 38, while those without smoking risk factors amounted to 42. Conclusion: MLS is used as a means of diagnosis and therapy, including cases of benign and malignant neoplasms.

Family History of Modifiable Risk Factors and Association With Future Cardiovascular Disease.

Background A parental history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) confers greater risk of future CVD among offspring. Whether the presence of parental modifiable risk factors contribute to or modify CVD risk in offspring is unclear. Methods and Results We studied 6278 parent-child trios in the multigenerational longitudinal Framingham Heart Study. We assessed parental history of CVD and modifiable risk factors (smoking, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and hyperlipidemia). Multivariable Cox models were used to evaluate the association of parental history and future CVD among offspring. Among 6278 individuals (mean age 45±11 years), 44% had at least 1 parent with history of CVD. Over a median follow-up of 15 years, 353 major CVD events occurred among offspring. Parental history of CVD conferred 1.7-fold increased hazard of future CVD (hazard ratio[HR], 1.71 [95% CI, 1.33-2.21]). Parental obesity and smoking status were associated with higher hazard of future CVD (obesity: HR, 1.32 [95% CI, 1.06-1.64]; smoking: HR, 1.34 [95% CI, 1.07-1.68], attenuated after adjusting for offspring smoking status). By contrast, parental history of hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia were not associated with future CVD in offspring (P>0.05 for all). Furthermore, parental risk factors did not modify the association of parental CVD history on future offspring CVD risk. Conclusions Parental history of obesity and smoking were associated with a higher hazard of future CVD in offspring. By contrast, other parental modifiable risk factors did not alter offspring CVD risk. In addition to parental CVD, the presence of parental obesity should prompt a focus on disease prevention.

Tobacco—not for the body: epidemiologic understanding of tobacco use among members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from a Mormon perspective

: The role of religion as a factor affecting smoking has received very little attention in epidemiologic research despite other risk factors for smoking being well-documented and thoroughly researched. Previous research on the intersection of tobacco use and religion has focused primarily on the global faiths of Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism. This paper attempts to describe why members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints abstain from tobacco use, by addressing the current state and landscape of epidemiologic literature from a Mormon perspective. The methodology to prepare this manuscript was a hand search performed in October 2021 using the Google Scholar portal for combinations of the terms “Mormon”, “health”, “public health”, “tobacco”, “nicotine”, and “addiction”. Inclusion criteria did not include any time limits, thus many of the identified articles were performed prior to the year 2000. Key informant interviews and personal experience with the subject matter also guided construction of the narrative. Latter-day Saint doctrine dictates the complete abstinence of tobacco along with abstinence from alcohol and certain other substances in a revelation known as the Word of Wisdom, which is recorded in one of the faiths standard works of scripture. While the Church focuses its attention on addiction recovery services, individual members of the Church participate in charitable organizations like the Church’s Relief Society and minister one-by-one to those in need. Beyond individual gains, community tobacco abstinence, as is practiced by Latter-day Saints, has notable and quantifiable advantages for population health. In large part due to the many social aspects of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, as with other Christian denominations, tobacco use decreases with regular church attendance while tobacco cessation increases. Public health and tobacco control are intimately connected to faith and spirituality within the context of the Church of Jesus Christ.

Addictive behaviors among healthcare workers: A bicentric Tunisian Study

IntroductionAddiction is a disease that comes with a range of consequences. Its physical, mental, personal, social and financial repercussions could not be neglected. Yet, this issue is still stigmatized. It is a public health problem that may affect people from different backgrounds including healthcare professionals.ObjectivesTo investigate the risk factors for a substance addiction: cigarette addiction and behavioral addiction: internet addiction among health care professionals.MethodsA cross-sectional bi-centric study was conducted among healthcare workers from two public hospitals in the center-east of Tunisia. A questionnaire was distributed to those who gave their oral consent to take part in the study. It included items related to participants’ socio-demographic characteristics, medical history, self-esteem and mood assessment. It combined questions from the Rosemberg self-esteem scale (RSES) and the Beck Depression Inventory alongside with validated tests: Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE-IQ), the Fagerstrom Test for Cigarette Dependence and the Internet Addiction Test (IAT).ResultsAmong respondents, 16.1% were smokers. Risk factors for smoking were: being a male (OR=9.62), being in contact with patients (OR=4.75), a job tenure exceeding ten years (OR=3.11), having regular alcohol consumption (OR=7.27), unprotected sex (OR=9.24), depression (OR=3.87) or having suffered from sexual abuse during childhood (3.07). Nevertheless, practicing sport regularly (OR=0.32) and anxiety (OR=0.23) were identified protective factors. A high level of cigarette addiction was observed with 34.3% of cigarette smokers. Predictors of high cigarette dependence were: job tenure over ten years (OR=20.69), regular alcohol consumption (OR=6.11) and unprotected sex (OR=7.14). Among healthcare workers, 70.8% reported a normal internet use. Internet addiction was specially seen with those who were not engaged (OR=2,92) and those who worried about being unsuccessful (OR=1.91). Good self-esteem and being older were protective factors with OR=0.49 and OR=0.38 successively. Depression did not contribute to the development of internet addiction, on the opposite it protected against it (OR=0.36).ConclusionsCigarette and internet addiction are threatening health problems that need more effort to screen and address. This public health issue has never stopped growing with the emergence of new types of illicit drugs and behaviours. Finally, this study draws attention to the importance of assessing the prevalence of different categories of addiction in Tunisia and highlights the necessity of updating policies used to address these addictions in a timely and appropriate way.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Parental Smoking in Childhood as a Smoking Risk Factor Throughout Middle Age

Children of people who smoke have a well-documented higher risk of smoking initiation. However, little is known about the persistence of the association between parental smoking and children's own smoking as they age. This study uses data collected by the Panel Study of Income Dynamics collected between 1968 and 2017 and investigates the association between parental smoking and children's own smoking through middle age and how it may be modified by adult children's SES using regression models. The analysis was conducted between 2019 and 2021. The results show an increased risk of smoking among adult children of parents who smoked. Their odds were elevated in young adulthood (OR=1.55, 95% CI=1.11, 2.14), established adulthood (OR=1.53, 95% CI=1.08, 2.15), and middle age (OR=1.63, 95% CI=1.04, 2.55). Interaction analysis shows that this statistically significant relationship is limited to high-school graduates only. Among people who smoked in the past or who currently smoke, children of people who smoked had longer average smoking duration. Interaction analysis shows that this risk is limited to high-school graduates only. The adult children of people who smoked and have less than a high-school education, some college, and college graduates did not have a statistically significantly increased risk of smoking or longer smoking duration. The findings highlight the durability of early life influences, especially for people with low SES.

Abstract P5-08-12: Lifestyle factors and patient-reported outcome measures using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer survivorship questionnaire in early breast cancer patients attending for surveillance imaging

Abstract Background An increasing number of patients survive their early breast cancer (EBC) but may experience longer term impact on their quality of life (QoL) arising from their diagnosis and treatment. Survivors are also at risk of other possibly life-shortening chronic diseases due to concomitant risk factors (smoking, drinking &amp;gt;14 units of alcohol/week, and low exercise levels). Little is known about the lifestyle factors and long-term challenges facing EBC survivors. We report the initial results of a questionnaire (containing patient-reported outcomes measures (PROMS), and lifestyle factor questions) completed by EBC survivors at the Royal Marsden hospital (RMH), UK. Methods We prospectively identified a patient cohort of patients (October 2021 to June 2022) with stage I-III EBC who had completed their curative treatment (endocrine treatment (ET) may be ongoing) and who were attending for their annual surveillance breast imaging at years 1, 2, 4, and &amp;gt;5 years. Patients completed PROMS (using EORTC (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer) QLQ-SURV100 and -BR23) and questionnaires regarding smoking, alcohol, and exercise levels (via the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)). Patient, clinical, disease and treatment characteristics were recorded and the EORTC and IPAQ questionnaires were analysed according to the EORTC and IPAQ analysis manuals. Results Data are available for 187 women at the time of this analysis (it is anticipated data will be available for 350 at the time of SABCS 2022). Patients were attending for their year 1 (N=66, 35.3%), 2 (N=43, 23%), 4 (N=43), or &amp;gt;5 years (N=35, 18.7%) imaging post-surgery. 62 (86.6%) patients were Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status 0-1, and 31 (16.6%) had &amp;gt;2 of other comorbidities. 123 patients (65.8%) were post-, 16 (8.6%) peri-, and 48 (25.7%) premenopausal. 178 (95.2%) underwent primary surgery. Of those patients undergoing surgery, 19 (10.2%) had a mastectomy, and 168 (89.8%) breast conserving surgery. All patients had axillary surgery: 26 (13.9%) axillary dissection, and 158 (84.5%) sentinel lymph node biopsy. 166 patients (88.8%) received adjuvant ET and for most patients (N= 149, 79.7%) this was ongoing at time of analysis. 31.6% (N= 59) had prior exposure to cardiotoxic treatment. Risk groups for other chronic health conditions could be identified: 92 (49.2%) patients had a BMI of &amp;gt;25, 5 (4.2%) were current smokers, and 16 (13.6%) were classified as at-risk drinking. Patients reported that their physical function was affected following their diagnosis and treatment, with 51 (27.3%) having trouble running short distances and 52 (27.8%) taking a long walk carrying a heavy backpack. Nonetheless all patients (N=118 available for IPAQ analysis) had moderate (N=61, 51.7%), or high-level (N= 58, 49.2%) levels of exercise. 85 patients (45.5%) had pain in the past week, and 101 patients (54%) were dissatisfied with the appearance of their body. Most patients (N=152, 81.3%) estimated their overall QoL in the last week as very good (5-7) (scale 1-7, with 7 being excellent). QLQ-BR23 symptom scales were compared between patient groups. Patients who had chemotherapy suffered ongoing from hair loss (52.6% vs 45.2%) than chemo-naïve patients. There were no major differences between groups who received ET and those ET naïve. Conclusions We were able to identify groups of patients at risk for other comorbidities and cancers. We could also highlight groups of EBC survivors with a higher level of QoL concerns. PROMS should be routinely assessed in EBC survivors to better address subgroups at higher risk, inform consultations, and treatment decisions. Citation Format: Jasmin V Waterhouse, Jasmine Pattarukuzhyil Jose, Nikki Snuggs, Annette White, Kate Harper, Marieke van Leeuwen, Alistair Ring. Lifestyle factors and patient-reported outcome measures using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer survivorship questionnaire in early breast cancer patients attending for surveillance imaging [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-08-12.

Influence of Drain Characteristics and Other Known Risk Factors on Surgical Site Infection Occurrence in Plastic Surgery Patients

Background: Drains are hypothesized to cause surgical site infections (SSIs). However, research is scarce on how to reduce SSIs after drain placement. We analyzed the association between specific drain characteristics and the occurrence of SSI. We also evaluated the effects of other known risk factors in patients undergoing plastic surgery to reduce SSIs.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of 531 patients who underwent plastic surgery with drain placement between January 2017 and January 2022. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney U test or t-test for numerical variables.Results: SSI incidence was higher in closed drains (15.4%) than in open drains (8.0%). SSIs also occurred more often after delayed drain removal. For open drains, early removal did not decrease SSI incidence. For closed drains, SSI incidence was markedly high when the drain was removed after 6 days. Furthermore, bacterial culture results tended to differ before and after SSI occurrence more frequently in the open drain group. Among the known risk factors for SSIs, smoking, albumin concentration, and wound status were confirmed as significant.Conclusion: Drain removal time was a significant risk factor for SSIs. With open drains, it is important to assess whether SSI occurs at the beginning of drain placement. A higher probability of retrograde infection was confirmed with open drains. Closed drains should be removed within 6 days after placement. Furthermore, smoking, albumin concentration, and wound status should be considered to reduce the incidence of SSIs.

Abstract P110: Hypothalamic Amenorrhea Phenotype and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Introduction: Hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA) is a neuroendocrine disorder characterized by ovulatory dysfunction, anovulation, and infertility, which can be prolonged for months to years. Menstrual cycle irregularity and amenorrhea identify individuals with higher CVD risk, but existing evidence has not examined HA separately from polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It remains unknown whether HA is associated with CVD events across the lifecourse. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that the HA phenotype (oligo/amenorrhea without PCOS traits) would identify individuals at increased risk for CVD. Methods: Nurses’ Health Study II participants with available information on menstrual cycle characteristics who were premenopausal and free of CVD at baseline comprised the analytic sample (n=83,281). Menstrual cycle regularity was retrospectively reported for ages 18-22y on the baseline questionnaire in 1989 while the 1993 biennial questionnaire captured current menstrual cycle regularity (at ages 29-49y); PCOS traits (severe acne, hirsutism) were additionally ascertained in 1993. Participants were followed for confirmed incident CVD (MI, stroke, and fatal CHD) from 1993 through 2017. Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the relationship between HA and CVD, adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, parental education, parental history of CVD &lt;60y, and behavioral risk factors (smoking, physical activity, diet, alcohol intake, body mass index). Results: Thirteen percent of participants (n=11,071) ever had HA: 8.5% of participants (n=7,081) had HA at ages 18-22y while 6.5% (n=5,428) had HA at ages 29-46y. Persistent HA (HA at both 18-22y and 29-46 y) was identified in 1.7% of participants (n=1,438). CVD events occurred in 253 individuals who ever had HA (HA at either 18-22y or 29-46y) and 1,228 individuals without the HA phenotype. Individuals who ever had HA had a 20% higher rate of CVD (CI: 1.05-1.38). HA phenotype at ages 18-22y was not associated with CVD risk (HR=1.14; CI: 0.96-1.35) while HA phenotype at ages 29-46y was associated with a 30% higher rate of CVD (CI: 1.10-1.54) compared to individuals without HA phenotype. Individuals with persistent HA across both age ranges had a 69% higher rate of CVD (CI: 1.24-2.28). Underlying associations were strongest between ever HA and stroke (HR=1.25; CI: 1.03-1.51) and between persistent HA and CHD (HR=1.90; CI: 1.27-2.86), although case counts were small. Conclusions: HA phenotype in mid-adulthood identified individuals at increased risk of CVD compared to those without HA. As there are multiple HA subtypes, defined by varying combinations of psychosocial stress, anxiety, physical activity and weight loss, future studies should examine which HA subtypes are associated with CVD risk.

Diabetes Awareness and Complications in Patients from Clinics in the Centre Region, Cameroon

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a major public health problem with complications having significant morbidity and mortality on the populations. It is a growing condition in developing countries, which are hosting nearly 75% of the world's diabetic patients. In the present study, we assessed the knowledge, attitude and practices of diabetic patients about the disease risk factors (smoking, alcohol, lack of exercise), and determined the frequencies of complications and some links between risks factors and complications in patients attending health clinics in the centre region of Cameroon. Methodology: The study was conducted from June 2017 to June 2020 in diabetes clinics of the Centre region of Cameroon. Diabetic patients attending the clinics for routine follow-up were enrolled in the study after they consented and signed an informed consent form. Their socio-demographic data, dietetic habit (eating, cigarette and alcohol intake, physical activity) were recorded on a questionnaire while the disease complications were obtained from their medical record. Results: A total of 588 patients were involved in the study including 68.20% females and 31.80% males. Fourteen (2.4%) patients were type 1 diabetes while 96.60% were type 2 diabetes. The mean age of participants was 31.28 ± 4.38 and 59.00 ± 12.21 years old for type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively 37.52% participants regularly consumed alcohol whereas 3.74% were smokers. Complications of diabetes such as hypertension and ketoacidosis were detected in 62% and 15% of the diabetic participants, respectively. Physical activity significantly prevented or delayed the onset of hypertension, stroke and dyslipidemia. Significant association was observed between stroke and dyslipidemia in smokers as compared to non-smokers. Conclusion: This study reveals that diabetic patients had poor level of awareness, non-appropriated attitude toward preventing the outcome of disease complications.

Exposure to occupational risk factors is associated with the severity and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) results from a complex interaction between genes and the environment, and occupational exposures are an underappreciated risk factor. Until now, little research attention has been paid to the potential impact of occupational risk factor exposure on the COPD in China. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the role of occupational risk factor exposure on the severity and progression of COPD for exploring new prevention strategies for this disease. This study adopted a random cluster-sampling method. Five grade-A tertiary hospitals that met the inclusion criteria were selected as the survey sites, and patients with COPD hospitalized in these hospitals from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2019, were selected as the research subjects. Data of the patients diagnosed with COPD met the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (2019) criteria and were collected from the computerized medical record databases. Among 4082 investigated COPD patients, 1063 (26%) were found to have occupational risk factor exposure history. The top 3 industries with a large COPD case number and a history of occupational risk factor exposure ranked in the order of agriculture (including farming, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery), manufacturing, and mining. Further multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that when setting a low exposure level as a reference, medium and high exposure levels were correlated with the severity of COPD (odds ratio values were 2.837 and 6.201, respectively, P < .05). Linear regression analysis showed that cumulative exposure to occupational risk factors was negatively correlated with the forced expiratory volume in 1-second percentage of COPD patients, with a correlation coefficient of 0.68. Our results indicated that occupational risk factor exposure levels were related to the severity of COPD significantly. The incubation period of COPD in the exposure group was significantly shorter than that in the non-exposure group. To prevent worked-related COPD, special attention and control efforts should be taken to reduce the level of occupational risk factors such as organic dust, irritating chemicals, etc in the work environments, especially in the industries of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, manufacturing, and mining.

Study of adolescent health behavior towards non-communicable disease risk factors in Special Region of Yogyakarta

Backgrounds: Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are still one of the causes of high incidence and death rates in people of various age groups, especially adolescents with poor lifestyles and health behaviors due to a lack of awareness to prevent NCDs from an early age. This study aimed to analyze adolescents health behavior of adolescents aged 15-24 years toward risk factors for non-communicable diseases based on the RISKESDAS results of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Methods: This research is a quantitative descriptive study using secondary data to analyze the health behavior of adolescents aged 15-24 towards risk factors for non-communicable disease behavior based on data collected from RISKESDAS data for the Special Region of Yogyakarta in 2007, 2013, and 2018. Data analysis was carried out descriptively for each risk factor and presented as a percentage chart. Results: The research shows that the risk factors for smoking every day and occasionally have decreased from 2007 to 2018. There has been an increase in the awareness of consuming fruits and vegetables. Meanwhile, there was an increase in alcohol consumption in 2018 and a decrease in doing sufficient physical activity for one week in adolescents aged 15-24 years in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Conclusion: It can be concluded that risk factors for health behavior related to non-communicable diseases in adolescents are still caused by a lack of physical activity and the large number of adolescents who consume alcohol.

Prediction of hypertension risk as an occupational health disease in palm oil factory workers at Gandapura District, Bireuen Regency, Aceh, Indonesia

Introduction: Hypertension is a condition where the pressure in the blood vessels increases continuously. Stress, a risk factor for hypertension, can be caused by a person's workload exceeding the normal time limit. A job that exceeds the normal time limit can trigger work fatigue so that can affect aspects of mental, physical and work time. There is a relationship between mass index (BMI), waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio measurements with blood pressure in working men and women. Workers in palm oil mills are at risk of developing hypertension because of their daily work activities. The prevalence of hypertension in palm oil factory workers is 18.4%, caused by the risk factors of smoking, obesity and waist circumference ratio. The research will be carried out at the palm oil factory, Bireuen Regency. Sampling was carried out by means of simple random sampling on selected subjects using a cross-sectional design. The end result of this study is a formula for predicting the risk of hypertension in palm oil factory workers. The study aims to make predictions of risk factors for hypertension as an occupational health disease in palm oil factory workers. Patients and methods: Workers in palm oil mills are at risk of developing hypertension because of their daily work activities. The research will be carried out at the palm oil factory in Bireuen Regency, Aceh, Indonesia. Sampling was carried out by means of simple random sampling on selected subjects using a cross-sectional design. Results: There is a relationship between BMI, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio measurements with blood pressure in working men and women. Workers in palm oil mills are at risk of developing hypertension because of their daily work activities. Conclusion: Most of the oil palm workers were male, had a university education, were married, the amount of income was according to the minimum wage and below the minimum wage, they did not smoke, were physically active, and all workers were not stressed. . Based on the risk of hypertension, the average age of the respondents was 34.4 years, blood pressure was above normal, Body Mass Index was in the overweight category and waist circumference was above normal limits.

Inequality in smoking and related risk factors for smoking in expectant mothers - a nationwide Danish register-based study.

Foetuses exposed to smoking during pregnancy are disadvantaged due to numerous adverse obstetric outcomes. This study aimed to examine 1) inequality in maternal smoking between subgroups of pregnant women and 2) significant risk factors of maternal smoking. Data were collected from Danish registries. Trends in maternal smoking within each study period, T1 (2000-2002) and T2 (2014-2016), were investigated by Poisson regression calculating prevalence proportion ratios, and trends between study periods were studied by adding an interaction term. The significance of risk factors for maternal smoking (low age, low education, living alone and having a moderate/severe mental health condition) were studied by interaction analysis on the additive scale. The prevalence of maternal smoking decreased from 21% in 2000 to 7% in 2016. Decreases were found in all subgroups of maternal age, cohabitation status, educational level and mental health condition. However, large differences in smoking prevalence between subgroups were found, and inequality in maternal smoking increased from 2000 to 2016. The probability of maternal smoking increased with the addition of risk factors, and positive additive interactions were found for almost all combinations of multiple risk factors. Our results provide knowledge on risk factors and increasing levels of inequality in maternal smoking which points to a need for targeted interventions in relation to maternal smoking for subgroups of pregnant women in future smoking cessation programmes and in antenatal care.

NASAL CARRIAGE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN PHARMACIST AND PHARMACY PERSONNEL

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) nasal carriage rates and risk factors in pharmacist and pharmacy personnel.&#x0D; Material and Method: 300 nasal swabs were collected from volunteers (pharmacist and pharmacy personnel) working in pharmacies in Ankara, Turkey. Samples were identified as S. aureus by phenotypic methods. Methicillin resistance of the strains was determined in accordance with the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) by the disk diffusion method and the presence of the mecA gene was investigated by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).Volunteers were asked to answer some questions (age, sex etc.) and risk factors for nasal S.aureus carriage were investigated.&#x0D; Result and Discussion: S. aureus was detected in 64 (21.3%) of 300 samples, of which 4 (1.3%) were identified as Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). S. aureus carriage rates were found to be 25.7% in pharmacist and 20% in pharmacy personnel. There was no significant difference between these two groups (p&gt;0.05). A significant difference was found between some risk factors (smoking, diabetes, and outpatient treatment in hospital within the past year) and nasal S.aureus carriage (p

Causes of Clonal Hematopoiesis: a Review.

Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is an age-dependent process detectable using advanced sequencing technologies and is associated with multiple adverse health outcomes including cardiovascular disease and cancer. The purpose of this review is to summarize known causes of CH mutations and to identify key areas and considerations for future research on CH. Studies have identified multiple potential causes of CH mutations including smoking, cancer therapies, cardiometabolic disease, inflammation, and germline risk factors. Additionally, large-scale studies have facilitated the identification of gene-specific effects of CH mutation risk factors that may have unique downstream health implications. For example, cancer therapies and sources of environmental radiation appear to cause CH through their impact on DNA damage repair genes. There is a growing body of evidence defining risk factors for CH mutations. Standardization in the identification of CH mutations may have important implications for future research. Additional studies in underrepresented populations and their diverse environmental exposures are needed to facilitate broad public health impact of the study of CH mutations.

Anatomically Abnormal Placement of Placenta and its Under Lying Factors Maternal Tobacco Exposure, History of Cesarean Section and Hypertension among Gravid Females Detected by Sonographically

Aim: To ascertain, placenta previa, acreta and per acreta by ultrasonography during antenatal visit of pregnant mother in 3rd trimester with history of risk factors smoking active passive, hypertension previous history of surgery with consents. Design: cross sectional. Duration: December 2020 to May 2022 (one year &amp; Six Months). Site: Radiology, Gynae &amp; Obstetric department of Pak Red Crescent Medical &amp; Dental College and teaching hospital Dina Nath Multan Road Kasur. Method: convenient sampling with written consent for participation in study. Pregnant mother in 3rd trimester were examined with ultrasonography and color Doppler. Keywords: Abnormal placement of placenta, Risk factors, Ultrasonography.

Epidemiological Risk Factors for Cancers of the Lung, Breast, Colon-rectum &amp; Oral cavity: A case-control study in the Philippines

Introduction. In the Philippines, lung, breast, colon-rectum, and oral cavity cancers are among the top 10 most common cancers. This study evaluates the risk factors for these cancers among Filipinos.&#x0D; Methods. This age-matched case-control study included incident primary cancers (histologically-diagnosed) of the lung, breast (also matched for sex), colon-rectum and oral cavity. Controls(clinically free and no history of cancer) were obtained from the same tertiary hospitals as the cases. Target sample size was 283 cases and 283 controls per cancer type. Conditional logistic regression was done.&#x0D; Results. Exposure to cigarette/tobacco was a significant risk factor for lung (OR of current smoker compared to non-smoker [95% Confidence Interval]: 3.6 [1.6-7.9]) and oral cavity cancers (2.0 [1.2-3.3]); family history (1st degree) for lung (4.3 [1.3 – 14.2]) and breast cancers (3.0 [1.2-7.5]); every year increase in age at first pregnancy for breast cancer (1.06 [1.02-1.11]). Other risk factors for oral cavitywere passive smoking (2.8 [1.6-5.1]), chewing tobacco (5.2[1.4-19.5]) and inverted cigarette smoking (3.2[1.3-8.1]). Fish sauce (patis) was found to be a protective factor for breast cancer (0.34 [0.22-0.51]) and oral cavity (0.44 [0.25-0.78]) and use of shrimp paste (bagoong) (0.48 [0.27-0.84]) for oral cavity.&#x0D; Conclusion and Recommendations. Except for family history of cancer, the identified risk factors for lung, colon-rectum, and oral cavity cancers are preventable. Proper diet and lifestyle, avoidanceof cigarettes and tobacco, and environmental safety in the workplace are key cancer prevention measures. Public awareness campaign and continuing healthcare provider education must always be part of a cancer prevention program.

HYPERLIPIDEMIA IS A DOMINANT RISK FACTOR FOR CORONARY HEART DISEASE

Background: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major health problem in developed and developing countries. Until now, the death rate due to CHD is the highest in the world. Its risk factors include major modifiable risk factors, such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, smoking, and non-modifiable risk factors. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the major risk factors for the incidence of CHD. Methods: This study employed an unmatched case-control design, with a total sample of 43 cases and 86 controls recruited by a purposive sampling technique. Case samples were CHD patients diagnosed by a cardiologist and control samples were non-CHD patients who visited the cardiac polyclinic, with similar variables of age, sex, and residence. The samples were taken at the integrated heart center of Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar, based on the patient medical records. Data analysis was performed using the Chi-square test and logistic regression. Results: The results showed three risk factors that statistically and significantly increased the incidence of CHD, namely history of total cholesterol of ≥240mg/dl with adjusted OR=4.64 (95% CI: 1.60-13.49), type-2 diabetes mellitus with adjusted OR=2.85 (95% CI: 1.16-6.99), and smoking with adjusted OR=2.54 (95% CI: 1.01-6.46). Conclusion: The history of high total cholesterol is statistically the most dominant risk factor for the incidence of CHD.