Rise In Hours Research Articles

Online medical education in Egypt during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide assessment of medical students\u2019 usage and perceptions

BackgroundThe coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic required a transformation of medical education in Egypt. Public health measures necessitated a rapid shift from traditional face to face lectures to largely online platforms following campus closures. The aim of this study is to characterize medical student use and perception of online medical education in Egypt as well as exploring the efficacy of different e-learning modalities. Additionally, many barriers and opportunities as perceived by students are reviewed to inform future educational improvements.MethodsA 29-item online survey was created on google forms and distributed by social media to medical students across 26 Egyptian medical schools. The survey was administered from August 20th, 2021, to September 5th, 2021. The survey consisted of a mixture of questions style. The medical students were asked about their experiences with online medical education during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as medical students’ anxiety, perceived academic performance, and obstacles related to online education.ResultsOf the 4935 responses collected, 43.4% (n = 2140) of respondents were women; 56.6% (n = 2795) were men. Medical students from private medical schools were 13.0% (n = 644), whereas 87.0% (n = 4291) were from public medical schools. 54.6% of students reported that online education is not as effective as face-to-face education. There was a significant rise in hours spent by medical students on online medical education compared to before COVID-19 pandemic. More than half of students (63%) agreed that online recorded video tutorials (e.g., YouTube) were the most effective form of online medical education.ConclusionThe shift to online education has significantly impacted medical students in Egypt. Medical students reported various limitations and challenges of online medical education, which must be addressed considering the potential benefits of online platforms over traditional face to face learning. The results of this nationwide study provide a framework for potential areas to implement change to improve the accessibility and structure of online medical education in Egypt.

Gentrification and the Rising Returns to Skill

Suburbanization—thriving suburbs surrounding increasingly impoverished inner cities—dominated the US postwar urban landscape. However, already in the 1980s there were signs of urban rejuvenation, and the decades since have seen gentrification replace urban decay. In this paper, we argue that this trend reversal stems from the rise in hours worked by high‐income households, epitomized by the dual‐earner household replacing the breadwinner–housewife household. Using a Bartik‐style share shifter for skilled labour demand and analysing restricted‐use Census microdata covering the 27 largest US cities for the period 1980–2010, we find support for our hypothesis. ‘Low‐leisure‐high‐skill’ households showed a pronounced proclivity towards central city location and their estimated effect on housing prices can account for the observed emergence of centrality as an increasingly prized amenity.

Skills, Technology and Growth: Is ICT the Key to Success?

This paper aims at assessing the contribution of ICT to growth in France at the macro-level. On the labour side, we also evidence the role played by hours worked by stressing the contributions of various factors to the labour quality and the way they intervene in explaining the labour productivity change in the period 1995-00. One of the reasons why France lags behind the U.S. in terms of ICT contribution to growth is that although ICT investment growth is as much sustained in France as in the U.S., the proportion of U.S. ICT investment in total investments is more than twice as high as the French share.In France, the contribution of ICT to the hourly labour productivity growth accelerated quite strongly over 1995-00 relative to the previous period. This acceleration was indeed accompanied by an acceleration in the total factor productivity but not by an increase in the quality of the French labour. The latter has indeed increased regularly till the period 1990-95, namely thanks to the contribution of education. Over the last period, the fall in the quality of French labour is in sync with the rise in hours worked by less well-paid workers and namely young workers. But the latter will accumulate human capital over their lifetime, and will then contribute to improve the labour quality, all the quicker they have graduated in school.

Technology Shock and Employment: Do We Really Need DSGE Models with a Fall in Hours?

The recent empirical literature that uses Structural Vector Autoregressions (SVAR) has shown that productivity shocks identified using long--run restrictions lead to a persistent and significant decline in hours worked. This evidence calls into question standard RBC models in which a positive technology shock leads to a rise in hours. In this paper, we estimate and test a standard RBC model using Indirect Inference on impulse responses of hours worked after technology and non-technology shocks. We find that this model is not rejected by the data and is able to produce impulse responses in SVAR from simulated data similar to impulse responses in SVAR from actual data. Moreover, technology shocks represent the main contribution to the variance of the business cycle component of output under the estimated DSGE model. Our results suggest that we do not necessarily need DSGE models with a fall in hours to reproduce the results deriving from SVAR models.

Household Labor Supply and Home Services in a General-Equilibrium Model with Heterogeneous Agents

We propose a new explanation for differences and changes in labor supply by gender and marital status, and in particular for the increase in married women's labor supply over time. We argue that this increase as well as the relative constancy of other groups' hours are optimal reactions to outsourcing labor in home production becoming more attractive to households over time. To investigate this hypothesis, we incorporate heterogeneous agents into a household model of labor supply and allow agents to trade home labor. This model can generate the observed patterns in US labor supply by gender and marital status as a reaction to declining frictions on the market for home services. We provide an accounting exercise to highlight the role of alternative explanations for the rise in hours in a model where home labor is tradable.

Household Labor Supply and Home Services in a General-Equilibrium Model with Heterogeneous Agents

We propose a new explanation for differences and changes in labor supply by gender and marital status, and in particular for the increase in married women's labor supply over time. We argue that this increase as well as the relative constancy of other groups' hours are optimal reactions to outsourcing labor in home production becoming more attractive to households over time. To investigate this hypothesis, we incorporate heterogeneous agents into a household model of labor supply and allow agents to trade home labor. This model can generate the observed patterns in US labor supply by gender and marital status as a reaction to declining frictions on the market for home services. We provide an accounting exercise to highlight the role of alternative explanations for the rise in hours in a model where home labor is tradable.

Four themes to explain the rise in hours worked in the United States

This article examines why hours worked in the United States have risen for the last thirty years. This increase has been contrasted by Prescott and Blanchard to the European experience of falling hours worked. Four basic explanations of this divergence are combined in a reduced form model of hours worked in the United States from 1965 to 2001. The explanation that seems to fit the data best is that rising health care costs in the United States is a key explanation. Other explanations for the increase in United States average hours worked per week include a decline in marginal tax rates, a rise in income inequality coupled with a decline in real wage rates, and productivity growth. A reduced form model is estimated using four explanatory variables representing each of these four themes.

Avoiding pitfalls in using structural VARs to estimate economic models

Structural Vector Autoregressions with a differenced specification of hours (DSVAR) suggest that productivity shocks identified using long-run restrictions lead to a persistent and significant decline in hours worked. Economists have interpreted this evidence as showing that standard business cycle models in which a positive technology shock leads to a rise in hours are inconsistent with the data. In this paper we argue that such a conclusion is unwarranted because model's data and actual data are not treated symmetrically. To illustrate this problem, we estimate and test a flexible-price DSGE model with non-stationary hours using Indirect Inference on impulse responses of hours and output after technology and non-technology shocks. We find that, once augmented with a moderate amount of real frictions, the model can mimic well impulse responses obtained from a DSVAR on actual data. Using this model as a data generating process, we show that our estimation method is less subject to bias than a method that would directly compare theoretical responses with responses from the DSVAR.

A Century of Work and Leisure

We develop comprehensive measures of time spent in market work, home production, schooling, and leisure in the United States for the last 106 years. We find that hours of work for prime age individuals are essentially unchanged, with the rise in women's hours fully compensating for the decline in men's hours. Hours worked by those 14 to 24 years old have declined noticeably, but most of this decline was offset by a rise in hours spent in school. Overall, per capita leisure and average annual lifetime leisure increased by only four or five hours per week during the last 100 years. (JEL D13, J16, J22)

Short-Term Homeostasis of REM Sleep Throughout a 12:12 Light:Dark Schedule in the Rat

Intervals extending from the end of a rapid eye movement (REM) sleep episode until the triggering of the next tend to be longer when they follow a longer REM sleep episode. A short-term REM sleep homeostatic process has been hypothesized to explain this effect. The present study assessed and modeled the REM sleep episode-interval relationship and compared its expression at different phases of a 12:12 light: dark schedule. Chronically implanted rats were continuously recorded for 3 consecutive days. Automated state scoring in 15-second epochs determined lengths of REM sleep episodes and intervals and non-rapid eye movement sleep and wakefulness content of intervals. Individual sound-attenuated temperature-regulated boxes. 16 Sprague-Dawley rats. Scheduled 12:12 light:dark cycle. The effect of REM sleep episode length is evidenced by a rising trend in the means and robust means of intervals and non-rapid eye movement content that follow REM sleep episodes of a given length. The relationship of robust means of intervals and REM sleep episode length was best fitted by a Gompertz sigmoid function. The parameters of the Gompertz equation were modulated throughout the 24 hours, presenting the highest amplitude and earliest rise in hours 1 to 4 after lights on and the lowest amplitude at the start of lights off. The modulation was also evident when only intervals with less than 3 minutes of wakefulness were considered. Short-term REM sleep homeostasis is modulated throughout the 24 hours under a 12:12 light:dark regime. Its assessment may provide a useful measure of REM sleep propensity, regulation, and recurrence.

The Effects of Permanent Technology Shocks on Labor Productivity and Hours in the RBC Model

Recent work on the effects of permanent technology shocks argue that the basic RBC model cannot account for a negative correlation between hours worked and labor productivity. In this paper, I show that this conjecture is not necessarily correct. In the basic RBC model, I find that hours worked fall and labor productivity rises after a positive permanent technology shock once one allows for the possibility that the process for the permanent technology shock is slightly persistent in growth rates. A more serious limitation of the RBC model is its inability to generate a persistent rise in hours worked after a positive permanent technology shock along with a rise in labor productivity that are in line with what the data suggests. These results call for a reconsideration of the real and nominal frictions and policy response that need to be introduced in the basic RBC model in order to improve the model's ability to match the data.

Workweek Flexibility and Hours Variation

I use the term workweek flexibility to describe the ease of changing output by altering the number of hours per worker. Despite the fact that workweek flexibility is potentially important for understanding the cyclical behavior of marginal cost and prices, as well as cyclical movements in hours and output, it has received little attention. Using insights from a simple model of employment and the workweek, I use mean workweek levels to identify the effect of workweek flexibility and then show that it is an important determinant of firms' marginal cost schedules and the variance of industry workweeks and hours. I use the same identification scheme with panel data to see if an increase in workweek flexibility has been behind the rise in hours per worker over the past 30 years and find that it has not.

Workweek Flexibility and Hours Variation

I use the term workweek flexibility to describe the ease of changing output by altering the number of hours per worker. Despite the fact that workweek flexibility is potentially important for understanding the cyclical behavior of marginal cost and prices, as well as cyclical movements in hours and output, it has received little attention. Using insights from a simple model of employment and the workweek, I use mean workweek levels to identify the effect of workweek flexibility and then show that it is an important determinant of firms' marginal cost schedules and the variance of industry workweeks and hours. I use the same identification scheme with panel data to see if an increase in workweek flexibility has been behind the rise in hours per worker over the past 30 years and find that it has not.

The Growth in Full-Time Work Among Swedish Women in the 1980s

Using panel data from the Swedish Labor Force Surveys, this article analyzes the shift from part-time to full-time work among Swedish women in the 1980s This change occurred among all groups of women Two main sources of the shift were found First, since 1983 more women have increased them hours from part time to full time than have reduced them Second, non-employed women have become more inclined to enter full- time rather than part-time work Expanded public childcare facilities are likely to have stimulatcd the rise in hours worked, especially among mothers of young school children The prolonging ot the parental teave period is found to have controbuted slightly to the growth in full-time work. while change, in the age-structure had no impact To account for the shift among all women, I point to the tax reform carried out in 1983 and the subsequent years in combination with a high level of labor demand Marginal tax rates for full-time workers were reduced and those tor part-time workers raised. while average taxes were raised slightlv