Rise Of Social Movements Research Articles

Influence of Historical Events on American Literature of the 21st Century

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the influence of historical events on American literature of the 21st century. Materials and Methods: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The terrorist attacks marked a significant turning point, inspiring a wave of literature that grapples with themes of loss, trauma, and the complexities of patriotism. This era saw the rise of novels, memoirs, and poems that explore the personal and collective impact of the event, such as Don DeLillo's "Falling Man" and Jonathan Safran Foer's "Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close." Additionally, the economic downturn of 2008 influenced a body of work that critiques capitalism and explores themes of financial instability and inequality, exemplified by novels like John Lanchester's "Capital" and Jess Walter's "The Financial Lives of the Poets." The rise of social movements, such as Black Lives Matter and #MeToo, has significantly shaped contemporary American literature, prompting a surge in works addressing racial injustice, gender equality, and social activism. Authors like Ta-Nehisi Coates with "Between the World and Me" and Angie Thomas with "The Hate U Give" provide powerful narratives that reflect the ongoing struggle for civil rights and social justice. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Historical materialism, trauma theory and cultural theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the influence of historical events on American literature of the 21st century. Encouraging the inclusion of diverse voices and perspectives in literary production and academic studies is essential. Government and private institutions should provide funding and grants specifically aimed at supporting literary works that address significant historical events.

Micah Alpaugh. Friends of Freedom: The Rise of Social Movements in the Age of Atlantic Revolutions.

Micah Alpaugh. <i>Friends of Freedom: The Rise of Social Movements in the Age of Atlantic Revolutions</i>.

From “Unification” To “Independence”: The Change of Taiwan’s Authorities’ Positioning on Cross-Strait Relations under The Rise of Emerging Middle Class

After the Chinese Civil War, Taiwan went through a process of profound structural change in its economy towards industrialization, which was most characterized by the growing power of the middle class under an industrialized society, a power that in turn acted on Taiwanese society and pushed forward the process of democratization in Taiwan. Contrary to the booming economy of Taiwan, the international status of the region has been in tatters. After the Restoration of the lawful rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations, the Taiwan authorities have completely lost the international recognition of representing the whole of China, and the legitimacy of the martial law rule based on this has been gradually eroded. With the authoritarian rule in danger, the society of Taiwan is in urgent need of reforms. The emergence of a large and self-centered middle class became an important stimulus for Taiwan's democratic transition, and the 1980s saw the rise of social movements in Taiwan, with the idea of "Taiwan's independence" being raised more and more frequently in the course of exchanges with the Kuomintang (KMT) authorities. This paper will use stimulus-response theory to examine how the stimulus of the rise of the emerging middle class has affected the evolution of the Taiwan authorities' positioning of cross-strait relations from "unification" to "independence", and finally draw the conclusions of this paper.

Friends of Freedom: The Rise of Social Movements in the Age of Atlantic Revolutions by Micah Alpaugh

Friends of Freedom: The Rise of Social Movements in the Age of Atlantic Revolutions by Micah Alpaugh

Adat, People Power and Religious Values: Sources of Social Resilience from the Early to Middle 19th Century in Bali

Adat and religious values played a significant role in the rise of social movements and people power during the Dutch colonial era which is evident in the dynamics of Bali in particular. For centuries, adat customary traditions had been deeply rooted in Balinese communities and strongly contributed to civilization and culture. However, certain factors, such as social, economic and political disturbances have threatened the stability of Balinese communities and culture. From the local perspective of Bali, this posed a threat against the sovereignty of the kingdom of Bali, was still recognized as an autonomous territory. In light of the above issues, this article used an interdisciplinary approach to historiography in analyzing oral history and textual archives. It is hoped to offer a better understanding of how historical Balinese adat and religious values fostered an increase in social resilience and people power when faced with externally generated disturbances.&#x0D;

ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННЫЙ ПОВОРОТ В ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯХ КУЛЬТУР КОРЕННЫХ МАЛОЧИСЛЕННЫХ НАРОДОВ

This article is devoted to the consideration of the features of the spatial turn in relation to the study of the cultures of the indigenous peoples of the North. It has become possible to talk about cultural turns, including the spatial turn, since the 1960s, when global theoretical generalizations, models explaining the structure, genesis or functioning of culture practically ceased to appear in the sciences of culture; an increase in the amount of data that is of interest to researchers has also become a sign of the times; at this time, there was also the rise of social movements, which entailed, among other things, criticism of the now traditional Western science with its ideologies and methodologies. The consequence of these changes, among other things, was the deployment of more than ten different turns. Pluralism became the basis of cognitive turns, which manifested itself, among other things, in the refusal to recognize Western scientific theories and methodologies as the only true and worthwhile ones, and to stop focusing on Western cultural processes. Within the framework of cognitive turns, it became possible to turn to previously non-canonical or even taboo objects of research. Cognitive turns imply interdisciplinarity of research, including not only the involvement of methods from different disciplines, but also the invention of new approaches and procedures for data analysis, including the mixing of previously uncrossed methods. The spatial turn refuses to centralize the temporal, emancipating space, one of the basic categories for the cultures of the indigenous peoples of the North. This article discusses the genesis of the relationship between the categories "space" and "time"; basic approaches to understanding space; typology of spaces; goals, categories and methods of spatial rotation.

The Structure of the Political Opportunity in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq – a study of the popular protests during 2003-2013

The structure of political opportunity is often defined as those dimensions of the political climate that provide the incentives for the victory of protests about political power and its societal policies, which generates pressure on the political elite and forces it to openness and transition to the democracy. The theory of the structure of political opportunity appeared in the seventies of the last century, and the theory focused on: that the structure of political opportunity depends on certain variables in order to create a societal transformation at the level of politics, culture and economy, such as: the opening of political entrances to reach participation at the legislative and executive level, instability of the arrangement the political, influential alliances about political power and the authority itself with some of the forces that see it revolving in its orbit, the emergence of divisions among the ruling political elite. There were positive influences in the structure of political opportunity in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq in the period 2003-2013 in the field, such as: time, awareness, welfare, openness, weakness of party affiliation, the rise of social movements and civil society organizations, the revolutionary elite, media and political communication available to all, Supporting national and international equations, change in the political map. However, until now, it faces the political opportunity structure for many internal and external challenges at all levels, and among these challenges are: the party-dominated formation of society, limiting transformations in partisan convergence, flexible repression and in the name of democracy, the monopoly of power, the response of power to the demands of citizens, the absence of the constitution, and the external interventions.

بنية الفرصة السياسية في إقليم كوردستان العراق – دراسة الإحتجاجات الشعبية خلال 2003 – 2013

The structure of political opportunity is often defined as those dimensions of the political climate that provide the incentives for the victory of protests about political power and its societal policies, which generates pressure on the political elite and forces it to openness and transition to the democracy. The theory of the structure of political opportunity appeared in the seventies of the last century, and the theory focused on: that the structure of political opportunity depends on certain variables in order to create a societal transformation at the level of politics, culture and economy, such as: the opening of political entrances to reach participation at the legislative and executive level, instability of the arrangement the political, influential alliances about political power and the authority itself with some of the forces that see it revolving in its orbit, the emergence of divisions among the ruling political elite. There were positive influences in the structure of political opportunity in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq in the period 2003-2013 in the field, such as: time, awareness, welfare, openness, weakness of party affiliation, the rise of social movements and civil society organizations, the revolutionary elite, media and political communication available to all, Supporting national and international equations, change in the political map. However, until now, it faces the political opportunity structure for many internal and external challenges at all levels, and among these challenges are: the party-dominated formation of society, limiting transformations in partisan convergence, flexible repression and in the name of democracy, the monopoly of power, the response of power to the demands of citizens, the absence of the constitution, and the external interventions.

Public sentiment is everything: Host-country public sentiment toward home country and acquisition ownership during institutional transition

Under strict scrutiny of public governance primed by international relation tensions, geopolitics, and the rise of social movements and public activism in the globalized economy, public sentiment is exerting increasing pressure on multinational corporations (MNCs). Utilizing the context of inward acquisition, a sensitive cross-border action that often triggers sentiment of host-country nationals, we theorize from the public sentiment perspective and the public thermostat analogy that foreign acquirers will adjust their ownership levels in target firms according to how they perceive to be acceptable and legitimate as expressed by host-country nationals’ public sentiment toward their home country. Using a sample of 410 acquisition deals from 22 foreign countries/economies into China during 2010–2017 and a sentiment analysis of 100,902 blog posts, we find that a host country’s public sentiment toward the acquiring firm’s home country is positively related to acquisition ownership levels, and has a mutualistic symbiotic interaction with the host region’s marketization level. Our study contributes to the study of informal institutions by proposing public sentiment as a new form of informal institution that is normative-cognitive whilst affective, and can be mobilized and communicated broadly and timely via a public sphere to confer social, political, and cognitive legitimacy to MNCs.

Cooling Water: A Source of Conflict in Spain, 1970–1980

Water resources are limited and uneven in space and time. Competition for the use of the resource can lead to conflicts between water users. Besides its use for irrigation and agriculture, water is an essential input in the thermoelectric power generation process. Massive Spanish nuclear program projects have conditioned water management in the country, as significant freshwater volumes need to be constantly available for the proper operation of these facilities. Water for cooling has conflicted with other water-using activities, resulting in regional imbalances. The present study shows that cooling water represented a source of conflict between irrigators and electricity companies in Spain in the 1970s and 1980s. A historical analysis of documentary sources reveals that the drawing off of fresh water for cooling by the nuclear industry was one of the many causes of frequent disputes and the rise of social movements against the installation of nuclear power plants in Spain during that period.

THE CHILEAN STUDENT MOVEMENT: CHALLENGING PUBLIC MEMORIES OF PINOCHET'S DICTATORSHIP

This article illustrates the connection between the rise of social movements and the profound transformations in the ways post-conflict societies symbolize their difficult past. It examines how the 2011 Chilean student movement developed an alternative memory about Chile's Pinochet regime. I show how the movement claimed fundamental changes within the educational and political systems, framing its demands as a critical response to the socioeconomic neoliberal transformations set in motion by the Pinochet military regime. Through an empirical analysis of the 2011 student movement that combines 60 in-depth interviews with young activists with archival research, this article demonstrates how an alternative version of the dictatorial past was closely linked to the movement's goals and affected internal dynamics of belonging. The results indicate that participants managed to go beyond traumatic narratives concerning human rights crimes that had been dominant in the Chilean public memory about the dictatorship. Therefore, they presented a change that constituted a major challenge to the future of the politics of memory in Chile.

The Social Movement Turn in Law

The rise of social movements in US legal scholarship is a current response to an age-old problem in progressive legal thought: harnessing law for social change while maintaining a distinction between law and politics. This problem erupted in controversy around the civil rights–era concept of legal liberalism defined by activist courts and lawyers pursuing political reform through law. Contemporary legal scholars have responded by building on social science to develop a new concept—movement liberalism—that assigns leadership of transformative change to social movements to preserve conventional roles for courts and lawyers. Movement liberalism aims to achieve the lost promise of progressive reform, while avoiding critiques of legal activism that have divided scholars for a half-century. Yet rather than resolving the law-politics problem, movement liberalism reproduces long-standing debates, carrying forward critical visions of law that it seeks to transcend.

“Saved a Generation”

The last three decades have witnessed campaigns in India by the women’s health movement against provider-controlled contraceptives, i.e., long-acting contraceptives, non-surgical sterilisation and anti-fertility vaccines. These campaigns are examined to understand and analyse the engagement of women’s groups with contraceptive technology in opposing the entry of these contraceptives into the Family Planning Programme (FPP) of the country. The rise of social movements challenging scientific knowledge and scientific institutions is attributed to the “scientisation” of politics; however, we argue that the politicisation of contraceptive technology and its research was the result of women’s collective action in India. The paper explores collective action strategies and intersecting frames of overpopulation, development and technology used by women’s groups to consistently oppose the provider-controlled contraceptives from entering the FPP of the country. The paper uses the internal documents of women’s organisations, media reports and personal interviews to explore the engagement of women’s collective action with contraceptive technologies.

Is the Internet Changing Our Conception of Democracy? An Analysis of the Internet Use During Protests and Its Effect on the Perception of Democracy

The last several years have seen the rise of social movements around the globe, such as the student protests in the UK and Chile, the Arab Spring, the Indignados, and the Occupy movement. They represent different political aspirations, but all of them relied heavily on the Internet to communicate and organise.This research analyses two specific contentious processes – the UK student protests and the Chilean environmentalist protests in 2010 – to assess the effect that the Internet may have had on the protesters' perception of democracy. Through data gathered from online surveys, interviews, and the Oxford Internet Survey 2009, this article observes the effect of the Internet in two dimensions: support for democracy, and the protesters’ conception of democracy. Preliminary results show that Internet use is related to a more horizontal conception of democracy, and that more analyses are required to test whether that association is caused by the Internet or a utopian discourse about it.

Is the Internet Changing our Conception of Democracy? an analysis of Internet use During protests and Its effect on the perception of Democracy

Normal 0 21 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Tabla normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;} El ultimo tiempo hemos visto el surgimiento de movimientos sociales alrededor del globo, tales como las protestas estudiantiles en Chile y el Reino Unido, la Primavera Arabe, los Indignados y el movimiento Ocupa. Todos ellos representan distintas aspiraciones politicas, pero coinciden en el uso intensivo de internet para comunicarse y organizarse. Esta investigacion analiza el caso de las protestas estudiantiles en el Reino Unido en 2010 y las protestas medioambientales en Chile del mismo ano para evaluar el posible efecto que internet tiene en la percepcion sobre la democracia que tienen quienes protestan. Usando datos obtenidos de encuestas online, entrevistas y la Oxford Internet Survey de 2009, este articulo se enfoca en el efecto de internet en el apoyo a la democracia y la concepcion que tienen de ella los manifestantes. Los resultados preliminares sugieren que el uso de internet esta relacionado con una concepcion mas horizontal de la democracia, pero se requieren analisis posteriores para determinar si esa asociacion es causada por internet, o por un discurso utopico sobre la tecnologia.

Is the Internet Changing our Conception of Democracy? an analysis of Internet use During protests and Its effect on the perception of Democracy

The last several years have seen the rise of social movements around the globe, such as the student protests in the UK and Chile, the Arab Spring, the Indignados, and the Occupy movement. They represent different political aspirations, but all of them relied heavily on the Internet to communicate and organise. This research analyses two specific contentious processes - the UK student protests and the Chilean environmentalist protests in 2010 - to assess the effect that the Internet may have had on the protesters' perception of democracy. Through data gathered from online surveys, interviews, and the Oxford Internet Survey 2009, this article observes the effect of the Internet in two dimensions: support for democracy, and the protesters' conception of democracy. Preliminary results show that Internet use is related to a more horizontal conception of democracy, and that more analyses are required to test whether that association is caused by the Internet or a utopian discourse about it.

Law and the Evolving Shape of Labor: Narratives of Expansion and Retrenchment

This essay muses on the relationship between law, labor organizing, politics, and the role of academic scholarship on law and work since 1980. As globalization of manufacturing and labor migration have transformed American culture and labor, the boundaries of labor studies have expanded. The more expansive understanding of labor evident in modern scholarship is partly attributable to the decline in union density and the rise of social movements focused on expanding rights of marginalized workers. Yet hyper-capitalism and attacks on labor liberalism have threatened New Deal labor protections and social safety net programs that were core achievements of past labor organizing and foundations for future labor organizing. The rise of income inequality and the decline of middle class jobs, along with right-wing attacks on labor and social welfare legislation, signal a seismic cultural shift that we have only begun to experience and will shape the future of socio-legal studies of labor.

Fairness and International Environmental Law from Below: Social Movements and Legal Transformation in India

AbstractThis article considers fairness in international environmental law (IEL) in light of the convergence of two contemporary phenomena: the rise of social movements and the increasing power of large developing countries. These two trends will be determinative for the future of IEL. They have brought issues of fairness, equity, and justice to the forefront of contemporary IEL debates. Despite inability to adequately address issues of fairness at the international level, as demonstrated by negotiating gridlock at international summits, IEL can evolve in more equitable directions through the influence of subaltern experiences. This article examines domestic law-reform efforts of Indian social movements, focusing particularly on indigenous movements responding to extractive industries, with a view to determining international implications. The way states such as India address environment-related conflict, respond to demands for fairness, and evolve domestic understandings of inclusive and sustainable law and development will increasingly shape IEL.

From the Street to the Ballot Box: The July 2011 Elections and the Rise of Social Movements in Thailand

The July 2011 parliamentary elections in Thailand were significant because they ushered politics away from street demonstrations and into the polling booth. Just about a year after the worst political violence in Bangkok since the 1992 Black May incident, these elections confirmed the dominance of Thaksin Shinawatra-aligned parties and the prominence of social movements in engaging the electoral process. Notable were the Red Shirts who moved from street battle to electoral contestation in supporting Phua Thai and the Yellow Shirts who campaigned against politicians and political parties. No election in Thai history has had such a high degree of social mobilization as that of the 2011 polls.

Democracy Under One-Party Rule?

The democratisation of the PRC’s political system continues to be one of the most important issues in contemporary China-watching and research. Although the empirical findings urge us to be very careful in predicting a democratic transition any time soon, most experts seem to be optimistic—at least—when discussing the long-term consequences of the Chinese reform process: Economic development, social stratification, political decentralisation, the rise of social movements, world market integra...