Ripe Seed Research Articles

The yield of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) depends on the genotype but not on the Pin-to-Thrum ratio

Common buckwheat has a complicated flowering biology. It is characterized by a strong self-incompatibility resulting from heterostyly, i.e. the occurrence of two types of flowers: Pin and Thrum, differing in the length of pistils and stamens. Fertilization occurs only as a result of cross-pollination between these morphs. Suspicions exist that the disturbed ratio between plants producing Pin and Thrum flowers (with the latter type generating more seeds) causes low seed yield. The aim of the study was to analyze: (1) the ratio between plants with Pin and Thrum morphs, (2) flower and seed production, as well as abortion of flowers, (3) the composition of nectar collected at an early flowering stage and during full flowering. The study was performed under semi-controlled and field conditions on six Polish accessions. The results indicated that under semi-controlled conditions the Pin-to-Thrum ratio was indeed disproportionate; such a phenomenon is called anisoplethy. In the field, however, the Pin-to-Thrum ratio was well-balanced (isoplethy). The plants with both morphs aborted a similar percentage of flowers and produced a comparable number of empty seeds. The number of flowers, their abortion, and ripe seed production were independent of flower type, however, they were genotypically controlled. A strong correlation between the number of flowers produced by a plant, flower abortion and the number of empty seeds was found. The percentage of aborted flowers correlated positively with the weight of ripe seeds. Nectar composition was similar for all buckwheat genotypes, but we found some differences in the amount of individual sugars depending on the blooming stage. In the majority of accessions, the nectar produced at the early blooming stage was characterized by a greater mass and volume, and contained more individual sugars than at the full-flowering stage.

Pharmacognostic Investigations on the Seeds of Butea Monosperma (Lam.) Taub

Butea monosperma is commonly known as Flame of forest, belonging to the family Fabaceae. It is locally called as palas, palash, mutthuga, bijasneha, dhak, khakara, chichra, Bastard Teak, Bengal Kino, Nourouc and is common throughout India, Burma and Ceylon except in very acrid parts.All parts of the plant are traditionally used for curing various diseases and disorders. The plant is traditionally reported to possess astringent, bitter, alterative, aphrodiasiac, anthelmintic, antibacterial and anti-asthmatic properties. The Seeds have anthelmintic property especially for roundworms and tapeworms. Hence, the objectives of the present work were pharmacognostic, physicochemical and phytochemical studies of Butea monosperma un-ripe and ripe seeds. Macroscopic, microscopic and powder features, phytochemical, physicochemical properties and were determined using standard methods.The Seed flat, kidney-shaped, 2.5 to 4 cm long, 1 to 3 cm wide, seeds coat raddish brown thin waxy, hilum was of simple and oblong, margin was smooth, unripe seed was creamiest whiteshgreen in colour while ripe seed was dark brown in colour. The seed; odour, faint; taste, slightly acrid and bitter. The seed is characterized by finely ridged seed coat and palisade like malpighian cells, discontinuous transparent linealucida in upper half of malpighian layers. The microscopic study showed seed was divided into four parts epicarp, mesocarp, testa and endocarp. The epicarp was single layered with thin smooth cuticle layer, polygonal parenchymatous cells. Endocarp consisted of sclerenchyma cells with oil globules; The plasmodesma was yellowish in colour with radially elongated thick walled mucilaginous cells.Palasonin and nitrogenous acidic compounds is present in seeds. Seed also contains isomonospermoside, monospermoside and allophanic acid. The parameters evaluated in physicochemical analysis were all within limits. All the extractive values of un-ripe seed were more than that of ripe seed. The crude powder of un-ripe seeds showed presence of alkaloids, phenols and glycoside while ripe seed showed presence of alkaloids. Butea monosperma seeds contain fixed oil, mixed fatty acids, and unsaponifiable matter. The parameters evaluated in this study are the diagnostic features of the unripe and ripe seeds

Comparative Study of the Phytochemical and Bio-activities of the Essential Oils from Ripe and Unripe Seeds of Azadirachta indica

This study determines the secondary metabolites of the essential oils of ripe and unripe seeds of Azadirachta indica and then evaluated their antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials. Ripe and unripe seeds were subjected to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus and analyzed using gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the volatile oils were also investigated using 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and agar well diffusion methods, respectively. The GC-MS analysis showed that the essential oils of ripe and unripe seeds contained fourteen (14) and twenty-three (23) therapeutically active compounds, respectively. Compounds present in high quantity in the essential oil of ripe seeds were: 5-hydroxymethyltetrahydro-2- furanol (35.5%) and 2,5-dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene-3,4-diol (11.8%), palmitic acid (5.0%) and methyl-9-octadecenoate (5.0%), while 2-methyl-2-pentanethiol (31.9%), cis-oleic acid (21.0%), 4-methyl-5-nonanone (10.5%), toluene (6.0%) and o-xylene (6.0%) were the principal compounds in the essential oil of the unripe seeds. Essential oils of both ripe and unripe seeds showed high inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. The essential oil of the unripe seeds showed moderate to high inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Free radical scavenging of the two essential oils gave IC50 values of 2.00 and 2.50 for ripe and unripe seeds essential oil, respectively. Essential oil of unripe seeds has higher antimicrobial strength than that of the ripe seed. Essential oils of the seeds of A. indica could serve as a good source of pharmaceuticals and industrially useful compounds.

Total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacities, and volatile compounds gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling of Moringa oleifera ripe seed polar fractions

Background:Academic reports have confirmed Moringa oleifera leaves to possess significant antioxidant capacities; however, such studies are unavailable for its ripe seeds even though they are more desirous for consumption due to their sweet taste.Objective:In this study, we investigated antioxidant capacities of four polar extracts (crude water, ethanol, butanol, and aqueous residue) from the plant's ripe seeds.Materials and Methods:Phytochemicals were extracted from the ripe seeds of M. oleifera using ethanol and water solvents at initial stage. Butanol and aqueous residue were then subsequently fractioned out from the ethanol extract. Phenolic and flavonoid contents of the polar extracts were determined. Then, their antioxidant capacities were quantified by 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays. Finally, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of the extracts were performed.Results:DPPH and ABTS tests showed that the polar extracts possess significant antioxidant capacities that ranged from 29 to 35.408 μM Trolox equivalence antioxidant capacity (TEAC)/mg sample and 7 to 29 μM TEAC/mg sample, respectively. The antioxidant capacities of the extracts corresponded to their phenolic and flavonoid contents that varied from 13.61 to 20.42 mg gallic acid equivalence/g sample and 0.58 to 9.81 mg quercetin equivalence/g sample, respectively. Finally, GC-MS analyses revealed antimicrobial phenolic compounds, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde in crude water extract and 4-hydroxybenzene acetonitrile in the ethanol and butanol extracts, and aqueous residue.Conclusion:Our results established that M. oleifera ripe seeds have significant antioxidant activity which may be due to its phenolic and nonphenolic compounds content.SUMMARY In this study, polar phytochemicals from ripe seeds of Moringa oleifera were extracted by water and ethanol solvents, and butanol extract and aqueous residue were subsequently fractioned out of the ethanol extract. The four polar extracts were shown to have significant antioxidant capacities which correspond to their phenolic contents. Further, antimicrobial compounds 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzene acetonitrile were identified in the extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. Abbreviations used: ABTS: 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; TEAC: Trolox equivalence antioxidant capacity; QE: Quercetin equivalence; GAE: Gallic acid equivalence; GC-MS: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

English

We were interested in Pistacia lentiscus fixed oil which was extracted from ripe seeds. The characterization of this oil was performed on fatty acids, triacylglycerols, tocopherols and sterols composition. We also evaluated its mineral composition. The results showed that the prominent class of fatty acids was represented by monounsaturated fatty acids accounting for 52.4% of the whole fatty acids. It was followed by saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids accounting respectively for 26.42, 21.18 and 11%. The major fatty acid (FA) was oleic acid with an amount of 51.06%. Linoleic acid (C18: 2) which is an essential FA accounted for 20.71% of total fatty acids. The majority of triacylglycerols are in mono and polyunsaturated forms. The major constituents were stearoyl-oleyl-linoleylglycerol and palmitoyl-dioleylglycerol acounting together for 27.58% of total TAGs. Concerning sterols, their quantity in Lentisk oil was about4.17 mg/ kg of oil. This quantity is comparable to that of oil seed rapeseed. We noted the prevalence of β-sitosterol with an amount of 55.5%. Furthermore, P. lentiscus oil contained 8111.137 mg of tocopherols/kg of oil. α-tocopherol which has the highest antioxidant activity accounted for 97% of whole tocopherols in Lentisk oil. Lentisk oil was rich in minerals. The most abundant mineral was Na, followed by K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Cu. These minerals are essential and indispensable for the human body, for their nutritional value. Key words: Lentisk, Pistacia lentiscus, ripe seed oil, fatty acids, triacylglycerols, sterols, tocopherols.

PENGARUH TINGKAT KEMATANGAN BIJI BUAH NYAMPLUNG (Calophylum inophylum L.) TERHADAP RENDEMEN MINYAK BIJI BUAH NYAMPLUNG

Indonesia which is a net-exporter in of fuel oil has turn become a net importer of oil since 2009. It is ironic because it occurs at the world's oil price is unstable and tends to increase. It is time for Indonesia to develop alternative energy sources and bio-diesel oil from the seeds of nyamplung (Calophylum inophylum L.). The purpose of this researh was to determine the magnitude of the yield of oil from the seeds of the produced by the level of maturity. The raw and the riped yamplung seeds was used in this research. The results showed that the yield of oil in ripe seed is 24.01% and the raw one is 19.17% . Acid number and iodine number of oil based on the average maturity are 37.51 g / ml and 3094.14 g / ml for the ripe fruit, and 37.18 g / ml and 3421.32 g / ml for the raw fruit.Keywords: nyamplung, maturity, yield, oil, fuel.

Effect of desiccation temperature on viability of immature dandelion (Taraxacum agg.) seeds dried in mowed inflorescences

After flowering has ceased, dandelion (Taraxacum agg.) capitula close to enable maturation of seeds. In late summer the period of seed maturation lasts for 9 days. The capitula mowed later than 4 days after the start of this period and desiccated at 25°C produce viable seeds. If cut and prostrated on insolated ground inflorescences can experience temperatures exceeding 50°C which may impair seed viability. We determined the effect of desiccation temperature (5, 15, 25, 35, 45 or 55°C) on viability of ripening seeds using inflorescences harvested on September 5, 2008 at Prague-Ruzyne (50°05'N, 14°18'09 E), five days after flowering ceased (about 4 days before seed dispersal). As control, ripe seeds were collected at dispersal on the same day and desiccated at identical temperatures. Desiccated seeds were germinated at constant 17°C. Ripening seeds of maturing capitula only remained germinable if desiccation temperatures were ≤ 35°C (optimum 25°C) and were killed at 45 and 55°C. The viability of ripe seed was not affected by any of the desiccation temperatures. Time of germination of 50% seeds that germinated was significantly shorter in ripe than ripening seeds. Exposure of mowed dandelion inflorescences on insolated ground (solarization) may thus decrease production of viable seeds because of high temperatures experienced during desiccation.  

The Seed (Fruit) Essential Oils of Angelica archangelica L. Growing Wild in Lithuania

Angelica archangelica L. seeds (fruits) were collected in three habitats in 2004 and 2005. Monoterpene hydrocarbons (59.3–82.9%) comprised the largest part of the seed oils. One hundred and five identified constituents made up 84.6–95.7% of the oils. The oils of ripe seeds were rich in β-phellandrene (33.6–63.4%). α-Pinene (4.2–15.8%) and sabinene (20.4%) were the second major constitutents in oils. Other main components of ripe seed oils were α-phellandrene, myrcene and germacrene D. The amounts of β-phellandrene decreased from 57.0–63.4% to 39.0–41.3% during the storage of the seeds for twelve months. The composition of the seed embryo oil differed from those of the ripe seeds. The dominant compounds were myrcene (21.8%), α-pinene (13.2%), sabinene (8.4%) and zingiberene (7.7%). The seed embryo oil contained about twice higher amount of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Only 5.2% of β-phellandrene was present in the seed embryo oil.

Reproductive phenology of Scaevola plumieri; a key coloniser of the coastal foredunes of South Africa

Given the role of Scaevola plumieri as a major pioneer species in the dune environment, as well as the need forindigenous sand stabilisers for South Africa’s coastal dunes, the reproductive phenology was unravelled as a firststep to establish the potential usefulness of the species in dune stabilisation programmes. In the highly variablecoastal environment the plants must cope with many problems for successful reproduction to take place. Theplants of S. plumieri overcome these difficulties through vegetative reproduction, but sexual reproduction is byno means insignificant. Numerous peduncles, each carrying multiple buds, were produced per stem, but only fewdeveloped into ripe seeds. Several of the flowers were unfertilised and of the seeds produced many were infectedand/or aborted. There was a strong effect of dune position on the reproductive phenology of S. plumieri. Thestems situated at the landward face of the foredunes showed an overall higher reproductive performance numberof buds, flowers, unripe seeds, ripe seeds. The phenogram showed that the reproduction of stems at the landwardside of the foredunes started on average 34 days earlier and showed a tendency for a longer reproductionperiod. For the duration of the different stages in the reproduction sequence, the bud stage’ took the shortesttime and the ‘ripe seed stage’ longest time. Between the different sample years, the production of the number ofpeduncles, buds, flowers and seeds was the similar; only differences in reproduction time (duration) of the differentstages were observed for the bud, flower an unripe seeds stage between the sample years.

The importance of green seed in the nitrogen nutrition of the Zebra Finch Taeniopygia guttata

Abstract Australian grass‐finches are widely reported to consume large quantities of green seed when it becomes available, and the opportunistic breeding of wild Zebra Finches in the arid zone has been correlated with the occurrence of rain. In this study, green and ripe seeds were harvested from seven pasture and weed grasses grown in experimental plots and, along with three cereal flours and whole‐egg powder, were analysed for the amino‐acid composition of their protein. The relative levels of ten amino acids essential in the diets of growing birds were compared between samples using a cluster analysis dendrogram generated from Raabe's Similarity Index. The protein of all green seeds clustered with whole egg, and away from all but one of the ripe seeds and seed products. Green and ripe seed profiles were found to be significantly different by a two‐sample multivariate test of significance (Hotelling's T2). Histidine, lysine, phenylalanine and threonine were the amino acids most different. Of these four amino acids, lysine and threonine (along with methionine) were potentially limiting in ripe seeds when compared with whole‐egg protein. In green seeds, lysine was only marginally limiting, threonine was no longer limiting, but methionine was still limiting when compared with whole‐egg protein. These results indicate that the benefit of green vs ripe seed in the diet of breeding Zebra Finches is partly a higher level of the limiting essential amino acid, lysine, and partly a higher intake and throughput of soft green seed and consequent greater extraction of limiting essential amino acids.

Minituber production from immature seed suspension culture ofOrchis papilionacea

Ripe and immature seeds ofOrchis papilionacea (method I and II, respectively) cultured on modified double strength Curtis medium were assayed for minituber production. Ripe seed germination both on solid and in liquid medium was low and the protocorms obtained developed into white calluses. Germination increased from, 9 to 33% when immature seed suspension culture was used. Protocorms obtained in suspension culture under light developed into minitubers, whereas those obtained on solid media developed into callus. A 30 s ultrasonication of immature seeds 1 wk after suspension, culture initiation further enhanced germination and minituber production. Minitubers had to be transferred and embedded in solid regeneration medium for normal growth.

The Germination of Tea Seed (Part 1)

To enhance and accelerate the germination of tea seed, a few experiments were carried out with regard to the relation of the picking period and conditions for storage to the seed germination using the Japan varieties, the Assam hybrids and the Assam varieties.The seeds of the above 3 groups generally ripened early, midst and late respectively, and their ripening period extended over 2 months (Table 1 and Fig. 2).The optimum picking period of the crossed seeds was considered to be the falling time from tree, and these ripe seeds thus picked germinated quickly and showed a high rate of germination too. On the contrary, the unripe seeds germinated slowly and unevenly and showed relatively low germination percentage (Table 1 and Fig. 2).Being stored in polyethylene bag for about 3 weeks at 5 to 10°C, these unripe seeds which were picked within 40 to 50 days before ripening, however, showed as good germination as the ripe seeds (Table 1 and Fig. 3).It was observed that the tea seeds especially unripe ones or ripe ones of the Assam varieties showed a low rate of germination after storage in a paper bag, and this low rate of germination was considered to be due to drying and loss of weight in seeds (Figs. 1, 3 and 4).Lastly it was seen that the ripe seed stored in a polyethelene bag at about 5°C optimally maintained its vitality for longer than 2 years and showed a high rate of germination.

Ripe Seed of McIntosh Apples

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRipe Seed of McIntosh ApplesA. B. Durkee and P. A. PoapstCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1965, 13, 2, 137–139Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1965https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60138a011RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views78Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (384 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts