Risk Factors In Diabetic Patients Research Articles

Cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic patients

Introduction: the term Diabetes Mellitus describes a syndrome in which there is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with alterations in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins as a result of defects in the secretion or action of insulin or both. Objective: to determine cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic patients belonging to the Family Medical Clinic # 130 of the Hermanos Cruz Teaching Polyclinic in Pinar del Río, during the period from September 2021 to September 2023. Methods: an observational, descriptive and transversal research was carried out. The universe was constituted by 64 patients. For this purpose, the following fundamental research methods and techniques were used: documentary analysis, observation, interview, measurement and hypothetical-deductive; computer tools were also used for the statistical processing of information, such as SPSS. Results: patients between 70-79 years of age predominated with 28% of the patients. According to the time of evolution of the disease, patients who had suffered from it for more than 10 years prevailed. The most representative cardiovascular risk factors were: arterial hypertension, smoking and sedentary lifestyle. Conclusions: it was determined that arterial hypertension, smoking and sedentary lifestyle are the risk factors with the highest incidence and prevalence in the overall cardiovascular risk in diabetic patients

Air pollution as a non-traditional coronary disease progression risk factor in diabetic patients

Air pollution as a non-traditional coronary disease progression risk factor in diabetic patients

Prevalence and influencing factors of malnutrition in diabetic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The prevalence of malnutrition in diabetic patients and its influencing factors remain poorly described. We aim to investigate the prevalence of malnutrition and the influencing factors in diabetic patients through meta-analysis. Utilizing search terms, such as diabetes, malnutrition, and prevalence, we systematically searched eight databases, including Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database (CNKI), Wanfang Database, Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM), and VIP Database, from inception to May 4, 2023. The search aimed to identify studies related to the prevalence of malnutrition and its influencing factors in adult patients with diabetes. Cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in the analysis. Stata 16.0 software was used for meta-analysis. Quality of the evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). The study protocol is registered with Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), CRD42023443649. A total of 46 studies were included, involving 18 062 patients with ages ranging from 18 to 95 years. The overall malnutrition prevalence was 33% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.25-0.40), compared with an at-risk prevalence of 44% (95% CI: 0.34-0.54). Sixteen factors associated with malnutrition in diabetic patients were identified. This meta-analysis provides insights into the prevalence of malnutrition and its risk factors in diabetic patients. Regular nutritional screening for patients with risk factors is essential for early detection and intervention.

Long-Term Nitrogen Dioxide Exposure as a Possible 5-Year Mortality Risk Factor in Diabetic Patients Treated Using Off-Pump Surgical Revascularization-A Retrospective Analysis.

Background: There is mounting evidence that diabetic-related cardiac metabolism abnormalities with oxidative stress and inflammatory mechanism activation align with the functional impairments that result in atherosclerotic lesion formation. Among the possible non-traditional coronary lesion risk factors, environmental exposure may be significant, especially in diabetic patients. Methods: A total of 140 diabetic patients (115 (82%) males and 25 (18%) females) with a mean age of 65 (60-71) underwent surgical revascularization due to multivessel coronary disease. The possible all-cause mortality risk factors, including demographical and clinical factors followed by chronic air pollution exposure, were identified. Results: All patients were operated on using the off-pump technique and followed for 5.6 (5-6.1) years. The multivariable model for 5-year mortality prediction presented the nitrogen dioxide chronic exposure (HR: 3.99, 95% CI: 1.16-13.71, p = 0.028) and completeness of revascularization (HR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.04-0.86, p = 0.031) as significant all-cause mortality risk factors. Conclusions: Ambient air pollutants such as an excessive chronic nitrogen dioxide concentration (>15 µg/m3) may increase 5-year all-cause mortality in diabetic patients following surgical revascularization.

Effects of luseogliflozin on suspected MASLD in patients with diabetes: a pooled meta-analysis of phase III clinical trials

BackgroundLuseogliflozin, a sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, potentially exerts pleiotropic effects on the liver. However, the sufficient evidence is still lacking. We aimed to investigate the effects of luseogliflozin on hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and cardiometabolic risk factors in diabetic patients by a pooled meta-analysis.MethodsIn this pooled meta-analysis, we enrolled diabetic patients who participated in phase III clinical trials of luseogliflozin (luseogliflozin group n = 302, placebo group n = 191). The primary outcomes were changes in fatty liver index (FLI) and Hepamet fibrosis score (HFS) after 24 weeks. The secondary outcomes were changes in cardiometabolic risk factors after 24 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed using propensity scoring analysis by the inverse probability of treatment weighting method.ResultsPrimary outcomes: Luseogliflozin significantly decreased FLI compared to placebo after 24 weeks (adjusted coefficient − 5.423, 95%CI − 8.760 to − 2.086, P = 0.0016). There was no significant difference in changes in HFS between the two groups. However, luseogliflozin significantly decreased HFS compared to placebo in diabetic patients with ALT > 30 U/L (adjusted coefficient − 0.039, 95%CI − 0.077 to − 0.001, P = 0.0438) and with FIB-4 index > 1.3 (adjusted coefficient − 0.0453, 95%CI − 0.075 to − 0.016, P = 0.0026). Secondary outcom8es: Luseogliflozin significantly decreased HbA1c level, HOMA-IR value, BMI, and uric acids level, and increased HDL cholesterol level compared to placebo.ConclusionsThis pooled meta-analysis demonstrated that 24-week treatment with luseogliflozin improved hepatic steatosis and fibrosis indexes in diabetic patients, especially those with liver injury. Furthermore, luseogliflozin improved various cardiometabolic risk factors. Thus, luseogliflozin may be useful for improving MASLD in diabetic patients.Graphical abstract

Correlations between distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy and cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients in the North-Eastern region of Hungary.

Distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN) is the earliest detectable and the most frequent microvascular complication in diabetes mellitus. Several studies have previously demonstrated correlations between cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic patients and independent risk factors for diabetic neuropathy. Our objective was to retrospectively analyze data from diabetic patients in the North-East region of Hungary who underwent neuropathy screening at the Diabetic Neuropathy Center, University of Debrecen, between 2017 and 2021. We aimed to investigate the correlations between cardiovascular risk factors and microvascular complications among patients with DSPN. The median age of the patients was 67 years, 59,6% were female, and 91,1% had type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of DSPN among the study subjects was 71.7%. A significantly longer duration of diabetes (p<0.01) was noted in patients with DSPN. Those with DSPN demonstrated a significantly higher HbA1c level (p<0.001) and a greater frequency of insulin use (p = 0.001). We observed a significantly elevated albumin/creatinine ratio (p<0.001) and a significantly lower eGFR (p<0.001) in patients with DSPN. Diabetic retinopathy exhibited a significantly higher prevalence in patients with DSPN (p<0.001). A higher prevalence of myocardial infarction (p<0.05), ischemic heart disease (p<0.001), peripheral arterial disease (p<0.05) and a history of atherosclerosis (p<0.05) was observed in patients with DSPN. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, the following factors were independently associated with the presence of DSPN: higher HbA1c (OR:2.58, 95% CI:1.89-3.52, p<0.001), age (OR:1.03, 95% CI:1.01-1.05, p = 0.006), albumin/creatinine ratio above 3 mg/mmol (OR:1.23, 95% CI:1.06-1.45, p = 0.008), retinopathy (OR:6.06, 95% CI:1.33-27.53, p = 0.02), and composite cardiovascular endpoint (OR:1.95, 95% CI:1.19-3.19, p = 0.008). Our study revealed that age, elevated HbA1c levels, significant albuminuria, retinopathy, and cardiovascular complications may increase the risk of DSPN. Further investigation of these associations is necessary to understand the impact of patient characteristics during the treatment of diabetic neuropathy.

Predictors of Mortality among Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Hospitalized Diabetic Patients with COVID-19

Objective: Diabetic patients with COVID-19 are at the higher risk of clinical complications and intensive care unit (ICU) admission. There is limited information available on the risk factors of mortality in diabetic patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICUs. The aim of this study was identifying the mortality risk factors in diabetic patients with COVID-19 who are admitted to the ICU. Materials and Methods: In this study, we conducted a descriptive-analytical observational analysis on 391 patients admitted to the ICU for 18 months. We assessed the demographic, clinical, pharmaceutical, laboratory and imaging data of diabetic patients and statistically analyzed them to identify mortality risk factors. Results: The study found 156 (39.89%) diabetic out of 391 patients. The group of diabetic patients had significantly higher rates of endotracheal intubation (P&lt; 0.001), mortality (P&lt; 0.001), and complications during hospitalization due to COVID-19, including secondary bacterial infections (P = 0.005), venous thrombosis (P = 0.008), and gastrointestinal bleeding (P = 0.011), compared to the nondiabetic patient. Conclusion: Patients with diabetes who also have COVID-19 tend to experience more severe clinical outcomes and a higher mortality rate when admitted to the intensive care unit. The likelihood of mortality in these patients is closely associated with factors such as stroke occurrence, oxygenation levels, and the presence of secondary infections at the time of admission.

Machine learning assisted classification between diabetic polyneuropathy and healthy subjects using plantar pressure and temperature data: a feasibility study

Automated and early detection of diabetics with polyneuropathy in an ambulatory health monitoring setup may reduce the major risk factors for diabetic patients. Increased and localized plantar pressure associated with impaired pain and temperature is a combination of developing foot ulcers in subjects with polyneuropathy. Although many interesting research works have been reported in this area, most of them emphasize on signal acquisition process and plantar pressure distribution in the foot region. In this work, a machine learning assisted low complexity technique was developed using plantar pressure and temperature signals which will classify between diabetic polyneuropathy and healthy subjects. Principal component analysis (PCA) and maximum relevance minimum redundancy (mRMR) methods were used for feature extraction and selection respectively followed by k-NN classifier for binary classification. The proposed technique was evaluated with 100 min of publicly available annotated data from 43 subjects and provides blind test accuracy, sensitivity, precision, F1-score, and area under curve (AUC) of 99.58%, 99.50%, 99.44%, 99.47% and 99.56% respectively. A low resource hardware implementation in ARM v6 controller required an average memory usage of 81.2 kB and latency of 1.31 s to process 9 s pressure and temperature data collected from 16 sensor channels for each of the foot region.

Can smartphone-based diabetes control apps improve cardiovascular risk among patients with diabetes? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Despite being the most prevalent complication, cardiovascular risk factors such as blood pressure, weight, and lipid profile have been less considered in digital health studies. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to gather evidence regarding the impact of digital health applications on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with diabetes. Literature search was conducted following the PRISMA guideline on September 4, 2023, using databases including PubMed, Scilit, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science, with a pre-planned combination of keywords. Selected studies were original research reporting the influence of smartphone applications on cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic patients. Standardized mean differences (SMD) between the intervention and control groups were analyzed using fixed or random-effects models. Eighteen studies met the criteria, consisting of 1152 patients in the intervention group and 1072 patients in the control group. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the smartphone applications significantly controlled systolic blood pressure (SMD: -5.03 mmHg; 95%CI: -7.018, -3.041, p&lt;0.001). There was no significance effect on weight, body mass index, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and diastolic blood pressure. In the subgroup analysis, triglycerides were lower in the intervention group compared to the control group (SMD: -0.459%; 95%CI: -0.787, -0.132, p=0.006). Publication bias and the limited number of studies suggest that the evidence from this study is in moderate level. In conclusion, smartphone apps are not only effective in aiding blood sugar control but also in preventing cardiovascular issues in diabetic patients. Further research is still needed to confirm these findings.

Cervical carcinoma and diabetes mellitus among women in Southern India.

Cervical carcinoma is the second commonest malignancy among females worldwide. In India, about 365.71 million women aged over 15 years are more vulnerable to cervical carcinoma. Risk factors may include immunodeficiency diseases, herpes, smoking and oral contraceptives. Scientific literature has documented that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) could aggravate the risk of some malignancies (hepatic, pancreatic, endometrial). This study aimed to evaluate the potential association between cervical carcinoma and diabetes mellitus in women. Patients with cervical carcinoma, with or without diabetes, were assigned to two groups based on attainment of menopause. SPSS version 11.5 was used for data analysis. Odds ratios were calculated, and the chi-square test was used. P-values ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. It was observed that 29% of patients with cervical cancer were sixty to seventy years old, with a majority (40%) of them being multiparous. Though the association of body mass index as a risk factor for diabetic patients with cervical carcinoma was not significant in pre- and post-menopausal age groups, T2DM in cervical carcinoma is a useful prognostic indicator. Diabetic females after attaining menopause have a higher risk of developing cervical carcinoma and therefore should mandatorily receive routine screening. Future research with a longer timeframe is needed in order to generalize the results.

Burden of cardiovascular disease risk factors among subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Southeastern Nigeria

Diabetes is associated with a high degree of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The co-existence of other cardiovascular risk factors alongside diabetes confers the cumulative risk of adverse outcomes. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors has been rising in sub-Saharan Africa, but their degree of co-existence with diabetes is not well known. The objective of this study was to determine the burden of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in a urban southeastern Nigerian population. This was a cross-sectional study consisting of consecutively recruited diabetic patients aged ≥40 years attending the diabetes clinic at Enugu State University of Science and Technology Teaching Hospital (ESUTH). Five cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated: Hypertension, overweight/obesity, cigarette smoking, physical inactivity, and poor glycemic control We studied 410 T2DM patients (31.5% male) with a mean age of 58.9 years and a mean duration of diabetes of 7.4 years. The most prevalent cardiovascular risk factor in the study was physical inactivity (69.5%), and 80.1% of respondents had 2 or more risk factors. Females had a significantly higher prevalence of physical inactivity, overweight/obesity, and poor glycemic control when compared to males (73% vs 62%; 73.3% vs 58.9%; 72.2% vs 60.5%, respectively). Our study has shown a high burden of cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic patients in an urban southeastern Nigerian population. Female diabetic subjects had a significantly higher prevalence of most of the cardiovascular risk factors except for smoking.

Joint association of loneliness and traditional risk factor control and incident cardiovascular disease in diabetes patients.

To investigate the prospective associations of the loneliness and social isolation scales with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in diabetes patients and compare the relative importance of loneliness and social isolation with traditional risk factors. Also, the interactions of loneliness or isolation with the degree of risk factor control in relation to CVD risk were evaluated. A total of 18 509 participants diagnosed with diabetes from the UK Biobank were included. A two-item scale and a three-item scale were used to assess loneliness and isolation levels, respectively. The degree of risk factor control was defined as numbers of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), blood pressure (BP), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), smoking, and kidney condition controlled within the target range. During a mean follow-up of 10.7 years, 3247 total CVD incidents were documented, including 2771 coronary heart disease and 701 strokes. In the fully adjusted model, compared with participants with the lowest loneliness score (zero), hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for CVD were 1.11 (1.02 and 1.20) and 1.26 (1.11 and 1.42) for participants with a loneliness scale of 1 and 2, respectively (P-trend < 0.001). No significant associations were observed for social isolation. Loneliness ranked higher in relative strength for predicting CVD than the lifestyle risk factors in diabetes patients. A significant additive interaction between loneliness and the degree of risk factor control on the risk of CVD was observed (P for additive interaction = 0.005). Among diabetes patients, loneliness, but not social isolation scale, is associated with a higher risk of CVD and shows an additive interaction with the degree of risk factor control.

Abstract P523: Joint Improvement Scale of Loneliness and Traditional Risk Factor Control, and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes Patients

Background: Emerging evidence has shown a higher rate of loneliness and social isolation among patients with diabetes, and loneliness and isolation has been associated with high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Hypothesis: We investigated the extent to which the risks of CVDs could be lowered by improvement of loneliness and social isolation, individually or in conjunction with controlling traditional risk factors in diabetic patients. Methods: A total of 18,783 participants diagnosed with diabetes from the UK Biobank were included. A two-item scale and a three-item scale were used to assess the improvement of loneliness and isolation status, respectively. The degree of traditional risk-factor control was defined as the number of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), blood pressure (BP), low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), smoking and microalbumin reaching the target range. Results: During a mean follow-up of 10.7 years, 3,129 incident total CVD events were documented, including 2,627 coronary heart disease (CHD) and 721 stroke. We found that each point increase in loneliness improvement scale was significantly associated with an 11% lower risk of CVD (HR, 95%CI, 0.89, 0.84-0.93) and a 12% lower risk of CHD (HR, 95%CI, 0.88, 0.83-0.93), but not with stroke. The improvement scale of social isolation was not associated with CVDs. Loneliness showed greater relative importance than lifestyle risk factors in preventing CVD among diabetic patients. We found a significant additive interaction between loneliness and the degree of traditional risk-factor control on the risk of CVDs ( P for additive interaction=0.002). Moreover, compared with non-diabetes controls, the diabetes-related excess CVD risk might be eliminated when three or more risk factors were controlled in non-lonely patients, but more than four are required in lonely patients. Conclusion: Among diabetes patients, improvement of loneliness is associated with a lower risk of CVD and shows an additive interaction with traditional risk factor control.

Quality of life in diabetics who attend the outpatient clinic of a hospital in North Lima

Diabetes mellitus is one of the main problems worldwide, where risk factors in diabetic patients generate changes in their quality of life, putting their health at risk by altering the physical and emotional capacity of the person who suffers from it. The research objective is to determine the quality of life of diabetics who attend the outpatient clinic of a Hospital in North Lima. In the results, of the 132 participating patients, 18 (13.6%) diabetic patients have a low quality of life, 73 (55.3%) have a medium quality of life, and 41 (31.1%) have a high quality of life. It is concluded that diabetic patients should be guided and educated in relation to their self-care allows for generating changes at the behavioral level, and thus guarantees that they have a full and controlled quality of life.

Cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic patients with and without metabolic syndrome: a study based on the Rafsanjan cohort study

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability in people with diabetes mellitus (DM), since finding the correlation between DM and CVD risk factors can be effective in preventing the incidence of morbidity and mortality in patients. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in people with and without metabolic syndrome (MtS) in DM. This cross-sectional study was part of the Rafsanjan Cohort Study as part of the comprehensive Persian (Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in IRAN) on 35–70-year old adults with and without MtS in DM. Indicators of CVD risk factors, including gender, age, blood pressure, dyslipidemia, smoking, alcohol consumption, fasting blood sugar, creatinine, blood urea, waist circumference, body mass index, family history, physical inactivity, and fruit and vegetable consumption, were collected in the Persian Cohort Questionnaire. The data was analyzed by SPSS software version 22. The prevalence of MtS in 1933 participants was estimated to be 80% (95% confidence interval 78.1–81.8%). In the logistic regression model, smoking, alcohol consumption, and triglycerides were identified as the factors associated with MtS. Our results show that, based on our study, the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in DM was high. The suggested solutions in this field are to reduce smoking and alcohol consumption, as well as to control hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and being overweight.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy and their associations with overweight/obesity and impaired blood glucose among diabetic patients in Eastern Ethiopia: Institutional-based study.

This study aimed to determine the burden of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and its associations with overweight/obesity and impaired blood glucose among diabetic patients in Eastern Ethiopia. A total of 644 diabetic individuals were included in the study through systematic random sampling techniques. The Michigan neuropathy screening instrument was used to evaluate the presence of diabetic neuropathy. Data were presented using narrative, figures, and tables from the results of statistical analysis. The descriptive result was reported using frequency (percentage) for categorical variables and mean ± SD for continuous measures, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The overall prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy was 47.8% (95% CI: 43.9%-51.7%). Low monthly income (AOR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.09, 3.73), history of khat chewing (AOR: 2.32, 95% CI: 1.04, 4.907), impaired blood glucose (AOR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.63, 1.94), physical inactivity (AOR: 2.76, 95% CI: 1.74, 4.36), and raised body mass index (AOR: 2.45, 95% CI: 1.01, 4.99) were factors significantly associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The study emphasizes the value of early diabetic peripheral neuropathy detection and the widespread presence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy risk factors in diabetes patients. Any initiative intended to lessen the burden of diabetic peripheral neuropathy-related morbidity and high health care costs must be implemented as a strategy.

Current possibilities of influencing the main cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background. Cardiovascular morbidity increases notably among patients with diabetes. A correlation between leptin resistance and cardiovascular risk was found in patients with arterial hypertension and metabolic syndrome. However, there are no data about the influence of empagliflozin on leptin level; empagliflozin effectiveness against key cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic patients with normal weight and overweight has not been studied yet. The purpose of this work was to study the impact of comprehensive treatment using metformin and empagliflozin on the main cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with different body weights. Materials and methods. Ninety-seven patients with type 2 diabetes with normal weight, overweight and obesity were examined. Anthropometric indicators were taken. The parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, the level of leptin in blood serum were determined and the HOMA-IR was calculated. Results. Insulin resistance in all groups of patients was associated with abdominal obesity, hyperleptinemia (r=0.505, p&lt;0.05; r=0.846, p&lt;0.05; r=0.886, p&lt;0.05 in patients of groups I–III). After a 6-month course of treatment with metformin and empagliflozin, body weight and waist circumference significantly decreased in overweight and obese patients, and no significant changes between groups were found in those with a normal body mass index. A reliable positive effect of comprehensive treatment on indicators of carbohydrate metabolism, systolic blood pressure, regardless of the patient’s weight, was noted. Under the influence of comprehensive treatment with the use of empagliflozin, the level of leptin (p&lt;0.05) and HOMA-IR (p&lt;0.05) also decreased significantly in patients of all groups, regardless of body mass index. Conclusions. It was found that the combined use of metformin and empagliflozin for 6 months had a reliable effect on the modified cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes of different weights.

Abstract #1324617: Prevalence and Risk Factors for Distress Among Diabetic Patients in Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia

Little is known about diabetes-related distress (DD), its prevalence and risk factors in the Saudi community. This study aims to assess prevalence of DD and identify its risk factors in diabetic patients.

Performance of body mass index and body fat percentage in predicting metabolic syndrome risk factors in diabetic patients of Yazd, Iran

BackgroundBody Fat percentage (BFP) and body mass index (BMI) are used to measure obesity-related metabolic syndrome risk. The present study aimed to determine the values of percent body Fat and body mass index for predicting metabolic syndrome risk factors in diabetic patients of Yazd, Iran.MethodsA total of 1022 (499 males and 523 females) diabetic patients participated in this study. According to Asian BMI criteria, Overweight was diagnosed if a participant had a BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (both male and female) or BFP ≥25% for male and ≥ 32% for female. Based on calculated BMI and BFP and after adjusting for age, height, weight and smoking habits, the participants were classified into group A (normal weight and Non-Fat), group B (overweight and Non-Fat), group C (normal weight and Fat), and group D (overweight and Fat).ResultsAccording to the results, the BMI of 23.4% were normal and BMI of 76.6% were overweight, respectively. Moreover, the BFP of 25.7 and 74.3% of the studied population were considered as Non-Fat and Fat, respectively. A strong relationship was found with respect to sex stratification; R2 = 0.79. For men, BMI can be a better predictor of hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia than BFP. For women, BMI was a better predictor of hyperglycemia than BFP. Moreover, BFP can be regarded as a better predictor of hyperglycemia in male group, while it was a good predictor of hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia and hypo HDL than BMI, in female group.ConclusionSignificant differences were observed between BMI and BFP to predict metabolic syndrome risk factors in diabetic patients across different sexes in our study population. In conclusion, both BMI and BFP should be considered in screening steps.

Serum Homocysteine Levels and Blood Pressure in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Zaria, Northern Nigeria.

Hyperhomocysteinaemia and hypertension are established cardiovascular risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. However, knowledge on the contributions of these risk factors in diabetic patients is limited. The purpose of this study was to assess serum homocysteine concentrations and blood pressures in Type 2 diabetic patients in Zaria, Kaduna State, Northern Nigeria. In this cross-sectional study, serum homocysteine levels and blood pressures were assessed in 140 men and women with type 2 diabetes aged 20-60 years in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Zaria, Nigeria. Diabetes mellitus status was confirmed biochemically according to World Health Organization diagnostic criteria for classification of diabetes mellitus. Hypertension was confirmed according to World Health Organization diagnostic criteria. Serum homocysteine concentration was measured using ELISA method. Data for selected clinical/demographic variables were obtained from fasting blood samples using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The mean values of serum homocysteine, Waist circumference (WC), Hip circumference (HC), WC: HC, Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in diabetic patients were significantly higher (p=0.000) than those of controls, whereas the mean values of age, weight (WT), height (H) and Body Mass Index (BMI) in diabetic patients were similar to those of controls (p=0.972, p=0.271 and p=0.825 respectively). We observed that that High levels of homocysteine and high blood pressures all contributes to the (WT), height (H) and Body Mass Index (BMI) in diabetic patients were similar to those of controls (p=0.972, p=0.271 and p=0.825 respectively). We observed that that High levels of homocysteine and high blood pressures all contributes to the development of cardiovascular complications in people with type 2 diabetic mellitus.