Rise To Representations Research Articles

The life and work of professor Livery Osipovich Darkshevich (1858–1925). (to the 160th anniversary since the birth of)

The main milestones of the life and work of L.O. Darkshevich. It is noted that the work of a professor on the study of the pathology of muscles and peripheral nerves is of great interest. As early as 1903, in a German manual on pathological anatomy of the nervous system, Liverius Osipovich wrote a chapter on the pathological anatomy of muscles. We emphasize that later they wrote several articles on cerebral and arthropathic amiotrophies. Studying the question of the so-called retrograde degeneration of nerves, he pointed to the development of degenerative changes not only in the peripheral, but also in the central segment of the nerve, which is of great interest for clarifying the spread of the process. The article notes that Liveriy Osipovich Darkshevich considered the creation of a manual on nervous diseases as the greatest debt of his life, which was the testament of his late teacher — Professor A.Ya. Kozhevnikov, who had not managed to do this. Well aware of the conditioned reflex principles of the central nervous system, Liverii Osipovich attached special importance to the cerebral cortex as a body of mental activity. He pointed out that normal mental activity is formed under the influence of incessantly arriving stimuli of the external world, which, having reached the cerebral cortex and entering our consciousness, give rise to representations, the appearance of which in turn gives rise to the manifestation of active cortical activity-the emergence of volitional impulses. Liverii Osipovich was an ardent supporter of active disease therapy and was often an innovator in this field.

The Faust myth: religion and the rise of representation

The Faust myth: religion and the rise of representation

Integrals of Vertex Operators and uantum Shuffles

Given a braided vector space \(\left( {V,\sigma } \right)\) , we show that iterated integrals of operator-valued functions satisfying a certain exchange relation give rise to representations of the quantum shuffle algebra built on \(\left( {V,\sigma } \right)\). Using the quantum shuffle construction of the 'upper triangular part' \(U_q n_{\text{ + }}\) of a quantum shuffle, this provides a simple proof of the result of Bouwknegt, MacCarthy and Pilch saying that integrals of vertex operators acting on certain Fock modules give rise to representations of \(U_q n_{\text{ + }}\).

Late glacial and holocene alpine pollen diagrams from the Kosciusko National Park, New South Wales, Australia

Pollen diagrams from two cirques above 1950 m in the Kosciusko Park primitive area, cover between them most of the time since deglaciation. Colonisation of what may have been alpine desert, by high alpine communities, is traced from after glacial maximum to about 10,600 yr B.P., when an immigration of alpine grassland occurred. About 7000 yr B.P., pure grassland was replaced by mixed grass-sedge communities with some reduction in herbfield elements. This coincided approximately with a period of greater occurrence of montane wet sclerophyll under-storey elements in the pollen spectra, notably Pomaderris. As the Pomaderris interval waned, ca. 4400 yr B.P., a period of sedge dominance ensued, extending to about 2000 yr B.P., some alpine taxa now showing striking surges of short term abundance, which may be local in origin but related to climatic instability. Meanwhile, the slow rise in representation of Eucalyptus appears to have continued despite decline in montane elements. This effect may result from continuing late colonisation of the alpine tract by Snowgum ( Eucalyptus pauciflora subsp. niphophila). Two dips in the eucalypt pollen curve during this interval are discussed as responses to a colder interval and possible firing episodes. The pollen record may be abbreviated or truncated some time after 1800 yr B.P.

The Rise of Representation: Electing County Officeholders in Colonial Pennsylvania

The Rise of Representation: Electing County Officeholders in Colonial Pennsylvania

The Rise of Representation: Electing County Officeholders in Colonial Pennsylvania

Tracing the development of the county commission system provides a unique opportunity for examining the nature of participatory government in colonial America. Yet, despite the prominence of the county commission system today, studies of the county commission system and, in fact, all county government have been few (Bromage, 1933: 15-35). Colonial historians have preferred to investigate the New England town and the provincial legislature. Most of these studies (Grant, 1961: 106, 120-127, 150-153; Bushman, 1967: 268-270; Syndor, 1965: 42, 6-73; Gross, 1976: 38-39, 179-181; Pole, 1962: 626-646; Greene, 1959: 485-506; Greene, 1963: 25-47; Cook, 1971:586-608; Zemsky, 1971:28-38; Lockeridge, 1970: 47-49, 119-138, 94; Cook, 1976: 9, 10, 19-22, 80-94, 115-118) have concluded that although the franchise was exercised by most adult male property owners, town councils and colonial legislatures tended to be dominated by a social and economic elite continually returned by the electorate to positions of power. In other words, exercising the vote did not seem to make much practical difference. ‘ An analysis of county officeholding in colonial Pennsylvania, however, challenges the belief in the universality of such voter behavior. For when male adult property owners gained the opportunity to elect county officials who levied, collected, and disbursed the only direct tax in colonial Pennsylvania, they chose people more like themselves than like the appointed officials who previously controlled county government.

Plena Potestas and Consent in Medieval Assemblies: A Study in Romano-Canonical Procedure and the Rise of Representation, 1150–1325

By the end of the thirteenth century the royal writ of summons to Parliament usually specified that communities send representatives with “full power” to consent to whatever should be ordained by the king in his court and council. This “full power” was the famous plena potestas which was stated in the mandates carried by knights and burgesses to Parliament and by delegates of cities and towns to Cortes and States General, and which is still current in proxies for stockholders' meetings. It has, of course, like almost every word of the terminology in documents relating to representation, challenged interpretation: on the one side is the argument of J. G. Edwards, who confines himself to England, that plena potestas implied an almost political or sovereign consent which limited the royal authority; on the other, the assumption that it was an expression of involuntary consent to the acts and decisions of the royal government. In general, of course, whatever modern scholars have decided as to the right of consent has resulted either from modern conceptions of representation or from a strict interpretation of the terminology in the sources for the history of assemblies. No one has examined plena potestas in the light of the legal theory and procedure of the thirteenth century It is possible that by studying how legists and canonists viewed the meaning of plena potestas—for it, like most of the terminology in the mandate, came from Roman Law—we can find at least a relatively new approach to the problem of medieval consent.