Riprap Structures Research Articles

First records of ratan goby Ponticola ratan in the Kaniv Reservoir and Desna River (Ukraine): A discreet invader of rip-raps

Monitoring of nearshore fish communities carried out in 2019 and 2022 in the Kaniv Reservoir and lower Desna River (Dnieper River basin, Ukraine) showed the presence of the ratan goby (Ponticola ratan), which has never been observed in these water bodies before and naturally inhabited marine and brackish waters of the Black and Azov Sea basins. The ratan goby was detected only on rip-rap structures and not on any other surveyed substrates including sand, mud, clay, and gravel which suggests a narrow habitat preference for this species. In all instances, the ratan goby co-occurred with the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus). Occurrence on all surveyed rip-raps, high abundances and the presence of a variety of size classes of the ratan goby in samples suggest that this species penetrated the Kaniv Reservoir quite long ago and successfully established there and has become a common component of the local fish fauna. Based on the obtained data, this gobiid should be listed among freshwater fishes of Europe as a euryhaline species that can potentially colonize other rivers flowing into the Black Sea including the Danube.

Riprap Protection Exposed to Overtopping Phenomena: A Review of Laboratory Experimental Models

There are increasing demands from dam safety regulations and guidelines to upgrade the rockfill dams, especially in Norway where over 180 large rockfill dams are present. To protect the hydraulic structure against overtopping events or leakages, it is important to use defence mechanisms such as a protective layer of riprap on the downstream slope. In this article, we display 9 experimental setups of riprap, conducted at the hydraulic laboratory of NTNU (Trondheim) and subjected to overtopping phenomena with increasing water discharge, until the complete failure of the model. These tests were performed on models with dumped and placed riprap, with or without toe support, with or without the downstream rockfill shoulder, and finally on models with a full dam profile. The models with downstream rockfill shoulder as well as with full dam profiles allowed for throughflow. The model behaviour during these experimental tests is described and discussed, according to their respective critical discharge values and associated failure mechanisms. Limitations are also discussed. The results bring to light the benefit of placed riprap compared to dumped riprap structures. As the results show a placed riprap can withstand a significantly higher overtopping discharge than a dumped riprap. Also, the use of toe support enables a significant increase of resistance against overtopping of placed riprap structures. However, toe supports have not proven any significant improvement in stability for dumped riprap structures. This research also puts forward that dumped riprap undergoes a surface erosion process with smaller slides. Placed riprap undergoes a sliding failure mechanism when unsupported at the toe, and a buckling deformation when supported.

Novel Riprap Structure for Improved Bridge Pier Scour Protection

Novel Riprap Structure for Improved Bridge Pier Scour Protection

Diversity and succession of riparian plant communities along riverbanks bioengineered for erosion control: a case study in the foothills of the Alps and the Jura Mountains

Soil bioengineering for riverbank stabilization involves the use of living plant materials to treat unstable or eroding riverbanks. These near-natural structures may harbor a higher plant richness and vegetation cover compared to classical civil engineering structures such as ripraps, but little information exists on vegetation dynamics during secondary succession on stabilized riverbanks. We hypothesized that soil bioengineering, by means of active introduction of early successional Salix shrubs, can foster successional trajectories of riparian plant communities, unlike civil engineering. We sampled three types of riverbank stabilization structures: pure bioengineering structures, mixed structures (combining riprap and bioengineering techniques) and ripraps, across a 14-year sequence on 42 sites located along 23 different streams running through the foothills of the Alps and the Jura Mountains (France and Switzerland). We quantified species richness and density and compared the temporal patterns of four groups of species that normally appear sequentially in natural succession on riverbanks (ruderal, hygrophilous, shade-tolerant, competitive species), as well as non-native species. Plant community composition differed greatly between ripraps and the two types of bioengineered sites, and ligneous species typical of advanced successional stages (Cornus sanguinea, Corylus avellana) spontaneously established in the oldest bioengineered sites. In general, richness of total species was higher in stabilization structures using soil bioengineering (including mixed structures) than in riprapped sites. In particular, the number of shade-tolerant and competitive species in bioengineered sites was double that found at ripraps after 14 years. Yet, richness of shade-tolerant species increased over time only on purely bioengineered sites, and their density there was almost twice that in mixed structures. Neither the type of stabilization structure nor time explained the variability in richness and density of non-native species across sites. Our study showed that along streams running through foothills, where erosion processes are usually intense, vegetation of bioengineered riverbanks exhibits successional dynamics similar to those theoretically found in natural conditions. Bioengineering can therefore foster ecological processes while stabilizing eroding riverbanks along foothill streams, thus satisfying human needs for infrastructure protection with less impact on the riparian ecosystem than riprap structures.

Quantification of the foraging activity of Patella caerulea and P. rustica under simulated tides using photographic analysis of radula scratches

Quantification of the foraging activity of Patella caerulea and P. rustica under simulated tides using photographic analysis of radula scratches

Erosion in Buenos Aires province: Coastal-management policy revisited

As the Buenos Aires Province coastline is dominated by a longshore transport from south to north, obstructions performed at the beginning of the 20th century originated the width reduction of some beaches. Fields of groins were constructed without a master plan; therefore, more obstructions caused a dramatic decrease in the longshore sand supply. These defense alternatives were only applied in the counties of the southeast of the province (General Pueyrredon, General Alvarado, Mar Chiquita), close to the quarries, and with resistant abrasion platforms. Northern beaches (Villa Gesell, Pinamar and Partido de la Costa), on the other hand, are natural with a dissipative morphodynamics. Where the coastal route is close to active cliffs, riprap structures were constructed parallel to the coastline. Today, the southeastern coast remains with the higher erosion rates of the Buenos Aires coastline. With the aim of aerial and satellite photographs, and images, erosion rates were calculated. In order to analyze the success of coastal defenses, comparisons were established according to two intervals: 1960–1980, and 1980–2008. Defense structures have contributed to the decrease in the erosion rates in some areas; in other areas, the rates have increased due to the drift obstruction. In some critic areas, and considering present erosion rates, future positions of the coastline were simulated for the next 20–30 years. At the same time, there are new unexpected problems derived from a project to construct detached breakwaters that were not completed, and considering jetties that were constructed without a previous impact-assessment analysis.

Morfodinâmica da desembocadura da Lagoa de Tramandaí (RS, Brasil)

A comunicação de corpos lagunares com o oceano ocorre através de canais de maré (tidal inlets), os quais constituem-se em importantes feições na troca de sedimentos. Algumas vari- áveis (prisma de maré, geometria do canal, etc.) controlam sua morfodinâmica e podem modificar sua posição geográfica. O conhecimento dos fatores que comandam sua estabilidade é de extrema relevância para gerenciar a costa e conservar o ambiente lagunar. Neste trabalho foi analisada a estabilidade da desembocadura da Lagoa de Tramandaí, com base em dados hidrodinâmicos, sedimentológicos e morfológicos integrados em uma análise espaço-temporal. A desembocadura desta laguna está localizada entre as praias de Tramandaí e Imbé (litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul) e encontra-se fixada com apenas uma estrutura tipo guia-corrente ao longo da margem esquerda. A metodologia utilizada consistiu de levantamento batimétrico, técnicas de geoprocessamento e cálculos das relações empíricas de estabilidade. Os dados obtidos permitiram observar que anteriormente à fixação da margem esquerda do canal, a migração da desembocadura acompanhava a direção preferencial da deriva litorânea, para NE. A análise das relações de estabilidade física permitiu concluir que o canal apresentava forte instabilidade antes da obra de fixação da desembocadura. Após a obra do guia-corrente, a seção transversal mínima foi fixada e não existem registros de assoreamento.

Is it Worth the Money? The Functionality of Engineered Shallow Stream Banks as Habitat for Juvenile Fishes in Heavily Modified Water Bodies

AbstractHeavily modified water bodies (HMWB) are characterized by monotonous and straightened channel morphologies with high degrees of bank enforcement. They often lack shallow bank habitats, which are considered important for critical life stages of fishes. In this study, three principle options to engineer shallow stream zones were assessed concerning the value of the created habitats for larval, juvenile and adult stages of fishes in 30 sites from three HMWB. The construction scheme of the juvenile habitats comprised different degrees of embankment ranging from rip‐rap structures with steep bank angles to almost nature‐like construction schemes with very flat river‐banks and sparing usage of structural enrichment such as boulders and dead wood. In general, the differences between the three habitat types were more pronounced in density of different life stages than in the presence or absence of species or certain life stages. A steep bank angle and a high degree of engineering such as placement of rip‐rap embankment, boulders or dead wood structure in the habitats were hardly accepted by early larval and juvenile stages of rheophilic fishes. In contrast, the construction scheme of a nature‐like habitat with a flat bank angle (<10%), low water depth (mean = 24 cm) and a sparing usage of coarse woody debris (CWD) and boulders had the highest success. Other investigated habitat types did not provide additional benefit, neither in terms of supporting additional species and life stages, nor in high individual numbers and should thus only be implemented when land for restoration is scarce and nature‐like habitats cannot be realized. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Isotope evidence for preferential dispersal of fast-spreading invasive gobies along man-made river bank structures

Invasive round goby Neogobius melanostomus and bighead goby Ponticola kessleri have successfully colonized freshwater and coastal habitats worldwide. The objective was to use stable isotope analyses to study the foraging and movement of both species at small spatial scales in the Upper Danube River, considering 861 samples from two different years, seasons and sides of the river in an area where limited mixing at a confluence occurs. A difference in δ13C of 1 ‰ between gobies from both river sides was observed in both species and reflected the isotope spacing in their dominant benthic prey Dikerogammarus villosus. These results suggest an absence of goby movement across the Danube River which was unexpected, given the fast spread of gobies at invasion fronts. It can be concluded that their dispersal is highly preferential with longitudinal movement likely being facilitated by artificial rip-rap structures along river banks, which provide shelter and food.

Improving riverbed sediment classification using backscatter and depth residual features of multi-beam echo-sounder systems

Riverbed and seafloor sediment classification using acoustic remote sensing techniques is of high interest due to their high coverage capabilities at limited cost. This contribution presents the results of riverbed sediment classification using multi-beam echo-sounder data based on an empirical method. Two data sets are considered, both taken at the Waal River, namely Sint Andries and Nijmegen. This work is a follow-up to the work carried out by Amiri-Simkooei et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 126(4), 1724-1738 (2009)]. The empirical method bases the classification on features of the backscatter strength and depth residuals. A principal component analysis is used to identify the most appropriate and informative features. Clustering is then applied to the principal components resulting from this set of features to assign a sediment class to each measurement. The results show that the backscatter strength features discriminate between different classes based on the sediment properties, whereas the depth residual features discriminate classes based on riverbed forms such as the "fixed layer" (stone having riprap structure) and riverbed ripples. Combination of these two sets of features is highly recommended because they provide complementary information on both the composition and the structure of the riverbed.

Urban marine ecology in southern California: the ability of riprap structures to serve as rocky intertidal habitat

Increasing human populations along marine coastlines has lead to increasing urbanization of the marine environment. Despite decades of investigations on terrestrial ecosystems, the effect of urbanization on marine life is not well understood. Riprap is the rocky rubble used to build jetties, breakwaters, and armored shorelines. Roughly 30% of the southern California shoreline supports some form of riprap, while 29% of the shoreline is natural rocky substrate. Astonishingly few studies have investigated this anthropogenic rocky habitat even though it rivals a natural habitat in area on a regional scale along a coastline that has been extensively studied. In this study, I compared the diversity and community structure of exposed rocky intertidal communities on four riprap and four natural sites in southern California. I ask the following questions: (1) does diversity or community composition differ between intertidal communities on riprap and natural rocky habitats in southern California, (2) if so, which organisms contribute to those differences, (3) which physical factors are contributing to these differences, and (4) do riprap habitats support higher abundances of invasive species than natural habitats? On average, riprap and natural rocky habitats in wave exposed environments in southern California did not differ from each other in diversity or community composition when considering the entire assemblage. However, when only mobile species were considered, they occurred in greater diversity on natural shores. These differences appear to be driven by wave exposure. The presence of invasive species was negligible in both natural and riprap habitats.

Case Study: Retrofitting Large Bridge Piers on the Nakdong River, South Korea

The Gupo Bridge crosses the Nakdong River near the city of Busan, South Korea. During Typhoon Maemi in 2003, the old Gupo Bridge collapsed due to excessive pier scour. More recently, the highway construction on the left-bank floodplain required right-bank channel widening to restore the channel flood-carrying capacity. This 7 m deep floodplain excavation is expected to cause significant local scour around the 8–10 m wide and 3 m thick spread footings of Piers 11 and 12 of the Subway Bridge and Piers 15 and 16 of the Gupo Bridge. Three design options are examined for retrofitting floodplain bridge piers with massive spread footings. A solution with sheet piles and riprap was recommended in 2006 as the most appropriate design, but Plan III with a conical riprap structure around the footings was ultimately constructed in 2007 for economic reasons. Laboratory experiments also highlight the need to place gravel and synthetic filters under the designed riprap.

Discussion of construction standards

1. There is no direct proportionality between the block weight in a riprap lining and the wave length. The effect of the wave slope on the block weight can be evaluated approximately as 30% when the wave slope varies from k=10 to k=20, but not as 100% as advocated by Eqs. (1) and (2). 2. If the equation is based on experiments with waves of slopes on the order of 1∶20 (as, for example, is Iribarren's equation), then for waves on the order of 1∶10 (water reservoir conditions) a reduction coefficient equal to 0.8 can be introduced. 3. The most reasonable equation for determination of the stone and block weight in riprap structures is R. Iribarren's [3] equation, which was given the form of Eq. (15) after G. G. Metelitsyina's analysis. This equation is recommended for inclusion into CS-92-68. 4. For a more accurate evaluation of the effect of wave slope on the blocks in a riprap lining, a series of scale model experiments, according to a specified procedure, should be performed.