Ripple Effects Of Changes Research Articles

Modeling with Functions for Cumulative Impact of Changes

AbstractIndustry has recognized that the cumulative impact of changes is a factor that may possibly affect labor productivity. The ripple effect of changes may be impossible to capture in the discr...

Organizing collective action amid the ripple effects of change: narratives of crisis, disaster, and opportunity

ABSTRACTThis study examines how narrative is used by remote stakeholders to cope with organizational change. Specifically, I focus on the public narratives of community leaders because these narratives often function as a rhetorical resource to attract businesses, receive grants, and retain local residents. Public stories announcing, explaining, and managing the ripple effects of organizational change warrant deeper analysis in order to refine our ability to respond to these effects at a community level. This in-depth case study analysis of one community's efforts to respond to the loss of its largest employer suggests that naming a change event as a crisis, disaster, or opportunity positions actors differently within narratives, creating powerful implications for social action. Specifically, crisis narratives call for punishment of the causal agent and legislation of responsibility; disaster narratives call for assistance to affected communities and legislation of support; and opportunity narratives create an unclear policy mandate and demand transformational leadership to mobilize action.

객체지향 개발에서의 효율적인 변경 관리를 위한 추적성 관리 및 영향 분석 방법

Software requirements are continuously changed for various reasons, consequently changes of software are inevitable. In the case of changes necessitated by changes in requirements, it is necessary to precisely predict the ripple effects of the changes for efficient management of the changes. This paper proposes the management method of traceability information, which can be applied in object-oriented development. Furthermore, we introduce the guidelines for prediction of the ripple effects of changes based on traceability information among artifacts composing a system. We identify traceability items for the essential artifacts which were composed of the object-oriented system, and define relationships among them. The purpose of the method proposed in this paper is to identify the scope of change precisely through the guidelines. These can then be used for tracing and analyzing the impact of the changes both the forward and backward looking, based on the relationships of traceability items.

Teaching large classes in an increasingly internationalising higher education environment: pedagogical, quality and equity issues

Marketisation, increased student mobility, the massification of Higher Education (HE) and stagnating staff numbers in universities have combined to cause a ripple effect of change both in the demography and size of university classes across the world. This has implications for the quality and equity of learning and the need to examine and to transform pedagogical practices. Despite the growing attention of literature on teaching large classes, there is a scarcity of research addressing the twin issues of large classes in an increasingly internationalised context. This paper seeks to contribute towards filling this gap. The paper provides a theoretical exploration of the causes of such classes in HE, reviews the empirical evidence against large class teaching and examines the difficulties associated with teaching demographically diverse classes in HE. The paper identifies eight pedagogical strategies to address the issues of class size and diversity, which relate to increasing student participation and engagement; increasing curricula access and the language of instruction; increasing staff intercultural understanding; increasing opportunities for deep learning for all; on-going monitoring of student satisfaction; increasing opportunities to achieve; diversification of assessment; and the merit of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCS). It calls for new research on global learning cultures; reviews of global assessment and promising pedagogical practices and processes.

Artificial selection on flowering time: influence on reproductive phenology across natural light environments

Summary1. Flowering time is frequently under selection due to a combination of abiotic, biotic and intrinsic factors. Evolution in response to this selection is likely to have broad effects, altering not only flowering time but reproductive phenology and, potentially, traits throughout the life cycle. We know little about the broader phenotypic changes associated with evolutionary shifts in flowering time, and the extent to which expression of these changes depends on local environmental conditions.2. After three generations of selection for early‐ and late‐flowering, we grew plants of the herb Campanulastrum americanum in contrasting light environments (light gap and understorey) in its home population.3. Response to selection on flowering time and correlated responses in reproductive phenology were expressed across light environments with the reproduction of early‐flowering lines being over 2 weeks ahead of late‐flowering lines. Plants in the understorey delayed initiation of flowering but accelerated flower deployment, fruit maturation and the end of reproduction, resulting in a condensed reproductive period.4. Timing of seed dispersal influences whether offspring grow as annuals or biennials in C. americanum. Because evolution of flowering time shifted reproductive phenology, it is likely to alter life history frequency. In contrast, understorey habitats both delayed flowering and accelerated reproductive phenology, yielding no expected life history change.5. Synthesis. Evolution of flowering time altered the phenology of all subsequent reproductive traits and is also likely to affect offspring traits. This ripple effect of changes in flowering time indicates that it is essential to recognize genetic and functional linkages among traits to understand potential life cycle consequences of selection on a single character.

An analysis of dependency of coupling on software defects

Functional independence is a key to good software design and a good design results in high quality software. Functional independence is the refined form of the design concept of modularity, abstraction and information hiding. Coupling is a measure of relative interconnection among modules. Coupling in software has been linked with maintainability and existing metrics are used as predictors of external software quality (e.g., fault -proneness, impact analysis, ripple effect of changes, changeability).In this paper we demonstrate the defects of software due to coupling by studying five different attributes of coupling and measured its impact on software defects.

Using information retrieval based coupling measures for impact analysis

Coupling is an important property of software systems, which directly impacts program comprehension. In addition, the strength of coupling measured between modules in software is often used as a predictor of external software quality attributes such as changeability, ripple effects of changes and fault-proneness. This paper presents a new set of coupling measures for Object-Oriented (OO) software systems measuring conceptual coupling of classes. Conceptual coupling is based on measuring the degree to which the identifiers and comments from different classes relate to each other. This type of relationship, called conceptual coupling, is measured through the use of Information Retrieval (IR) techniques. The proposed measures are different from existing coupling measures and they capture new dimensions of coupling, which are not captured by the existing coupling measures. The paper investigates the use of the conceptual coupling measures during change impact analysis. The paper reports the findings of a case study in the source code of the Mozilla web browser, where the conceptual coupling metrics were compared to nine existing structural coupling metrics and proved to be better predictors for classes impacted by changes.

Coupling measures and change ripples in C++ application software

This paper describes an investigation into the effects of class couplings on changes made to a commercial C++ application over a period of 212 yr. The Chidamber and Kemerer CBO metric is used to measure class couplings within the application and its limitations are identified. Through an in-depth study of the ripple effects of changes to the source code, practical insight into the nature and extent of software couplings is provided.

The ASEAN Regional Forum:Building on Sand

East Asia is not necessarily ripe for rivalry,(1) but neither is it secured for peace. Regional security cannot be built on muddled strategic thinking. The Regional Forum (ARF), composed of twenty-one foreign ministers who meet annually, and its associated processes, is trying to build on sand. The ARF can do little to help security in the wider Asia-Pacific region, and in some circumstances might work to undermine it. The ARF can do little to promote security because insists on its primacy in it, even though North Asia and not Southeast Asia is the locus of regional strategic tension. Southeast Asian countries quickly feel the ripple effects of changes in the relations among the great powers, but cannot set the security agenda for the major powers, nor reconcile differences among them. With equilibrium restored in Europe after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Asia is now the global focus of unresolved great power strategic tension. Security in East Asia will revolve around the relations among the United States, Japan, China and Russia. China is East Asia's re-emerging great power, and regional security will depend in large part on the choice China makes, whether it chooses to integrate peacefully into a new regional order, or whether it opts to assert hegemony on the basis of size, centrality and history. Even in ASEAN's own front yard, the ARF has done nothing to improve security. Fuelled by a drive for power and resources, China's extensive territorial claims in the South China Sea are turned on and off at will.(2) They represent the greatest challenge to strategic stability in Southeast Asia. Four years after the ARF was formed, what is most striking is ASEAN's deepening disarray, and China's unremitting strategic pressure in the South China Sea. Consensual and procedural approaches along the lines of the ASEAN model simply cannot work if one party will not play. East Asia's economic crisis has also undermined the confidence of the states, as well as their defence purchasing power. The ARF risks undermining security because it distracts attention from the roots of strategic problems. Apart from problems on the Korean peninsula (which stem from the nature of the regime in Pyongyang), strategic tensions in East Asia have their origins in the nature of the regime in Beijing - its zero-sum view of power, its refusal to recognize the rights and interests of others, and its willingness to use force and threats in pursuit of its interests. The manifestations of strategic tension include the growing clash of interests between China and the United States over issues such as maritime passage in the South China Sea, and Taiwan's continued ability to resist enforced integration with China. By bringing Sino-U.S. rivalry to the table, the ARF has given China the opportunity to play the multipolarity card against the United States, thus diverting attention from the sources of strategic tension. China has been using multilateralist approaches as a way of undermining U.S. alliances in Asia, and playing on anti-Western sentiment arising from East Asia's economic crisis. The states have already signalled capitulation on the Taiwan issue. But is it not the case that jaw-jaw is always better than war-war? Supporters of the ARF claim that process is important, and that the ARF will help to draw China into co-operative relations with its neighbours. Those hopes are best vested in the region-wide trade and economic group, APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation). APEC can encourage China to behave according to the dictates of enlightened self-interest. China needs markets and capital. APEC will draw China further into the sticky web of capitalism, where the market and information technology may act as solvents of tyranny. But this approach is not guaranteed to work. China is hoping to enjoy the benefits of the market while retaining political control. It also seems bent on developing the sinews of war rich country, strong army. …