Ripe Phase Research Articles

Karakteristik kematangan beberapa jenis sagu (Metroxylon sagu sp) siap panen menurut pemahaman masyarakat kampung Randawaya distrik Teluk Ampimoi kabupaten Kepulauan Yapen provinsi Papua

The purpose of this study was to study the maturity characteristics of several types of sago (Metroxylon sago sp) ready to harvest according to the Randawaya community, Kepulauan Yapen Regency. This research can give useful information for stakeholders in identifying the natural maturity of sago. This research was conducted using a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. From the results of interviews with the community, there are three stages of maturity of sago ready to harvest, such as: the early ripening phase which is marked by the opening of sago midrib, and the sago shoots shortening with the starch content is still low; the ripe phase which is marked by the midrib wrapping up to release shoots resembling a stump, and the starch is very dense; the late-ripe phase is characterized by the appearance of fingers resembling deer antlers and the sago sheath begins to wear off with the starch content of sago begins to decrease.

Tensile strength of the rachilla in spikelets of Polish Festulolium braunii cultivars

The aim of this study was to evaluate the tensile strength of the rachilla in spikelets of Polish cultivars of Festulolium braunii (K. Rich.) A. Camus during seed development and maturation. The investigations were carried out in 2009 - 2010 at the Plant Breeding, Szelejewo, Poland. The inflorescences were randomly harvested in June - July from plant collection in maintenance breeding of three Polish cultivars (Agula, Felopa, and Sulino). Using a specifically developed testing machine, tensile strength of the rachilla of individual spikelets were determined. Regardless of the F. braunii cultivar, the tensile strength of the rachilla decreased through consecutive growth stages. The highest tensile strength of the rachilla was observed during the phase of kernel watery ripe stage (BBCH 71) - it ranged from 510.1 mN in 'Agula' to 592.0 mN in 'Felopa'. At the fully ripe phase (BBCH 89), the value of this trait ranged from 19.2 mN in 'Agula' to 45.0 mN in 'Felopa'. It was also observed that in all tested cultivars of F. braunii, the spikelets located in the lower part of the spike were characterised by the highest tensile strength of the rachilla, whereas those in the upper part were characterised by the lowest values of this trait. This means that the caryopses in the spikelets located at the lower part of the inflorescence were less susceptible to shedding. Seed shedding the Polish F. braunii cultivars, especially 'Agula' and 'Sulino', may start as early dough and soft dough phases. By contrast, seed shedding 'Felopa' is moved to the later phases of seed maturation.

Sifat Fisik, Kandungan Vitamin C dan Total Padatan Buah Pandan Tikar (Pandanus tectorius Park.) pada Tiga Tingkat Kematangan

Pandan tikar (Pandanus tectorius Park.) fruit has the potential to be processed into various food products nevertheless the information on the right maturity level to be processed is limited. This study aims to determine the performance of pandan tikar fruit based on physical properties, vitamin C and total soluble solids (TSS) content at three levels of maturity. The fruits were collected from tress that grown at Mansinam Island and costal area of Northern Manokwari. Observations were made to changes in fruit performance, including the shape, color, weight and size of the fruit drupa, the content of vitamin C as well as TSS in three maturity levels (semi-ripe, ripe and over-ripe). The results of this study indicate that the fruit shape of pandan tikar was oval and continue to develop in weight, width and length of whole fruit and part of fruit (drupa and pith) during maturity development. The color of semi-ripe phase was light yellow then change to yellow in ripe phase and dark yellow in over-ripe phase. The highest vitamin C content was obtained on pandan tikar fruit from costal area of Northern Manokwari, and the maximum of Vitamin C content found in the mature phase (138.3 mg/100 g), and then decreased in over-ripe phase (49.5 mg/100 g). The TSS were obtained on pandan tikar fruit from Mansinam Island, and will increase from 5.2 to 12.5 °Brix with increasing fruit maturity level. The maximum Vitamin C and TSS of pandan tikar fruit found in the ripe and over-ripe phase; therefore the fruit in the phase is good for producting jam, dodol and syrup.

The effect of the addition of cow brain powder in commercial feed on the gonadal maturity of comet goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus)

The aim of this research was to analysis the effect of addition bovine’s brain meal in artificial feed on gonad maturity and to find out the best time of gonad maturity in comet fish.This research was conducted at Fourth Building Hatchery Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Padjadjaran University on November 2014 until Januari 2015. Freeze drying of bovine brain was conducted at Research Center Inter University Bandung Institute of Technology. The research was using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and three replications.The treatment were 20 mg/kg, 35 mg/kg, 50mg/kg and control. The parameters of this research are Gonado Somatic Index (GSI) and egg maturity level. Addition of bovine brain meal in feed with the dose of 50 mg/kg are giving the best result until 45 days of the care time against gonad maturity of comet fish with GSI result 12.93 %, egg maturity level ripe phase 21.115 and fecundity 1520 grain/g.

IDENTIFICATION OF YEAST ISOLATED FROM LABORATORY SOURDOUGHS PREPARED WITH GRAPE, APPLE, AND YOGURT

Yeast strains collected from three spontaneous laboratory sourdoughs, prepared over 10 days and using a traditional Spanish protocol, and formulated with (non-essential) different ingredients were identified and described. In addition to wheat flour (Triticum aestivum) and water, organic apples (5 days juice fermented at 40°C), or plain yogurt, or organic white grapes (2 days must fermented at 20°C) were used at the beginning of each sourdough production. One-hundred-eighteen yeast colonies were collected from the different phases of sourdoughs (ingredients preparation, pre-sourdough, and ripe sourdough propagation) using WL agar and Lysine agar media. Yeast isolates were clustered into 8 groups using PCR-RFLP analysis of the 5.8S-ITS rRNA region. One strain of each group was chosen for sequencing to confirm yeast identification at species level. The specifically prepared fruit ingredients, apple and grape, provided diversity of non-Saccharomyces yeast to the respective sourdoughs. The dominant species in the pre-sourdough phase were Meyerozyma guilliermondii for apple sourdough and Hanseniaspora uvarum for grape sourdough. For yogurt sourdough, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was already the dominant yeast in the pre-sourdough phase with a low proportion of Meyerozyma guilliermondii and Wickerhamomyces anomalus. In the three sourdoughs, regardless of the different ingredients used, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was the dominant yeast in the ripe phase.

Effects of Photoperiod Manipulation on Gonadal Activity of the Damselfish, Chromis notata.

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the effect of different photoperiods (14L: 10D, 12L:12D and 10L:14D) on the gonadal development and GtH mRNA expression in the pituitary of damselfish. The results showed that gonadosomatic index (GSI) was significantly lower in shot photoperiod (10L:14D), in comparison with other photoperiodic group during the spawning season. After 60 days treatment, histological analysis of gonad tissue showed that the gonad of 10L:14D and 12L: 12D treatment groups were resting phase with spermatogonia and perinucleolus stage oocytes but the gonad of 14L:10D treatment group was still ripe phase with spermatozoa and mature stage oocyte. The FSHβ and LHβ mRNA expression in pituitary drastically decreased shot photoperiod treatment from July (spawning period). These results suggest that photoperiod is considered to be the most effective environmental factor in controlling the reproductive cycle of damselfish.

Life History Characteristics of the Surf Clam Mactra veneriformis (Bivalvia: Veneroida: Mactridae) on a Sandy Tidal Flat in Tokyo Bay, Japan

Abstract: Life history and growth of the surf clam, Mactra veneriformis, were examined in a tidal flat area of Tokyo Bay from November 2002 to November 2004. Gonads of both sexes began to develop in March, and animals with mature gonads (ripe phase) were observed from spring to summer (April-August). Most of the animals showed signs of having finally spawned by September, indicating that spawning occurs from spring to summer. Moreover new cohorts were established several times in both years, with the largest settlement occurring in July. These findings suggest that surf clams in this area spawn several times a year. By monitoring increase in shell length of these cohorts, we found that shell growth was rapid in the first year, reaching approximately 35–40 mm 1 yr after settlement. In the second year, shell lengths exceeded 40 mm. Most of the animals died after the spawning season in the second year. The observation of several settlement events per year and a short life span differed considerably from char...

Gene Expression Rhythms in the Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lam.) across an Annual Cycle

Seasonal environmental changes may affect the physiology of Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lam.), an intertidal filter-feeder bivalve occurring commonly in Mediterranean and Atlantic coastal areas. We investigated seasonal variations in relative transcript abundance of the digestive gland and the mantle (gonads) of males and females. To identify gene expression trends – in terms of relative mRNA abundance- we used a medium-density cDNA microarray (1.7 K probes) in dual-color competitive hybridization analyses. Hierarchical clustering of digestive gland microarray data showed two main branches, distinguishing profiles associated with the “hot” months (May–August) from the other months. Genes involved in chitin metabolism, associated with mussel nutrition and digestion showed higher mRNA levels during summer. Moreover, we found different gene transcriptomic patterns in the digestive glands of males when compared to females, during the four stages of mussel gonadal development. Microarray data from gonadal transcripts also displayed clear patterns during the different developmental phases respect to the resting period (stage I) with peak relative mRNA abundance at the ripe phase (stage III) for both sexes. These data showed a clear temporal pattern in transcriptomic profiles of mussels sampled over an annual cycle. Physiological response to thermal variation, food availability, and reproductive status across months may contribute to variation in relative mRNA abundance.

Ciclo gonádico del ostión americano Crassostrea virginica (Lamellibranchia: Ostreidae) en Mecoacán, Tabasco, México

The american oyster Crassostrea virginica is exploited along Gulf of Mexico. This resource represents a job source and incomes for fishermen. In Mexico the production is supported by Tabasco state, the first producer. However, the mexican landings of this bivalve had been dropped about 40% last ten years. By 1999, Tabasco presents a unique ban season fishery of oysters. This season was based in evaluation of gonadal development by visual observations of color and texture, larvae and seeds abundance. In 2000, the government set up two ban seasons in terms of evaluation of populations every year, without gonadal analysis. In general, exists different spawning seasons for american oyster, in accordance with the environmental conditions. It is necessary to establish a ban season according to reproductive cycle. This study presents the gonadic cycle for an oyster population of Mecoacan lagoon along a year. It was defined five phases of the gonad development: resting, gametogenesis, mature or ripe, spawn and post spawn. Gametogenesis is present all the year, except December. The spawning activity was detected all year, except July and August. The ripe phase presented maximum values in August and December. It was proposed a modification of the ban seasons from April 15 - May 30, and September 15 - October 30 to March 15 - May 15 and September 1 - October 30, respectively, according to gonadic cycle obtained in this work. This modification would to avoid capture mature organisms (ready to spawn).

Localization and quantification of gonad serotonin during gametogenesis of the surf clam, Spisula solidissima.

In the surf clam, Spisula solidissima, serotonin was reported to induce spawning when injected into the gonads. At nanomolar concentrations, it facilitates the fertilizability of oocyte by sperm, at micromolar concentration, it triggers the meiotic maturation of prophase 1-arrested oocytes, thus mimicking the effect of sperm. To further understand the role of serotonin in the gametogenic and spawning processes, we used both immunohistochemistry and high-pressure liquid chromatography linked with electrochemical detection to detect serotonin in the gonads of the surf clam. We found serotonin-containing varicose fibers covering the surface of the germinal epithelium in both sexes. The area occupied by the serotonergic innervation field encircling gonad acini varied according to the gonadal stages (active phase, ripe phase, partially spawned phase, spent phase). We also found large variations in the serotonin concentration between specimens during the gametogenic cycle. The serotonin concentration was correlated with gonad growth: it decreased in the ripe phase in comparison with the previous phase, the active phase. We attribute the decrease to the increase of total gonad mass in this stage. In contrast, as spawning begins, the total gonad mass declines while the gonad serotonin concentration increases to a level similar to that found in active phase. The finding that prior to spawning, serotonin is present in the gonads within fibers exhibiting distinct varicosities suggests that it is implicated in spawning.

The evaluation of post-harvest disease control measures using a temperature-time framework

A temperature-time framework for the evaluation of control strategies for post-harvest diseases in horticultural produce is developed from considerations of the ripening and pathogen growth processes. General ripeness-temperature-time and pathogen-temperature-time curves are formulated and combined on a temperature-time framework. Data for pathogen growth on Fuerte avocados is plotted on this framework and used to illustrate the interactive and synchronous nature of ripeness and disease level. Various control strategies for post-harvest disease, controlling environmental factors, introducing post-harvest treatments and modifying pre-harvest inoculum loads, are interpreted in terms of changing the relative positions of ripeness and disease curves. It is proposed that the effectiveness of control measures be judged from the duration of the eating ripe phase before unacceptable levels of disease are reached. It is suggested that the temperature-time framework is a special case of environment-time responses, thus making this approach generally applicable.

Larval development and metamorphosis ofPhoronis psammophila (Phoronida, Tentaculata)

The larval development ofPhoronis psammophila Cori is divided into 6 phases (on the basis of increasing pairs of larval tentacles); furthermore an initial and a ripe phase are distinguished. Specific aspects of the development are described: Formation and structure of larval tentacles; anlage of adult tentacles as a thickening in the larval tentacle base; late development of the metasome (larva with 4–6 tentacles); formation of the metasome pouch in the larva with 8 tentacles; enlargement of the apical plate; differentiation of the gut; differentiation of larval nephridia; formation of pigment particles in the larva with 6 tentacles (storage function of pigments and its significance for larval identification); different types of discoflagella in various regions of the body. The larval development shows the following tendencies: Improvement of locomotion; intensification of food filtration; anlage of adult organs in the larva leading to a shortening of metamorphosis duration. The larva ofP. psammophila is compared with those ofP. pallida, P. hippocrepia, andP. vancouverensis. Earlier larval determinations ofP. psammophila (e.g.Actinotrocha sabatieri, A. hatschekii) are shown to have been mistakes. Termination of the postembryonic phase (metamorphosis) can be induced experimentally by bacteria and also by cations. Pure or mixed bacteria cultures must be present at the beginning exponential growth phase. The bacteria density required is 20–94×106 bact.ml−1 for pure cultures and on the average 28×106 bact. ml−1 for mixed cultures. Metamorphosis initiation by cations can be induced with CsCl (0.06 M) and RbCl (0.035 M). Metamorphosis ofP. psammophila occurs in 6 phases: larva, ready for metamorphosis; larva, activated by bacteria or ions; evagination of the metasome diverticle, dislocation of gut; losing and swallowing of episphaere and larval tentacles; formation of the youngP. psammophila. All developmental phases are described and compared with those ofP. muelleri; imperfect metamorphosis is characterized and the youngP. psammophila compared with older stages and the adult Phoronis.

The Morphology of the Nudibranchiate Mollusc Melibe (syn. Chioraera) leonina (Gould)

The Morphology of the Nudibranchiate Mollusc Melibe (syn. Chioraera) leonina (Gould)