Risk Factors For Postpartum Depression Research Articles

Exploring Postpartum Depression among Mothers in Dhaka's Slum Areas: A Qualitative Study

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a major public health problem, especially in low-income communities with inadequate access to mental health care. This study investigates the incidence, experiences, and risk factors for postpartum depression among mothers in Dhaka's slum regions. Using a qualitative technique, we conducted in-depth interviews with 31 mothers aged 18 to 35 who had recently given birth and lived in various Dhaka slum neighborhoods. Interviews centered on their emotional well-being, social support networks, and impediments to mental health care. Thematic analysis identified a number of important variables that contribute to PPD, including as limited access to healthcare services, financial stress, marital abuse, and a lack of social support. The problem was made worse by the cultural stigma associated with mental health and parenting, which discouraged many mothers from getting treatment. Many participants said they felt alone, overburdened, and guilty of their emotional problems; others didn't know that their sensations may be connected to a health issue. The results highlight the need for community-based support networks and focused mental health interventions to address the particular difficulties experienced by new moms in urban slums. This study underlines the need of integrating mental health services into maternity healthcare in resource-constrained settings to promote overall maternal wellbeing and minimize the burden of postpartum depression.

Premenstrual syndrome as a risk factor for postpartum depression

Premenstrual syndrome as a risk factor for postpartum depression

Prevalence and risk factors for postpartum depression and stress among mothers of preterm and low birthweight infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit in Accra, Ghana.

To determine the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) and postpartum stress (PPS) and identify associated risk factors among mothers of preterm and low birth weight (LBW) infants. We conducted a secondary analysis of data collected from 255 mothers with preterm and LBW infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana. A standardized interviewer-administered questionnaire collected data on maternal, pregnancy, birth, and infant characteristics. The questionnaire also included the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Perceived Stress Scale-4 (PSS-4) to assess PPD and PPS, respectively. Simple and multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with PPD and PPS. The prevalence of moderate to moderately severe PPD was 3.9%, and that of PPS was 43.5%. The multivariable linear regression analysis showed that an increased number of prenatal care visits (β-estimate = 0.26; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.08-0.43; P < 0.01) was positively associated with higher scores on the PHQ-9, whereas gestational age at birth (β = -0.21; 95% CI -0.40 to -0.03; P = 0.02) was inversely associated with PHQ-9 scores. Moreover, a longer gestational period at the first prenatal care visit (β = 0.25; 95% CI 0.05-0.45; P = 0.01) and following the Islamic religion were associated with elevated scores on the PSS-4 (β = 0.95; 95% CI 0.11-1.80; P = 0.011). Our findings underscore the presence of moderate PPD levels and high PPS levels among mothers. Active screening, diagnosis, and treatment for mothers at risk of mental health disorders during the peripartum period could enhance coping mechanisms for mothers navigating the challenging NICU environment and transitioning to the home environment.

Heterogeneity of postpartum bonding and maternity blues among mothers three days after delivery

Abstract Background Findings about risk factors for postpartum depression (PPD) are often inconsistent. The variability could be due to the heterogeneity of characteristics of mothers at risk for PPD in certain populations, which has important mental health implications. We examined the heterogeneity of sociodemographic, pregnancy and labor characteristics in postpartum women referred to follow-up care on the third day after delivery. Methods We performed a nested cross-sectional latent profile analysis (LPA) on a convenience sample of women in a tertiary community hospital in Split, Croatia in 2020. Participants completed the first subscales of Postpartum Bonding and Maternity Blues questionnaires, as well as five subscales of the Questionnaire of Family Functioning According to Parents and 12 sociodemographic, pregnancy and childbirth-related variables. LPA identified profiles of mother-infant bonding and postnatal blues, and multinomial regression analysis was used to determine the influence of different profiles. Results Of the 318 participants, the best-fitting model had three latent profiles. First (n = 76, 24% of participants) and second (n = 216, 68% of participants) latent profiles showed good postpartum bonding, while second profile showed higher primary blues. Third profile (n = 80, 25% of participants) was characterized by poorer postpartum bonding and elevated primary blues. Only good youth experiences of mothers with their parents (relative risk [RR] 0.26; 95% CI 0.12-0.57; p = 0.001) and good present-day relationships with partners (RR 0.26; 95% CI 0.13-0.52; p &amp;lt; 0.001), significantly decreased the risk for third latent profile classification. Conclusions Postpartum bonding and primary blues of women who gave birth three days prior were heterogeneous. This heterogeneity could result in the well-documented heterogeneity of postpartum depression in women, and therefore, be the focus of mental health interventions in similar settings. Key messages • We found heterogeneity of sociodemographic, pregnancy, and labor characteristics in postpartum women after delivery, highlighting the variability in risk factors for postpartum depression. • This heterogeneity could result in the well-documented heterogeneity of postpartum depression in women, and therefore, be the focus of mental health interventions in similar settings.

Analysis of risk factors for postpartum depression after cesarean section in women with early-onset preeclampsia.

Early-onset preeclampsia significantly increases maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Many pregnant women with early onset preeclampsia choose cesarean section as their delivery method. Although extensive research has explored the association between postpartum depression (PPD) and cesarean section, few studies have investigated the risk factors after cesarean section in women with early-onset preeclampsia. To examine these risk factors through a retrospective, observational analysis of 287 women who underwent a cesarean section for early preeclampsia between June 2014 and March 2024. Participants were assessed in person during the 32nd week of pregnancy, 2 days post-cesarean, and 6 weeks postpartum. According to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), participants who underwent cesarean section were divided into PPD (n = 60) and non-PPD groups (n = 227). Furthermore, PPD was diagnosed at 6 weeks postpartum according to depressive symptoms (EPDS score ≥ 11). The demographic and clinical features of PPD were screened. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify PPD risk factors. The prevalence of PPD was 20.9% (60/287) among the 287 women who underwent cesarean section for early-onset preeclampsia. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that advanced age (age > 40 years) [odds ratio (OR) = 1.93, 95%CI: 1.31-2.82], previous preeclampsia (OR = 7.15, 95%CI: 5.81-8.85), pre-pregnancy obesity (OR = 2.42, 95%CI: 1.62-3.63), gestational diabetes mellitus (OR = 3.52, 95%CI: 2.51-4.92), preexisting hypertension (OR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.03-1.89), PPD symptoms (EPDS ≥ 11) at 2 days postpartum (OR = 6.15, 95%CI: 1.32-28.35), high prenatal self-rating anxiety scale score (OR = 1.13, 95%CI: 1.06-1.18), and pain at 6 weeks postpartum (OR = 2.16, 95%CI: 1.28-3.66) were independently associated with PPD. Risk factors for PPD after cesarean section in women with early-onset preeclampsia include advanced age (age > 40 years), pre-pregnancy obesity, previous preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, preexisting hypertension, PPD symptoms (EPDS ≥ 11) at 2 days postpartum, prenatal anxiety, and pain at 6 weeks postpartum. The early identification of these factors and interventions can mitigate the risk of PPD.

Relation Between Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy and Postpartum Mother Psychological Wellbeing

Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) may be physical violence, psychological or sexual abuse by a current or former intimate partner. It is an avoidable global public health problem. IPV in pregnancy, despite being a common problem but remains a neglected condition (1). The severity of violence from a partner during pregnancy was reported to be greater than violence before pregnancy due to possibly change in a couple’s relationship and lifestyle accompanying pregnancy (2).Numerous studies revealed that experiencing IPV during pregnancy negatively affects both mothers and infants during the post- partum period(3).Objectives: to assess prevalence of postpartum depression and anxiety and assess possible relation between partner violence during pregnancy and postpartum psychological health. Design: prospective cohort study Method: This study was carried out on 176 pregnant women attending antenatal care to explore the possible relation between intimate partner violence and postpartum depression and anxiety. The assessment was done during the second trimester by screening the sociodemographic factors, screening of intimate partner violence was done using the Arabic version of the Composite Abuse Scale. Postpartum assessment by screening of maternal depression was done by the Arabic version of the Edinburgh post-partum depression scale, and screening of anxiety using the Arabic version of Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale. Results: the prevalence of intimate partner violence during pregnancy was 19.3%. Near half of participants suffered from postpartum depressive illness and around one quarter suffered from possible depression. More than half of participants suffered from mild to moderate postpartum anxiety. Partner violence had also significant relation with depression during pregnancy and post-partum with p-value &lt;0.001 for both. Conclusions: intimate partner violence may be a risk factor for postpartum depression and anxiety.so, we should screen for it and learn how to deal with this problem.

Primary and secondary prevention of postpartum depression

Pregnancy is one of the important life events in a woman's life, which in the face of pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding process, maternal psychology and physiology will have obvious changes, among which postpartum depression is more common. Postpartum depression (PPD) is a mental syndrome with obvious depressive symptoms or typical depressive episodes during the puerperal period. Its etiology is complex, with sleepiness, gloomy expression, crying and other symptoms in clinic, and even some patients will have suicidal tendencies, which seriously endangers maternal physical and mental health. In recent years, the adverse events caused by postpartum depression have attracted more and more social attention, and postpartum women's mental health has become a hot spot in clinical research. Clinical workers should improve the awareness of postpartum depression, and strengthen the maternal mental health screening, so as to detect psychological abnormalities as early as possible and give timely intervention measures. In view of the high incidence of postpartum depression, it is very important to establish a sound mental health service system for pregnant women. This paper will analyze the high risk factors of PPD summarized the targeted primary prevention and secondary prevention, and proposed prevention strategies before and after the onset of postpartum depression, respectively, to provide theoretical basis for effectively preventing the occurrence of postpartum depression or delaying the progression of postpartum depression.

Causal relationship between Women's reproductive traits and postpartum depression: a multivariate mendelian randomization analysis.

The relationship between women's reproductive traits and postpartum depression (PPD) has not been clarified. We reveal the association between genetically predicted modifiable women's reproductive traits and PPD using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). We used genome-wide association studies (GWASs) to obtain instrumental variables (IVs) of 9 women's reproductive traits. Univariate and multivariate MR analyses were used to examine the association between traits and the risk of PPD (13,657 cases and 236,178 controls). The primary causal effect assessment employed the IVW method. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q test. Multiple horizontal effects were assessed using the MR-PRESSO and MR-Egger intercept. Leave-one-out and LASSO regression analyses were used to check the robustness of the UVMR and MVMR results, respectively. In the UVMR result, genetic prediction showed that age at first sexual intercourse (AFS) (OR = 0.474, 95% CI 0.396-0.567; p = 4.6 × 10-16), age at first birth (AFB) (OR = 0.865, 95% CI 0.805-0.930; p = 8.02 × 10-5), and age at last live birth (ALLB) (OR = 0.296, 95% CI 0.138-0.636; p = 0.002) were significantly inversely associated with PPD, while a higher lifetime number of sexual partners (LNSP) (OR = 1.431, 95% CI 1.009-2.031; p = 0.045) and a greater number of spontaneous miscarriages (OR = 1.519, 95% CI 1.021-2.262; p = 0.039) are suggested to be associated with an increased risk of PPD. In the MVMR result, only AFB (OR = 0.804, 95% CI 0.661-0.978; p = 0.029) retained a direct causative relationship with PPD. The study indicates that AFB is a significant risk factor for PPD. Furthermore, the likelihood of developing PPD appears to decrease with increasing gestational age at the time of the first childbirth.

Profiling intimate partner violence in booked pregnant women at Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki and associated puerperal depressive sequelae: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundIntimate partner violence (IPV) in pregnancy is a physical, sexual, psychological or economic harm by a current or former partner or spouse on a pregnant woman. It is a global public health problem that is common but underreported. Women are at increased risk of psychiatric illness in pregnancy and after delivery with the risk of major depressive disorder being highest during the postpartum period. Intimate partner violence in pregnancy may worsen this problem.ObjectivesThe objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) in pregnancy, incidence of postpartum depression and the relationship between intimate partner violence, delivery outcomes and postpartum depression among booked pregnant women at Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi state, Nigeria (AEFUTHA).Study designThis study was a prospective cohort study.SettingThe antenatal clinic, antenatal ward, labour ward, postpartum clinic and under five clinic of Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi state, Nigeria were used for the study.Method One hundred and thirty-seven booked pregnant women that received antenatal care at AEFUTHA who met the inclusion criteria and consented to the study, were recruited from 37 weeks to 41 weeks gestation and screened for intimate partner violence and depression. Those with depression were referred for treatment while those that met the inclusion criteria were followed up to delivery and the delivery outcomes documented. They were also followed up to six weeks postpartum when they were screened for postpartum depression. Data were collated, tabulated and then statistically analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software (version 25, Chicago II, USA). Numerical variables including participant’s age, parity and gestational age were presented as mean, median, frequencies and standard deviation (Mean ± S.D), while categorical variables including occupation, level of education, social class and family type were presented as numbers and percentages. Chi-square test (X2) and relative risk was used for comparison between groups for categorical variables while Fisher’s exact test was used when Chi-square test (X2) was not suitable. Binary regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between intimate partner violence and postpartum depression. A P value of ˂0.05 is considered statistically significant.ResultsThe prevalence of intimate partner violence was 52.6%, as 72 out of the 137 women recruited endured intimate partner violence. The major risk factors for intimate partner violence in the study were low level of education, low social class, polygamy and unemployment. The general incidence of postpartum depression was 29.93% while the incidence among women with intimate partner violence was 56.94%. Women with emotional violence and verbal abuse had a five-fold increase in the incidence of postpartum depression. Sexual violence and physical violence were not statistically significant risk factors for postpartum depression.ConclusionIntimate partner violence is common as seen from the study. It is a significant risk factor for postpartum depression. Women that are emotionally and verbal abused are more likely to have postpartum depression. Screening pregnant women for intimate violence may identify those at risk and allow for proper interventions.

Risk factors for postpartum depression

Postpartum depression has become an increasingly urgent problem of modern medicine and psychology. This condition is a mental disorder that causes emotional, behavioral, and physical changes associated with the postpartum period. Despite the presence of a wide range of signs, the diagnosis of postpartum depression remains challenging for specialists. A woman experiencing this type of depression may find it difficult to realize her condition on her own and seek help. However, even if properly diagnosed, the fact of having postpartum depression can be a negative experience for a woman. Young mothers often feel fear or shame in front of family members and the society and hide their diagnosis. This creates additional barriers to getting the necessary help and support. This review aimed to identify and analyze risk factors of depressive disorders in women in the postpartum period and investigate some manifestations of postpartum depression. The scientific databases CyberLeninkа, eLibrary, and PubMed were used. The articles were searched for the following keywords: “postpartum period,” “depressive disorder,” “postpartum depression,” “postpartum depression and risk factors,” and “development of depressive disorders in the postpartum period.” The study included articles published over the past 5 years. After sampling by annotations and keywords, 53 articles were analyzed: 6 Russian and 47 English speakers. The risk factors described in modern domestic and foreign literature were analyzed and were classified as unmodified and modifiable, which was further characterized as modifiable by the mother and/or her family and modifiable only by healthcare.

A Mixed Methods Longitudinal Investigation of Maternal Depression Across the Perinatal Period Among Mothers Who Gave Birth During the COVID-19 Pandemic

BackgroundDepression during the perinatal period is associated with negative outcomes for both mothers and children, including higher rates of chronic depression in mothers and physical, emotional, and cognitive issues in children. This study aimed to determine how the stressors of the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to prenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms among a sample of peripartum mothers who gave birth during the pandemic. This study also examined risk factors for postpartum depression, including prenatal depressive symptoms, demographic characteristics, timing of birth during the pandemic, pregnancy intention, birth expectations and experiences, and pandemic-related concerns. MethodsThis mixed methods study included data from online surveys using a convenience sample of 284 expectant mothers with due dates from April 2020 to September 2021, and qualitative interviews with a subset of participants. Depressive symptoms and risk for clinical depression were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale during the third trimester of pregnancy and again within 8 weeks postpartum. Multiple regression models examined potential risk factors to determine which variables most predicted participants’ postpartum depressive symptoms and risk of clinical depression. ResultsAmong this nonrepresentative, mostly white, and highly resourced sample, one-third of participants (33.8%) met the criteria for risk of clinical depression during the prenatal period, and 32.7% met this threshold in the postpartum period. Participants who reported higher levels of prenatal depressive symptoms, gave birth earlier in the pandemic, reported lower income, or had more pandemic-related concerns tended to report more postpartum depressive symptoms, adjusting for demographic characteristics and other variables of interest. Peripartum mothers who reported symptoms consistent with risk of clinical depression prenatally were almost four times more likely to screen positive for depression in the postpartum period, even after adjusting for other variables. In interviews, participants attributed negative emotions in pregnancy to uncertainty related to pandemic-related changes in care and expressed grief about missed pregnancy and postpartum experiences. In the postpartum period, some participants reported that their births were ultimately less stressful than anticipated. ConclusionsFindings highlight the need for consistent and frequent depression screenings across the perinatal period, especially among participants who report depressive symptoms prenatally. Participants who gave birth early in the pandemic were at the highest risk of postpartum depression and may continue to need additional supports.

Prevalence and risk factors for postpartum depression two months after cesarean delivery: a prospective multicenter study

BackgroundThe prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression after cesarean delivery remain unclear. ObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of postpartum depression and its risk factors 2 months after cesarean delivery. MethodsProspective ancillary cohort study of the Tranexamic Acid for Preventing Postpartum Hemorrhage after Cesarean Delivery (TRAAP2) trial, conducted in 27 French hospitals in 2018-2020 and enrolling women undergoing cesarean delivery before or during labor at 34 or more weeks of gestation. After randomization, characteristics of the cesarean delivery, postpartum blood loss, and immediate postpartum period, including memories of delivery and postoperative pain, were prospectively collected. Women's characteristics, particularly any psychiatric history, were collected from medical records. Two months after childbirth, a postpartum depression provisional diagnosis was defined as a score of 13 or higher on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, a validated self-administered questionnaire. The corrected prevalence of postpartum depression was calculated with the inverse probability weighting method to take nonrespondents into account. Multivariate logistic regression analyzed associations between potential risk factors and postpartum depression. A sensitivity analysis used an EPDS cutoff value of 11 or higher. ResultsThe questionnaire was returned by 2793/4431 women (63.0% response rate). The corrected prevalence of postpartum depression provisional diagnosis was 16.4% (95% confidence interval (CI), 14.9-18.0%) with an EPDS score of 13 or higher and 23.1% (95%CI, 21.4-24.9%) with a cutoff value of 11 or higher. Characteristics associated with a higher risk of postpartum depression were pre-pregnancy characteristics such as young age (aOR 0.83, 95%CI 0.74-0.93 for each 5-year increase in maternal age) and non-European country of birth (aOR 2.58, 95%CI 1.85-3.59 for North Africa; aOR 1.57, 95%CI 1.09-2.26 for Sub-Saharan Africa and aOR 1.99, 95%CI 1.28-3.10 for other country of birth; reference: Europe) and some aspects of the cesarean delivery, notably its timing and context, emergency before labor (aOR 1.70, 95%CI 1.15-2.50; reference: before labor without emergency) and during labor after induction of labor (aOR 1.36, 95%CI 1.03-1.84; reference: before labor without emergency). Also at higher risk were women reporting high intensity pain during the postpartum stay (aOR 1.73, 95%CI 1.32-2.26) and bad memories of delivery on day 2 postpartum (aOR 1.67, 95%CI 1.14-2.45). Conversely, women who had social support in the operating room had a lower risk of postpartum depression (aOR 0.73, 95%CI 0.53-0.97). ConclusionAround one woman in six had postpartum depression symptoms 2 months after cesarean delivery. Some cesarean-related obstetric factors may increase this risk: cesareans before labor for emergency situations or during labor after medically indicated induction of labor, severe postoperative pain and bad memories of delivery before discharge. Specific subgroups of at-risk women could benefit from early screening or intervention to reduce the onset of postpartum depression. Perinatal professionals should pay particular attention to postoperative pain management.

Causal effects of neuroticism on postpartum depression: a bidirectional mendelian randomization study.

Postpartum depression (PPD) brings adverse and serious consequences to both new parents and newborns. Neuroticism affects PPD, which remains controversial for confounding factors and reverse causality in cross-sectional research. Therefore, mendelian randomization (MR) study has been adopted to investigate their causal relationship. This study utilized large-scale genome-wide association study genetic pooled data from three major databases: the United Kingdom Biobank, the European Bioinformatics Institute, and the FinnGen databases. The causal analysis methods used inverse variance weighting (IVW). The weighted median, MR-Egger method, MR-PRESSO test, and the leave-one-out sensitivity test have been used to examine the results' robustness, heterogeneity, and horizontal pleiotropy. The fixed effect model yielded the results of meta-analysis. In the IVW model, a meta-analysis of the MR study showed that neuroticism increased the risk of PPD (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.11-1.25, p < 0.01). Reverse analysis showed that PPD could not genetically predict neuroticism. There was no significant heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy bias in this result. Our study suggests neuroticism is the risk factor for PPD from a gene perspective and PPD is not the risk factor for neuroticism. This finding may provide new insights into prevention and intervention strategies for PPD according to early detection of neuroticism.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression in Palestinian Women in the Hebron Governorate, Palestine

Background Despite the increased interest from researchers in Postpartum depression (PPD) globally, related studies are limited in Palestine and do not provide a comprehensive understanding of PPD. Objective We examined the factors that determine post-partum depression among Palestinian mothers in Hebron governorate. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 122 governmental primary healthcare clinics in Hebron Governorate. A convenient sampling method was used to collect data from 435 using a self-administered questionnaire using the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale. Results The mean EPDS scale score was 10.56 (SD 5.273), and 36.1% had a score of ≥13, indicating moderate-to-severe depression symptoms. The study results revealed that psychosocial factors were significantly associated with PPDS and play a crucial role in the development of PPD, such as the history of depression, being exposed to domestic violence before and during pregnancy, poor husband support, unplanned pregnancy, fear of infant’s gender, and in addition to anemia than other factors. Conclusion A high prevalence of PPD was found among Palestinian women in this study. The study proposes screening women for trauma or domestic violence and assessing their social support, inquiring about pregnancy intention, and discussing family planning. Delivering iron supplements to pregnant or postpartum anemic women is important. Women who have a history of depression, domestic abuse, or lack social support should receive psychological and medical treatment. Mental health services must be included in the after-birth care protocol to train primary health clinic staff to recognize and treat PPD.

Influencing factors for postpartum depression in women with gestational diabetes mellitus.

It remains undefined about the association between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and postpartum depression (PPD). Hence, a cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the association between GDM and PPD among pregnant women and to investigate the influencing factors for PPD. From June 2021 to June 2022, 205 parturients with GDM and 201 without GDM were included in the study as the GDM group and the control group, respectively. The collected data from the general information questionnaire and Self Rating Depression Scale (SDS) were statistically analyzed based on binomial logistic regression analyses and generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs). Age at delivery, gestational age, glycosylated hemoglobin, triglyceride, SDS, and proportions of women who had a history of induced abortion or GDM were significantly different between the GDM group and control group (P<0.05). The incidence of PPD in the GDM group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The neonatal body weight and triglyceride in GDM women with PPD were significantly lower than those in GDM women without PPD (P<0.001). The univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that educational age was a protective factor, while glycosylated hemoglobin and GDM were risk factors for PPD. The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that neonatal body weight (OR=-0.904, 95%CI: -1.657 to -0.152, P=0.019) and educational age (OR=-0.166, 95%CI: -0.306 to -0.025, P=0.021) were protective factor, while GDM (OR=1.854, 95%CI: 1.027-2.681, P<0.0001) was a risk factor for PPD. GDM may be associated with PPD. Neonatal body weight and educational age were protective factors for PPD, and GDM was a risk factor for PPD. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the mental health status of women with GDM, especially those with lesser educational age and lower neonatal body weight.

Is MIStreatment of women during facility-based childbirth an independent risk factor for POstpartum Depression in Ethiopia and Guinea? A mixed methods prospective study protocol—MISPOD study

BackgroundWorldwide, 10% of postpartum women experience postpartum depression, which can lead to diverse sequalae at individual, family, and societal levels. In sub-Saharan Africa, it is estimated that 17% of women experience depression in the postpartum period, which could be an underestimate as 48% of women in the region do not receive postnatal care (81% in Ethiopia and 51% in Guinea) and a large share of postpartum depression remains undiagnosed and untreated as a result. Globally, despite a critical evidence gap, there are growing reports of postpartum depression among women mistreated (disrespected and abused) during childbirth in health facilities, making a strong case to examine the association between mistreatment and postpartum depression. This study in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) and Conakry (Guinea) uses a mixed methods design to 1) examine the link between mistreatment and postpartum depression, 2) explore the health system capacity to provide respectful maternity care and maternal mental health services, and 3) explore the experiences of women in accessing care and support for postpartum depression.MethodsWe will conduct a prospective longitudinal survey of women (434 in Addis Ababa and 408 in Conakry) from the third trimester of pregnancy to eight weeks postpartum and carry out in-depth interviews with key health system informants (20–25 in each city) and women who recovered from a clinically confirmed episode of postpartum depression (15–25 in each city). Quantitative data from the women’s survey will be analysed using a multilevel mixed-effects model; qualitative data from key-informants will be analysed by using a hybrid thematic analysis approach, whereas data from women’s in-depth interviews will be analysed using the phenomenological approach. The inclusion of two different settings in our study (Addis Ababa and Conakry) will enable us to apply a comparative health systems lens to explore the dynamics of respectful maternity care and maternal mental health services within the broader health systems of the two countries (Ethiopia and Guinea).DiscussionThe findings from this study will inform actions aimed at mitigating the mistreatment of women in maternity settings and improving promotive, preventive, and treatment interventions for postpartum depression in Ethiopia and Guinea. The findings can also be extrapolated to other low-resource settings.

Substance Use Disorder as a Risk Factor for Postpartum Depression: A Retrospective Chart Review in a Community Hospital.

This retrospective study examines the relationship between postpartum depression (PPD) and substance use disorder (SUD) in a community hospital setting. This retrospective chart review explored the association between SUD and PPD in a community hospital. Data from January 2016 to December 2018 were extracted from electronic medical records (EPIC EMR (Epic Systems Corporation, Verona, WI)), identifying mothers with PPD (n = 99) using billing code F53.0. Substance use disorder was assessed using diagnostic codes F10-F19. Odds ratios (OR), relative risk (RR), and chi-square tests were calculated to quantify and assess the significance of the association between SUD and PPD. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB). Among 2,517 deliveries during the study period, 51 cases of PPD co-occurred with SUD. Mothers with SUD had a 4.3 times higher risk of PPD compared to those without SUD (OR = 4.8), highlighting a significant association. These findings emphasize the importance of screening for PPD and SUD in pregnant and postpartum women, especially in community healthcare settings where routine screening may be limited. Targeted interventions can mitigate adverse effects on maternal and infant well-being.

The unseen burden: the tangled web of paternal postpartum depression and childhood resilience

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a significant mental health disorder that has received little attention (both clinically and experimentally) and is underdiagnosed. PPD is most associated with mothers after giving birth. However, it may also affect fathers for unknown reasons. Poverty, a family history of depression, and hormonal changes are all risk factors for PPD in fathers. Although not much is known about paternal PPD, research indicates that it is often 8.7% prevalent in the first year, peaking between 3 and 6 months after childbirth (9.2%).

Adverse life events among bedouin and jewish women and the risk for postpartum depressive symptoms.

Postpartum depression (PPD) affects 10-15% of postpartum women with increased risk among women with trauma history. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between adverse life events and postpartum depressive symptoms among Bedouin and Jewish women. A cross-sectional study was performed in a tertiary hospital in the southern district of Israel on women with singleton deliveries between November 2021 and March 2022. Eligible women completed two questionnaires to determine exposure to childhood trauma (CT) and other potentially traumatic events (PTE), including the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and Lifetime Events Checklist questionnaire (LEC). To measure risk for PPD we used the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). The associations between CT, PTE, and risk for PPD were analyzed and multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to control for potential confounders. A total of 201 women were included, 120 Bedouin (59.7%) and 81 Jewish (40.2%). In the entire study population, both CT and PTE were independently associated with risk for PPD (adjusted OR = 2.13, 95% CI 1.02-4.44, p = 0.043 and adjusted OR = 3.42, 95%, CI 1.46-8.00, p = 0.004, respectively). While among Bedouin women, PTE was independently associated with PPD risk (adjusted OR = 4.83, 95% CI 1.66-14.05, p = 0.004), no significant association was found among Jewish women. Both CT and PTE were associated with increased PPD risk in Bedouin and Jewish women. Only PTE, and not CT, was associated with PPD among Bedouin women. Understanding risk factors for PPD, and differences among minority groups, could promote prevention efforts for PPD.

Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression Among Iranian Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND:Postpartum depression (PPD) is an important and prevalent disorder that can have short-term and long-term adverse effects on the mother, child, and family. This meta-analysis was conducted with the aim of investigating factors related to PPD in Iran.METHODS:This systematic review and meta-analysis reviewed observational studies in Iran. Four Persian language databases (Magiran, IranDoc, ISC, and SID) and four English language databases (ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science) were searched from their inception to September 20, 2023. Google Scholar search engine was used to find relevant sources and complete the search coverage. The process of searching and selecting studies was drawn using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis diagram. The strength of the association was summarized using the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We used RevMan 5.4 software to analyze the data after extraction.RESULTS:A total of 28 studies involving 11,784 participants were included. The meta-analysis showed that cesarean section (OR = 0.77, 95% CI [0.60, 0.98]), history of abortion (OR = 1.48, 95% CI [1.14, 1.92]), unwanted pregnancy (OR = 0.58, 95% CI [0.45, 0.76]), formula feeding (OR = 0.50, 95% CI [0.39, 0.65]), diploma and less education (OR = 1.27, 95% CI [1.08, 1.48]), neonatal hospitalization (OR = 1.77, 95% CI [1.13, 2.76]), more than two deliveries (OR = 0.76, 95% CI [0.67, 0.86]), and low and moderate socioeconomic status (OR = 1.77, 95% CI [1.34, 2.34]) have a significant effect on PPD. Satisfaction of the newborn gender (OR = 0.88, 95% CI [0.58, 1.33]), employment (OR = 1.16, 95% CI [0.97, 1.40]), age (OR = 0.89, 95% CI [0.58, 1.39]), previous depression (OR = 1.76, 95% CI [0.88, 3.50]), and gender of the newborn (OR = 0.82, 95% CI [0.42, 1.60]) did not have a significant effect on PPD.CONCLUSION:The results of this study showed that many factors influence PPD. Most of these factors can be identified during pregnancy, which shows the importance of screening during pregnancy. Therefore, it is necessary to design and use screening tools to identify predisposing variables for PPD according to the social–cultural characteristics of different populations.