Rising Prevalence Of Diabetes Research Articles

Peripheral neuropathy and associated factors among type 2 diabetic patients attending referral hospitals in the Amhara region, a multi-center cross-sectional study in Ethiopia

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is one of the diabetes most common microvascular complications. It is very prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa due to a combination of causes, including rising diabetes prevalence, limited healthcare resources, and a lack of access to competent medical care. However, just a few studies have been undertaken in the study area. Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Amhara region referral hospitals, in 2022. By using a systematic random sampling technique, a total of 627 respondents were included. The data was entered into EPI Data version 4.6 and exported to SPSS version 25 for further analysis. A binary logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between the dependent and predictor variables. The association between predictor variables and the dependent variable was determined using multivariate logistic regression [p value < 0.05, 95% confidence interval]. The overall prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy among the study participants was 48.2% (95% CI; 44.2, 52.1). Aged between 40 and 60 years (AOR = 4:27; 95% CI 2.62, 6.94), and 60 years and older (AOR = 4:47; 95% CI 2.40, 8.35), participants who have lived alone (AOR = 2:14; 95% CI 1.21, 3.79), patients with comorbidity (AOR = 1:83; 95% CI 1.22, 2.76), and being physically inactive (AOR = 1:69; 95% CI 1.14, 2.49) were significantly associated with Diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy was high among diabetic patients. Healthcare providers should prioritize regular screening and early intervention for individuals at higher risk, particularly those aged 40 and above, those living alone, patients with comorbid conditions, and those who are physically inactive. Implementing community-based support programs, encouraging physical activity, and providing comprehensive management plans for diabetes and associated comorbidities can help mitigate the risk and improve the quality of life for these patients.

Current Applications and Future Perspectives of Artificial and Biomimetic Intelligence in Vascular Surgery and Peripheral Artery Disease.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) made its first appearance in 1956, and since then it has progressively introduced itself in healthcare systems and patients' information and care. AI functions can be grouped under the following headings: Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Computer Vision (CV). Biomimetic intelligence (BI) applies the principles of systems of nature to create biological algorithms, such as genetic and neural network, to be used in different scenarios. Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) represents the last stage of peripheral artery disease (PAD) and has increased over recent years, together with the rise in prevalence of diabetes and population ageing. Nowadays, AI and BI grant the possibility of developing new diagnostic and treatment solutions in the vascular field, given the possibility of accessing clinical, biological, and imaging data. By assessing the vascular anatomy in every patient, as well as the burden of atherosclerosis, and classifying the level and degree of disease, sizing and planning the best endovascular treatment, defining the perioperative complications risk, integrating experiences and resources between different specialties, identifying latent PAD, thus offering evidence-based solutions and guiding surgeons in the choice of the best surgical technique, AI and BI challenge the role of the physician's experience in PAD treatment.

Assessing the therapeutic potential of long-chain isomaltooligosaccharides in diabetic and hyperlipidemic rats

BackgroundThe global rise in diabetes prevalence necessitates effective treatments. Rats, mimicking physiological changes seen in Type 2 diabetes, serve as valuable models for studying metabolic disorders. Natural health supplements, especially prebiotics, are gaining interest for improving metabolic health. Isomaltooligosaccharides (IMOs), classified as functional oligosaccharides and prebiotics, have attracted attention due to their beneficial effects on gut microbiota balance and cholesterol reduction. However, commercial IMOs often contain undesirable sugars, leading to the development of long-chain IMOs with enhanced prebiotic properties.MethodsThis study assessed the therapeutic potential of long-chain IMOs derived from Bacillus subtilis strain AP-1 compared to inulin, a widely recognized prebiotic, in addressing hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in rats.ResultsIMOs treatment effectively reduced blood sugar and triglyceride levels similarly to inulin supplementation. Proteomic analysis revealed changes in hepatic protein profiles, with upregulated pathways including glutathione metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and pentose and glucuronate interconversion, while pathways related to fatty acid and amino acid biosynthesis exhibited downregulation. These results suggest promising therapeutic effects of IMOs treatment on diabetes and hyperlipidemia by influencing key metabolic pathways.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the potential of long-chain IMOs as targeted interventions for metabolic disorders, warranting further investigation into their clinical applicability and mechanisms of action.

Trends of diabetes in Beijing, China.

The global rise in diabetes prevalence is a pressing concern. Despite initiatives like "The Healthy Beijing Action 2020-2030" advocating for increased awareness, treatment, and control, the specific situation in Beijing remains unexplored. This study aimed to analyze the trends in diabetes prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control among Beijing adults. Through a stratified multistage probability cluster sampling method, a series of representative cross-sectional surveys were conducted in Beijing from 2005 to 2022, targeting adults aged 18-79 years. A face-to-face questionnaire, along with body measurements and laboratory tests, were administered to 111,943 participants. Data from all survey were age- and/or gender-standardized based on the 2020 Beijing census population. Annual percentage rate change (APC) or average annual percentage rate change (AAPC) was calculated to determine prevalence trends over time. Complex sampling logistic regression models were employed to explore the relationship between various characteristics and diabetes. From 2005 to 2022, the total prevalence of diabetes among Beijing adults aged 18-79 years increased from 9.6% (95% CI: 8.8-10.4%) to 13.9% (95% CI: 13.1-14.7%), with an APC/AAPC of 2.1% (95% CI: 1.1-3.2%, P<0.05). Significant increases were observed among adults aged 18-39 years and rural residents. Undiagnosed diabetes rose from 3.5% (95% CI: 3.2-4.0%) to 7.2% (95% CI: 6.6-7.9%) with an APC/AAPC of 4.1% (95% CI: 0.5-7.3%, P<0.05). However, diabetes awareness and treatment rates showed annual declines of 1.4% (95% CI: -3.0% to -0.2%, P<0.05) and 1.3% (95% CI: -2.6% to -0.2%, P<0.05), respectively. The diabetes control rate decreased from 21.5% to 19.1%, although not statistically significant (APC/AAPC=-1.5%, 95% CI: -5.6% to 1.9%). Overweight and obesity were identified as risk factors for diabetes, with ORs of 1.65 (95% CI: 1.38-1.98) and 2.48 (95% CI: 2.07-2.99), respectively. The prevalence of diabetes in Beijing has significantly increased between 2005 and 2022, particularly among young adults and rural residents. Meanwhile, there has been a concerning decrease in diabetes awareness and treatment rates, while control rates have remained stagnant. Regular blood glucose testing, especially among adults aged 18-59 years, should be warranted. Furthermore, being male, elderly, overweight, or obese was associated with higher diabetes risk, suggesting the needs for targeted management strategies.

Research on the Influencing Factors that affecting Female Diabetes

This paper provides an in-depth look at diabetes as a growing public health problem among women in light of globalization and lifestyle changes. Diabetes mellitus encompasses a collection of metabolic conditions marked by elevated blood glucose levels following a fasting period, typically resulting from inadequate insulin function or reduced sensitivity to insulin within the body. As per the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), the projected global population living with diabetes in 2011 was approximately 366 million. The IDF's projections indicate a potential increase to 522 million by 2030. This substantial escalation not only signifies the persistent rise in diabetes prevalence on a global scale, but also emphasizes the critical need for efficacious preventive interventions and diabetes management strategies. The prevalence of diabetes among women is not only high but rising, and there are significant gender differences in disease management and the probability of complications. The unique risks of diabetes in women include an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and polycystic ovary syndrome. These complications further affect women's health and quality of life. In order to better understand the factors affecting diabetes in women, we conducted an in-depth analysis of relevant data using R language, focusing on Pima Indian women aged 21 to 81 years. The data set used in the study, the Diabetes Dataset, contained 768 observations and nine variables, all of which were Pima Indian women. This paper uses the logistic regression method to analyze these variables. The findings suggest that diabetes spectrum function is the most significant factor affecting diabetes risk in this population. This study is of great value to academic research and has far-reaching implications for formulating public health policies and optimizing clinical treatment guidelines.

Long-term pasireotide therapy in acromegaly: extensive real-life experience of a referral center

PurposePasireotide is a novel therapeutic option for patients with acromegaly resistant to first-generation somatostatin receptor ligands. To date, real-life data are still scant, therefore, the aim of the current study is to evaluate the impact of long-term pasireotide therapy on disease control, pituitary tumor size, gluco-insulinemic and lipid profile in a real-life setting.MethodsRetrospective study of data prospectively collected, evaluating hormonal, tumoral, and metabolic data of 28 patients with acromegaly administered with pasireotide in a pituitary tertiary referral center.ResultsWithin the first 12 months of treatment, 70.4% of patients achieved normal IGF-I levels, which was maintained at 36-month evaluation in these responders patients. Patients who started with pasireotide 60 mg monthly exhibited significantly lower IGF-I levels after 36 months (p = 0.05) as compared to patients administered first with pasireotide 20 or 40 mg monthly. The maximal tumoral diameter was significantly decreased after 12 months of pasireotide (p < 0.001) and a further reduction was registered throughout the following months, with 41.2% of patients achieving a significant reduction (> 25% of baseline measurement) after 36 months of treatment. Fasting glucose significantly increased during the first 6 months (p < 0.001) with a gradual rise in diabetes prevalence during the following months, resulting diabetes prevalence after 36 months of pasireotide significantly increased compared to baseline (p = 0.003), although with glycated hemoglobin levels within the normal range. Diabetes was managed using oral glucose-lowering drugs or glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists, with no patient requiring insulin therapy. Pasireotide improved lipid profile, mainly during the first 12 months of treatment, by increasing HDL and decreasing triglycerides levels.ConclusionPasireotide is effective and safe in the long-term. Hyperglycemia is a common event and is manageable even without insulin treatment.

Alternative Approach of Nutraceuticals in Management of Diabetes Mellitus

Background: High mortality and shortened lifespan are two of the major concerns associated with diabetes mellitus. Sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy diets play a significant role in the alarming rise in diabetes prevalence. Bringing this under control can be significantly helped by nutritional intervention and increased physical activity. Mainly, nutraceuticals are gaining the interest of people of all age groups as they benefit the population with various health benefits and are a suitable fit in today’s changing lifestyle. Objective: In this study, nutraceuticals will be evaluated in the context of diabetes. Methods: The literature survey was executed using PubMed, Elsevier, and Google Scholar. The keywords used for searching the literature are diabetes, herbal, nutraceuticals, protein, vitamin and food. Results: The review addresses the role of the nutraceuticals in treatment of diabetes. Conclusion: In this review, we summarize nutraceuticals with anti-diabetic properties and investigate the possibility of a different approach of polypathy in managing diabetes.

Diabetes increases risk for readmission and infection after shoulder arthroplasty: A national readmissions study of 113,713 patients

BackgroundThe recent increasing popularity of shoulder arthroplasty has been paralleled by a rise in prevalence of diabetes in the United States. We aimed to evaluate the impact of diabetes status on readmission and short-term complications among patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty. MethodsWe analyzed the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Readmissions Database (NRD) between the years 2016–2018. Patients were included in the study if they underwent anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA) or reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) according to ICD-10 procedure codes. Postoperative complications including surgical site/joint infection, dislocation, prosthetic complications, hardware-related complications, non-infectious wound complications, 30-day, and 90-day readmission were collected. ResultsA total of 113,713 shoulder arthroplasty patients were included. 23,749 (20.9%) had a diagnosis of diabetes and 89,964 (79.1%) did not. On multivariate analysis, a diagnosis of diabetes led to an increased risk of 30-day (OR: 1.24; 95% CI: [1.14, 1.34]; p < 0.001) and 90-day (OR: 1.18; 95% CI: [1.12, 1.25]; p < 0.001) readmission, surgical site/joint infection (OR: 1.21; 95% CI: [1.06, 1.38]; p = 0.005), respiratory complication (OR: 1.34; 95% CI: [1.09, 1.64]; p = 0.005), postoperative infection (OR: 1.22; 95% CI [1.07, 1.39]; p = 0.003), and deep vein thrombosis (OR: 1.38; 95% CI: [1.09, 1.74]; p = 0.007). ConclusionsOur findings suggest that patients with diabetes may be at an increased risk of readmission, infection, respiratory complication, and deep vein thrombosis following shoulder arthroplasty. Shoulder surgeons should consider these potential adverse events when planning postoperative care for patients with diabetes.

Diabetes and cognitive function: An evidence-based current perspective.

Several epidemiological studies have clearly identified diabetes mellitus (DM) as a major risk factor for cognitive dysfunction, and it is going to be a major public health issue in the coming years because of the alarming rise in diabetes prevalence across the world. Brain and neural tissues predominantly depend on glucose as energy substrate and hence, any alterations in carbohydrate meta-bolism can directly impact on cerebral functional output including cognition, executive capacity, and memory. DM affects neuronal function and mental capacity in several ways, some of which include hypoperfusion of the brain tissues from cerebrovascular disease, diabetes-related alterations of glucose transporters causing abnormalities in neuronal glucose uptake and metabolism, local hyper- and hypometabolism of brain areas from insulin resistance, and recurrent hypoglycemic episodes inherent to pharmacotherapy of diabetes resulting in neuronal damage. Cognitive decline can further worsen diabetes care as DM is a disease largely self-managed by patients. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the pathobiology of cognitive dysfunction in relation to DM and its management for optimal long-term care plan for patients. A thorough appraisal of normal metabolic characteristics of the brain, how alterations in neural metabolism affects cognition, the diagnostic algorithm for patients with diabetes and dementia, and the management and prognosis of patients when they have this dangerous combination of illnesses is imperative in this context. This evidence-based narrative with the back-up of latest clinical trial reviews elaborates the current understanding on diabetes and cognitive function to empower physicians to manage their patients in day-to-day clinical practice.

The influence of diabetes on temporal trends in lower extremity revascularisation and amputation for peripheral artery disease: A population-based repeated cross-sectional analysis.

To describe the influence of diabetes on temporal changes in rates of lower extremity revascularisation and amputation for peripheral artery disease (PAD) in Ontario, Canada. In this population-based repeated cross-sectional study, we calculated annual rates of lower extremity revascularisation (open or endovascular) and amputation (toe, foot or leg) related to PAD among Ontario residents aged ≥40 years between 2002 and 2019. Annual rate ratios (relative to 2002) adjusted for changes in diabetes prevalence alone, as well as fully adjusted for changes in demographics, diabetes and other comorbidities, were estimated using generalized estimating equation models to model population-level effects while accounting for correlation within units of observation. Compared with 2002, the Ontario population in 2019 exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of diabetes (18% vs. 10%). Between 2002 and 2019, the crude rate of revascularisation increased from 75.1 to 90.7/100,000 person-years (unadjusted RR=1.10, 95% CI=1.07-1.13). However, after adjustment, there was no longer an increase in the rate of revascularisation (diabetes-adjusted RR=0.98, 95% CI=0.96-1.01, fully-adjusted RR=0.94, 95% CI=0.91-0.96). The crude rate of amputation decreased from 2002 to 2019 from 49.5 to 45.4/100,000 person-years (unadjusted RR=0.78, 95% CI=0.75-0.81), but was more pronounced after adjustment (diabetes-adjusted RR=0.62, 95% CI=0.60-0.64; fully-adjusted RR=0.58, 95% CI=0.56-0.60). Diabetes prevalence rates strongly influenced rates of revascularisation and amputation related to PAD. A decrease in amputations related to PAD over time was attenuated by rising diabetes prevalence rates.

Policy Implications for Diabetes Prevention and Control: An Experience from Iran.

Background: Diabetes and its complications threaten the life of communities at global, national, and sub-national levels. Following the United Nations' call to action and develop a global action plan for the prevention and control of NCDs by The World Health Organization (WHO), all countries have a commitment to halt the rise in diabetes prevalence across the world. But the different situations of disease and risk factors, different priorities, and the context of the health care systems moved the countries to develop adapted targets and action plans. On the same ground, Iran established a national authority construction as the Diabetes Sub-committee which is part of the Iranian Non-Communicable Diseases Committee (INCDC) and incorporated a multi-sectoral mechanism to develop the national service framework for diabetes. Accordingly, this paper is aiming at sharing Iran's experience regarding the policy implications for diabetes prevention and control. Exchange this experience could be beneficiary to other countries to lead a systematic action to prevent disability and mortality due to diabetes.

Impact of prenatal famine exposure on adulthood fasting blood glucose level

In the past decade, in low-income countries, there have been a rapid rise in prevalence of diabetes among adult population. Hence, understanding the context specific drivers of this change including the impacts of childhood nutrition adversaries on adult metabolic conditions is critical undertaking. This study investigates the potential effects of prenatal famine exposure to the Ethiopian great famine (1983–1985) on adulthood blood glucose level of survivors. A total of 441 adults (222 exposed and 219 controls) were included in the study. Self-reported place of birth and, date of birth and/or age were used to identify participants. A multivariable linear regression analysis was used to analyze the impact of prenatal famine exposure on the level of fasting blood glucose. In linear regression, unadjusted model (Model 1), fasting blood glucose level was increased by 4.13 (β = 4.13; 95% CI .41, 7.42) points in prenatal famine exposed groups, compared with non-exposed. Similarly, the positive association of prenatal famine exposure and fasting blood glucose level was maintained after adjusted for sex (Model 2) (β = . 4.08 95% CI .056, 7.50). Further adjusted for age, residence, educational status, wealth index and family size (Model 3) resulted in 4.10 (β = . 4.10 95% CI .45, 7.56) points increases in fasting blood glucose level. In model 4 adjusting for dietary pattern, physical activity level and family history of diabetes, alcohol and cigarette smoking resulted in 3.90 (β = 3.90, 95% CI 039, 7.52) points increase in fasting glucose level. In the he full adjusted model (Model 5) prenatal exposure to famine was resulted in 3.78 (β = 3.78, 95% CI .22, 7.34) increases in fasting blood glucose level after adjusted for BMI and waist to height ratio. There existed a positive association of prenatal famine exposure and adulthood blood glucose levels. In this population, establishing effective overweight/obesity prevention programs to minimize the co-impact of early famine exposure on blood glucose control are important.

National Rates of Lower Extremity Amputation in People With and Without Diabetes in a Multi-Ethnic Asian Population: a Ten Year Study in Singapore

Population level data from Asia on amputation rates in people with and without diabetes are extremely limited. Hence it is unclear how the rising diabetes prevalence in Asia has affected the amputation burden. The present study examined national amputation rates in people with and without diabetes in Singapore from 2008 to 2017 in the context of increasing diabetes prevalence and health system changes. This was a retrospective observational study using national population data for ages 16 - 100 years obtained from the Ministry of Health Singapore administrative datasets. Age sex standardised major and toe/ray amputation rates per 100 000 people with diabetes and per 100 000 people without diabetes were calculated. Rates were calculated overall and in each ethnic group (Chinese, Malay, Indian, Others), with trends over time calculated using joinpoint trend analysis. In addition, age specific rates, relative risk (RR) of amputation in diabetics compared with non-diabetics and proportion of amputations in the population attributable to diabetes were also calculated. Between 2008 and 2017, the database included 3.6 million unique individuals, of whom 75% were Chinese, 8.6% Malay, 7.9% Indian, and 8.4% Others. Of those, 413 486 (11%) had diabetes. Major amputation rates in people with diabetes remained stable (2008: 99.5/100 000; 2017: 95.0/100 000 people with diabetes, p= .91) as did toe/ray amputation rates. Rates in people without diabetes were substantially lower, with major amputation rates decreasing significantly (2008: 3.0/100 000; 2017: 2.1/100 000 people without diabetes, 3% annual reduction, p= .048). Diabetes related amputation rates were highest in Malays and lowest in Chinese. Diabetes related major amputation rates declined significantly among Chinese (3.1% annual reduction, p < .038). While the RR for amputations in diabetes remained stable, the proportion of major amputations attributable to diabetes increased from 63.6% in 2008 to 81.7% in 2017 (3% annual increase, p= .003). Diabetes related major and toe/ray amputation rates have remained stable but relatively high in Singapore compared with other countries, and the proportion of amputations attributable to diabetes has increased over time. More research is needed to understand the aetiopathological, sociocultural, and health system factors that may underlie the continued high rates of diabetes related amputations in this population.

TEMPORAL TRENDS OF DIABETES AND ASSOCIATED CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS IN A RURAL AREA OF BALUCHISTAN; THE MOST DEPRIVED PROVINCE OF PAKISTAN FROM 2002 TO 2017

OBJECTIVES: To ascertain the temporal trends for the prevalence of diabetes, pre-diabetes and its associated selected risk factors among adults in rural areas of Baluchistan. METHODS: This observational study used the data from three health surveys conducted in the rural areas of Baluchistan, a province of Pakistan in the years 2001-02, 2009-10, and 2016-17. Non-pregnant adults aged ≥20years and permanent residents of Pakistan were included. A well-trained team included doctors, health visitors, lab technicians, and volunteers who were involved in all surveys. Fasting plasma glucose samples were used for the diagnosis of diabetes as per World Health Organization criteria. The ethical approval of all the surveys was obtained and written informed consent was taken from all the participants. RESULTS: A total of 2515, 1377, and 358 participants were included in the years 2002-03, 2009-10, 2016-17, respectively. The weighted prevalence of diabetes was 4.2%, 7.8%, and 31.9 % in respective survey years, along with the overall percent point change of diabetes up to 27% (P-value&lt;0.0001). Moreover, rapid prevalence increases from the year 2002 – 2017 were also observed in hypertension (3.7% to 32.7%), obesity (15.7% to 88.1%), and dyslipidemia (82.2% to 95.3%), respectively (P-value&lt;0.0001). However, multivariable logistic regression found a significant association between diabetes, pre-diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and dyslipidemia (P-value&lt;0.05). CONCLUSION: The most significant rise in prevalence of diabetes, prediabetes, hypertension in the young population, and dyslipidemia, obesity, and central obesity in all age groups need urgent, targeted socially acceptable but complex interventions to prevent poor CVD outcomes.

Changes in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Policies and Diabetes Prevalence: Analysis of Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Data From 2004 to 2014

Food insecurity is associated with diabetes. The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is the largest U.S. government food assistance program. Whether such programs impact diabetes trends is unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between changes in state-level policies affecting SNAP participation and county-level diabetes prevalence. We evaluated the association between change in county-level diabetes prevalence and changes in the U.S. Department of Agriculture SNAP policy index-a measure of adoption of state-level policies associated with increased SNAP participation (higher value indicating adoption of more policies associated with increased SNAP participation; range 1-10)-from 2004 to 2014 using g-computation, a robust causal inference methodology. The study included all U.S. counties with diabetes prevalence data available from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's U.S. Diabetes Surveillance System. The study included 3,135 of 3,143 U.S. counties. Mean diabetes prevalence increased from 7.3% (SD 1.3) in 2004 to 9.1% (SD 1.8) in 2014. The mean SNAP policy index increased from 6.4 (SD 0.9) to 8.2 (SD 0.6) in 2014. After accounting for changes in demographic-, economic-, and health care-related variables and the baseline SNAP policy index, a 1-point absolute increase in the SNAP policy index between 2004 and 2014 was associated with a 0.050 (95% CI 0.042-0.057) percentage point lower diabetes prevalence per year. State policies aimed at increasing SNAP participation were independently associated with a lower rise in diabetes prevalence between 2004 and 2014.

Slowing Progression in CKD: DAPA CKD and Beyond.

There is a recognized large global burden of CKD ([1][1]). With the projected rise in prevalence of diabetes in coming years, that burden may indeed increase. Thus, the need for therapies to slow the progression of CKD, and its attendant comorbidities, is critical. The goal to reduce the human and

Pterostilbene Improves Insulin Resistance Caused by Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) in Hepatocytes and Mice.

Increased consumption of modern processed foods rich in AGEs is drawing worldwide concerns because they are related with rising diabetes prevalence. This study aimed to investigate if pterostilbene (PTE) regulates glucose metabolism and insulin signaling, as well as its potential mechanism in the context of AGEs exposure. In vitro, Lo2 and HepG2 cells are treated with vehicle, AGEs with or without PTE. AGEs exposure directly impair insulin action as evidenced by assays of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, consumption, and output. However, PTE efficiently rescue the AGE-induced phenotypes in both cell lines, and enhance IRS-1/PI3K/AKT insulin signaling in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, C57BL6 mice are fed with regular, high AGEs diet and high AGEs plus PTE. PTE administration effectively improves hyperglycemia, glucose tolerance, and impaired hepatic insulin signaling induced by AGEs, consistent with the in vitro experiments. Moreover, PTE reduce AGEs accumulation in liver and serum. RNA-seq data indicate that PTE counteracts several AGEs-induced dysfunctions including diabetes related process, glucose metabolic process, immune response, and so on. PTE treatment prominently reduced AGEs accumulation and alleviated AGEs-associated diabetes symptoms. PTE could be used as a promising glucose-sensitizing agent for nutritional intervention.

Enhanced virulence of Plasmodium falciparum in blood of diabetic patients.

Rising prevalence of diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa, coupled with continued malaria transmission, has resulted more patients dealing with both communicable and non-communicable diseases. We previously reported that travelers with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) infected with Plasmodium falciparum were three times more likely to develop severe malaria than non-diabetics. Here we explore the biological basis for this by testing blood from uninfected subjects with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, ex vivo, for their effects on parasite growth and rosetting (binding of infected erythrocytes to uninfected erythrocytes). Rosetting was associated with type 2 diabetes, blood glucose and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), while parasite growth was positively associated with blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI), fibrinogen and triglycerides. This study establishes a link between diabetes and malaria virulence assays, potentially explaining the protective effect of good glycemic control against severe malaria in subjects with diabetes.

In-depth transcriptomic analysis of human retina reveals molecular mechanisms underlying diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is among the major global causes for vision loss. With the rise in diabetes prevalence, an increase in DR incidence is expected. Current understanding of both the molecular etiology and pathways involved in the initiation and progression of DR is limited. Via RNA-Sequencing, we analyzed mRNA and miRNA expression profiles of 80 human post-mortem retinal samples from 43 patients diagnosed with various stages of DR. We found differentially expressed transcripts to be predominantly associated with late stage DR and pathways such as hippo and gap junction signaling. A multivariate regression model identified transcripts with progressive changes throughout disease stages, which in turn displayed significant overlap with sphingolipid and cGMP–PKG signaling. Combined analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression further uncovered disease-relevant miRNA/mRNA associations as potential mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation. Finally, integrating human retinal single cell RNA-Sequencing data revealed a continuous loss of retinal ganglion cells, and Müller cell mediated changes in histidine and β-alanine signaling. While previously considered primarily a vascular disease, attention in DR has shifted to additional mechanisms and cell-types. Our findings offer an unprecedented and unbiased insight into molecular pathways and cell-specific changes in the development of DR, and provide potential avenues for future therapeutic intervention.

Risk of type II diabetes mellitus in alcoholics: A hospital based cross-sectional study

Risk of type II diabetes mellitus in alcoholics: A hospital based cross-sectional study - IJCAP- Print ISSN No: - 2394-2118 Online ISSN No:- 2394-2126 Article DOI No:- 10.18231/2394-2126.2018.0004, Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology-Indian J Clin Anat Physiol